Electrochemical Deposition Of Nickel Research Articles

Izazivanje latentnih tragova papilarnih linija metodom elektrohemijske depozicije nikla na mesingu

Introduction/purpose of the research: Latent fingermarks can be found on the crime scene on various surfaces and made visible by different forensic methods. As this evidence can often be found on brass surfaces (ammunition casings, decorative items, etc.) the paper discusses the possibilities of applying electrochemical deposition of nickel on brass. The condition for the application of this technique is the existence of a conductive substrate. Fatty components of latent fingermarks have insulating properties and prevent the electrodeposition process. Methods: Experimental thin rectangular pieces of brass foil were used as substrates for latent fingermarks. Samples were degreased in acetone and ethyl alcohol, rinsed in deionized water, and dried in a stream of compressed air before leaving the fingermarks. To enhance the presence of sweat on friction ridges, the hand was placed in the silicone glove for five minutes. A slight touch of the index finger was left on the tiles. Fingermarks were developed on brass samples by fingerprint powder and the electrochemical deposition of nickel on another brass surface simultaneously. In order to obtain the best possible evidence, the parameters affecting the deposition rate (current density, deposition time) were changed until a clear fingermark was obtained. Results: The fingermarks were compared visually using a magnifying glass with illumination to observe the contrast between the papillary lines and the interpapillary space and the characteristic details (minutiae). The optimal results were achieved with the current density (deposition rate) of 50mA/cm2 for 10s. Conclusion: Electrochemical deposition of nickel on brass is an applicable technique for developing latent fingermarks with certain limitations.

Magnetoelectric Properties of Ni-PZT-Ni Heterostructures Obtained by Electrochemical Deposition of Nickel in an External Magnetic Field

This paper studied the influence of external electric and magnetic fields on the magnetoelectric properties of layered structures of metal-piezoelectric-metal. The structures under study had the shape of a square 4 mm wide and were obtained in two steps: first, by the chemical deposition of nickel with a thickness of 0.5 μm, and then by the electrochemical deposition of nickel with a thickness of 50 μm on each side onto a lead zirconate–lead titanate substrate. Electrochemical deposition was carried out without a magnetic field on both non-polarized and polarized ceramics. Electrochemical deposition was also carried out in a magnetic field on a non-polarized and polarized PZT ceramic substrate. A magnetic field of 500 Oe at electrochemical deposition was applied in all cases in the direction of structure polarization. The maximum ME voltage coefficient 300 mV/(cmOe) was obtained at transverse orientation at bias magnetic field near 20 Oe.

Magnetoelectric effect in three-layered gradient LiNbO3/Ni/Metglas composites

The effect of annealing in a permanent magnetic field on the magnitude of magnetoelectric coefficient in three-layered gradient magnetoelectric LiNbO3/Ni/Metglas composites has been studied. A method of electrochemical nickel deposition on bidomain lithium niobate crystals has been demonstrated. We show that the optimum annealing temperature in a permanent magnetic field for the generation of the highest remanence in the Ni layer is 350 °C. The specimens annealed at this temperature exhibit the greatest shift of the magnetoelectric coefficient dependence on external magnetic field magnitude relative to the value Hdc = 0. The quasi-static magnetoelectric coefficient in the absence of an external magnetic field proves to be 1.2 V/(cm ∙ Oe). The highest magnetoelectric coefficient that has been achieved at a bending structure resonance frequency of 278 Hz proves to be 199.3 V/(cm ∙ Oe) without application of an external magnetic field. The experimental magnetoelectric coefficient figures for three-layered gradient LiNbO3/Ni/Metglas composites are not inferior to those for most magnetoelectric composite materials reported earlier.

Electrochemical deposition of nickel from local nickel sulphate solution on copper substrate

In this work, nickel was deposited on copper substrate through electrodeposition which was abstracted from local sulphate salt. Nickel deposition on copper substrate was done in both presence of vitamin C and saccharin additive. Boric oxide was used as buffering agent and pH of the solution bath was maintained through sulfuric acid and ammonium hydroxide. Round shape deposition on copper substrate was observed in the presence of vitamin C, while columnar shape particles were observed in the presence of saccharin additive. Deposition of nickel was done through sulfate bath on copper substrate. Boric acid was used as buffering agent and direct current electrolysis were conduct throughout this experimental work. pH of the solution was kept constant with the help of diluted sulfuric acid and ammonium hydroxide. The deposited nickel particles were obtained in round shape in the presence of vitamin additive, while columnar shape particles obtained in saccharin additive. The experimental conditions were optimizing to get smooth, adherent, and acid resistance surface. This research work reported that, rate of sulfate bath deposition increases lineally with increase in temperature and pH of the solution.

In situ fluorescence yield soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy of electrochemical nickel deposition processes with and without ethylene glycol.

The electrochemical Ni deposition at a platinum electrode was investigated in a plating nickel bath in the presence and absence of ethylene glycol (EG) using fluorescence yield soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (FY-XAS) in the Ni L2,3-edge and O K-edge regions under potential control. At ≤+0.35 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), the electrochemical Ni deposition was detected by the Ni L2,3-edge FY-XAS in the presence of EG whereas almost no such event was observed in the absence of EG. A drastic decrease of FY-XAS intensities in the O K-edge region was also observed in the presence of EG at >+0.35 V vs. RHE, suggesting that the nano-/micro-structured Ni deposition initiated by the removal of water molecules occurs on the Pt electrode. The complex formation of Ni2+ with EG and the adsorption of EG on the Ni surface could play an important role in the Ni deposition. This study demonstrates that the in situ FY-XAS is a powerful and surface-sensitive technique to understand (electro)chemical reactions including polyol synthesis and electrocatalysis at solid–liquid interfaces.

Electrochemical deposition of nickel from aqueous electrolytic baths prepared by dissolution of metallic powder

A new method of preparation of aqueous electrolyte baths for electrochemical deposition of nickel targets for medical accelerators is presented. It starts with fast dissolution of metallic Ni powder in a HNO3-free solvent. Such obtained raw solution does not require additional treatment aimed to removal nitrates, such as the acid evaporation and Ni salt precipitation-dissolution. It is used directly for preparation of the nickel plating baths after dilution with water, setting up pH value and after possible addition of H3BO3. The pH of the baths ranges from alkaline to acidic. Deposition of 95% of ca. 50 mg of Ni dissolved in the bath takes ca. 3.5 h for the alkaline electrolyte while for the acidic solution it requires ca. 7 h. The Ni deposits obtained from the acidic bath are physically and chemically more stable and possess smoother and crack-free surfaces as compared to the coatings deposited from the alkaline bath. A method of estimation of concentration of H2O2 in the electrolytic bath is also proposed.

Effect of Ultra-High Pulse Frequency on the resolution in the Electrochemical Deposition of Nickel

Using localized electrochemical deposition (LECD) as a mask-less direct writing methodology, metal shapes are printed. The electrochemical double-layer capacitance at ultra-high frequencies is hypothesized to cause a localized deposition and the effect of pulse frequency on the current density is modeled to predict the deposition resolution and rate of deposition. Experimental results confirm that the deposition resolution and efficiency of the LECD process increase with the increase of pulse frequency. Deposition resolution 80% smaller than the tool diameter is feasible in the LECD of nickel used with a ø 250 μm tool at 1 MHz pulsed power.

Supercapacitor performance of porous nickel cobaltite nanosheets

In this work, nickel cobaltite (NiCo2O4) nanosheets with a porous structure were fabricated on nickel foam as a working electrode for supercapacitor applications. The nanosheets were fabricated by electrochemical deposition of nickel–cobalt hydroxide on the nickel foam substrate at ambient temperature in a three-electrode cell followed by annealing at 300 °C to transform the coating into a porous NiCo2O4 nanosheet. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy revealed a three-dimensional mesoporous structure, which facilitates ion transport and electronic conduction for fast redox reactions. For one cycle, the NiCo2O4 electrodeposited nickel foam has a high specific capacitance (1734.9 F g−1) at a current density (CD) of 2 A g−1. The electrode capacitance decreased by only approximately 12.7% after 3500 cycles at a CD of 30 A g−1. Moreover, a solid-state asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) was built utilising the NiCo2O4 nanosheets, carbon nanotubes, and a polyvinyl alcohol-potassium hydroxide gel as the anode, cathode, and solid-state electrolyte, respectively. The ASC displayed great electrochemical properties with a 42.25 W h kg−1 energy density at a power density of 298.79 W kg−1.

Natural Kermes Dye as an Effective Additive for Electrochemical Deposition of Nickel from Watts-type Nickel Bath

Natural Kermes Dye as an Effective Additive for Electrochemical Deposition of Nickel from Watts-type Nickel Bath

Flower-like mesoporous nano NiCo2O4 -decorated ERGO/Ni-NiO foam as electrode materials for supercapacitor

A new and applicable method for the synthesis of flower-like NiCo2O4 was developed based on the electrochemical method of chronoamperometry and subsequent heat treatment. This synthesis involved electrochemical deposition of nickel and cobalt hydroxide on ERGO/Ni-NiO and heat treatment for conversion of hydroxide to oxide. The crystalline structure and electrochemical performance of flower-like 3D NiCo2O4 were manipulated by varying the potential of deposition. The optimized nanocomposite at the potential of −1.0 V vs. saturated calomel electrode (SCE) had the highest surface area (85 m2/g). The smart combination of NiCo2O4 and electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) on nickel-nickel oxide (Ni-NiO) foam showed a remarkable synergy effect and demonstrated a high specific capacitance and cycling stability improved performance. This new material not only exhibited a specific capacitance of over 2461 F/g, but after 4000 cycles, it maintains 94% of its specific capacitance.

Peculiarities of Charge Transfer in SiO2(Ni)/Si Nanosystems

This work is devoted to study the peculiarities of charge transfer in SiO2(Ni)/Si nanosystems formed as a result of the electrochemical deposition of nickel into the pores of the ion-track silicon oxide template on silicon. Special attention is given to analysis of the results in the context of the band structure and physical properties of dielectric on semiconductor systems with metallic inclusions in the dielectric matrix. Experimental studies of the current-voltage characteristics of SiO2(Ni)/Si nanostructures demonstrated that value of potential barrier on the Si/metal interface in the pores of the silicon oxide template depended on temperature. On the basis of these results an interpretation of the charge transfer mechanisms in SiO2(Ni)/Si nanosystems at different temperature ranges was proposed. In the temperature region of ~300–200 K charge carrier motion occurs through the n-Si with an employment of metallic clusters in pores being in a contact with the semiconductor, by means of the overbarrier emission of electrons from higher energy levels of Si conduction band. In the lower temperatures (~200-100 K) a current flow takes place only through the semiconductor due to an increase of resistivity on energy barriers n-Si/metal, which leads to a practically complete exclusion of a participation of the metal in the charge transport process. In the low temperatures (~100–20 K), the variable range hopping conduction between pores on the SiO2/Si boundary, containing localized states, dominates.

Formation of Protective Ceramic-Metal Coatings on Steel Surfaces by Microarc Oxidation with Electro-Chemical Deposition of Nickel

The possibility of utilizing the porosity of coatings produced by micro-arc oxidation (MAO) to create ceramic-metal coatings is investigated. It is shown that ceramic-metal coatings can be produced by electrochemical deposition of nickel on MAO-coatings. Taking advantage of the features of low-temperature heterophase transfer, microarc oxidation, and electrochemical deposition of nickel, functionally graded ceramic-metal coatings were produced on steel surfaces, which are promising for operation in friction contact nodes of machine systems.

Influence of boric acid (H3BO3) concentration on the physical properties of electrochemical deposited nickel (Ni) nanowires

Authors have investigated the influence of the stabilizer (Boric Acid) concentration during the template-assisted electrochemical deposition of Nickel (Ni) nanowires in Anodic Alumina Oxide (AAO) templates. The synthesis was performed using Ni Sulfate Hexahydrate (NiSO4.6H2O) as metal salts and Boric Acid (H3BO3) as a stabilizer. The mixture of both solutions creates electrolyte and utilized for the electrochemical deposition of Ni nanowires. During the experiment, the boric acid concentration varied between 5 g/L, 37.5 g/L and 60 g/L with a deposition temperature of 80 °C (constant). After the electrochemical deposition process, AAO templates were cleaned with distilled water before dissolution in Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solution to obtain the freestanding Ni nanowires. Physical properties of the synthesized Ni nanowires were analyzed using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The physical properties of obtained Ni nanowires has eloborated by taking into account the effect of boric acid concentration on the surface morphology, growth length, elemental composition and crystal orientation crystal of the synthesized nickel nanowires. The finding exposes that the boric acid concentration does not influence all aspects in the physicals properties of the synthesized Ni nanowires. The boric acid concentration did not affect the surface texture and crystal orientation. However, shorter Ni nanowires obtained as the concentration of boric acid increased.

Colloidal lithography with electrochemical nickel deposition as a unique method for improved silver decorated nanocavities in SERS applications

Two types of metallised nanocavities (single and hybrid) were fabricated by colloid lithography followed by electrochemical deposition of Ni and subsequently Ag layers. Introductory Ni deposition step iniciates more homogenous decoration of nanocavities with Ag nanoparticles. Silver nanocavity decoration has been so performed with lower nucleation rate and with Ag nanoparticles homogeinity increase. By this, two step Ni and Ag deposition trough polystyrene nanospheres (100, 300, 500, 700, 900nm), the various Ag surfaces were obtained. Ni layer formation in the first step of deposition enabled more precise controlling of Ag film deposition and thus final Ag surface morphology. Prepared substrates were tested as active surfaces in SERS application. The best SERS signal enhancement was observed at 500nm Ag nanocavities with normalised thickness Ni layer ∼0.5. Enhancement factor has been established at value 1.078×1010; time stability was determined within 13 weeks; charge distribution at nanocavity Ag surfaces as well as reflection spectra were calculated by FDTD method. Newly prepared nanocavity surface can be applied in SERS analysis, predominantly.

PROTECTIVE CERAMIC-METAL COATINGS FORMING ON THE STEEL SURFACES BY MEANS OF THE MICROARC OXIDIZING WITH THE ELECTRO-CHEMICAL NICKEL DEPOSITION

The possibility is investigated in the article for the porous micro-arc oxidation (MAO) coating's application to create the ceramic-metal cover. It was shown that in course of the electro-chemical nickel deposition on the MAO-coatings it is possible to form the ceramic-metal cover. Using the advantage of both the low-temperature hetero-phase transfer, the micro-arc oxidizing and electro-chemical nickel deposition the functionallygradient ceramic-metal coatings were formed on the metal surfaces which are promising for being used in the contacts friction units in the machinery plants. Ill. 9. Ref. 12.

Surface Roughening Process of Nickel Electrodes for Application of Supercapacitors

Increase in energy demand and depletion of natural resources would be the major causes for inducing development of Energy Storage Systems. Supercapacitor has been known one of the most important electrochemical energy storing devices which can have better power density and excellent stability than batteries in some sense and higher energy density than conventional capacitors. To improve the performance of supercapacitors, many of research works have been focused on improving surface area, diffusion rate, electrical conductivity of materials and long cyclic stability. Various metal oxides including NiO, CoOx, MnO2, RuO2have been used for promising electrode materials for supercapcitors. Among these materials, Nickel has drawn significant attention as an efficient electrode material. Because Nickel has distinct features to be a main electrode material for supercapacitors such as light weight, low cost, chemical stability, good corrosion-resistance, fine electrical and thermal conductivity and excellent electrochemical redox performance. We used Ni foil as a basic electrode material and tried to enhance the surface area of the Ni foil using electrochemical deposition of NiZn fine structures on Ni foil. Also we observed the effects of temperature and current density on morphology of the product. As a result, inhomogeneous NiZn structures were obtained on Ni foil. The difference of morphology is mainly due to the position on a Ni foil electrode. So, the inhomogeneous structures can be divided into three categories such as edge, interval and center. The edge morphology was in shape of keyhole, interval showed cylinder structures and center gave sphere and hemisphere structures at a macro level. However, at a micro level, rough and porous surface was found in all three parts. We concluded that the reason for the inhomogeneous structures were due to mass transport effect. The homogeneity depends on the temperature and current density. Consequently, NiZn/Ni structure with rough, porous and large surface area was fabricated and showed enhanced areal capacitance about 13 times than Ni foil itself. To get much higher areal capacitance, we tried to make one more step after fabrication of the NiZn/Ni structure. That is electrochemical deposition of Nickel on NiZn/Ni structure to make Ni/NiZn/Ni structure. As a result, roughened surface was produced and Ni/NiZn/Ni structure showed much better areal capacitance than Ni foil itself and NiZn/Ni structure. The reason for the increased areal capacitance is based on roughened surface of the electrode which enabled to enhance the active material-electrolyte interfacial area. Consequently Ni/NiZn/Ni structure has more suitable morphology than Ni foil for application of supercapacitors. Materials were characterized by Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Electrochemical properties were measured by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge/discharge measurement using electrochemical workstation (VersaSTAT3, Princeton Applied Research).

Investigation of nucleation and growth mechanism during electrochemical deposition of nickel on fluorine doped tin oxide substrate

Electrochemical deposition is an alternative method for metallization of semiconductors due to its low cost, simplicity and scalability. Knowing the mechanism of nucleation and growth during electrochemical deposition of metal films on semiconductor substrates is required for obtaining metallization with superior performance. In the present work, the mechanism of nucleation and growth during electrochemical deposition of Ni on fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate was investigated using a physical model which was proposed by Scharifker-Hills in 1983. Voltammetric and chronoamperometric measurements were performed using three electrodes electrochemical cell. Scan rate dependence of anodic and cathodic peaks of voltammograms showed that the nucleation and growth are controlled by diffusion of Ni2+ ions to growing centers. Moreover, the measured current transient curves were compared to those calculated from Scharifker-Hills model for both instantaneous and progressive nucleation mechanisms. It was found that instantaneous nucleation mechanism governs the nucleation and growth of Ni on FTO substrate during electrochemical deposition.

Nickel/alumina nanocomposites by AC electrochemical processing

Nanowire/pillar composite fabricated by alternating current electrochemical deposition of nickel into/onto thin porous anodic alumina (PAA) is investigated for magnetosensitive medium applications. Magnetization and current transport features of Ni nanowires/porous matrix composite in the current-perpendicular-to-plane mode are considered. Fabrication processing features, SEM characterization results are presented. PAA/Ni nanocomposite with Ni nanoparticles of 15–25 nm characteristic size is formed at initial stages of deposition. Continuous Ni nanowires/nanotubes composites are formed over the whole alumina pores depth after ~10-min deposition. XRD analysis confirms the polycrystalline nature of Ni nanowires with [111] preferential orientation.

Electrochemical properties of composite materials based on poly-3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene with nickel oxide inclusions

The electrochemical behavior of PEDOT/NiO composite films obtained by electrochemical deposition of nickel into poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) films followed by oxidation in weakly alkaline solutions was studied by cyclic voltammetry. When a complex polymer composite with two sequentially deposited PEDOT/NiO layers was prepared, the charge almost doubled. The morphology of the obtained composite films was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM); the element composition was analyzed by local energy dispersion (EDX) analysis. The nickel distribution over the surface was mapped for the PEDOT/Ni and PEDOT/NiO composite films. The specific capacity of the obtained materials and their dependence on the potential scan rate were determined by cyclic voltammetry.

A Novel CNT Anode Material for Li Battery Applications

Carbon nanotubes hold excellent promise for lithium based energy storage and conversion applications. The use of typical nanophase sp2 carbon as a host material has two principal disadvantages, chief of which is the substantial presence of electrochemical impurities and low lithium storage ability when compared with metallic lithium. A process is shown that produces electrochemically clean, high defect rate carbon nanotubes through the corrosion of silicon carbide fibers to produce a low internal resistance, high activity anode material for Li battery applications. This material is shown to be superior to conventional chemical vapor deposition grown CNTs electrochemically and physically. Residual material present in carbide derived CNTs are electrochemically inert carbides and oxides. The resulting CNT bundles are more consistent in chirality, as well as defect rate and physical dimension than the CVD grown counterparts. Under optimal conditions Li intercalates into graphitic material in the form of LiC6, which leads to a specific capacity reduction from 3860 mAh/g for metallic Li to 372 mAh/g for the graphitic anodes. We describe a process, carbothermal carbide conversion, for the production of a uniquely valuable carbon nanotube material for electrochemical applications comprised of bundles of SWCNTs of high defect rate. As carbide conversion nanotubes form, the CNTs aggregate into bundles which consist of single-wall nanotubes held together by van der Waals forces roughly equivalent to graphitic sheet spacing, approximately 5 angstrom. These ropes display increased energy storage capabilities as Li ions can intercalate both into the channels between the nanotubes, and into the interior of the nanotubes themselves. This gives an anode stoichiometry of approximately LiC2, which is considerably higher than the value of conventional Li-graphite anodes. Studies have shown that the entry of Li ions preferentially enter through defects such as kinks or open ends of nanotubes. We show higher edge plane character of carbide derived CNTs via Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and electrochemical deposition of nickel. Figure 1