Electro-optomechanical System Research Articles

Quantum Effects in a Second-Order Coupled Electro-Optomechanical System with Kerr Medium

Quantum Effects in a Second-Order Coupled Electro-Optomechanical System with Kerr Medium

Steering, bipartite and genuine tripartite entanglement in five-mode hybrid cavity electro-optomechanical systems

We propose a scheme to generate one-way steering, bipartite and genuine tripartite entanglement in a five-mode hybrid cavity electro-optomechanical system consisted of an optical cavity, a mechanical resonator, and three microwave cavity modes with the help of a squeezed vacuum field. The optical cavity is pumped by a squeezed vacuum field. The mechanical resonator is formed by a freely vibrating silicon nitride membrane which is a part of a capacitor in a inductor-capacitor circuit forming three microwave resonators. We find that there is robust entanglement and one-way steering between the optical cavity mode and microwave cavity modes in the presence of the squeezed vacuum field. Particularly, there is steady-state genuine tripartite entanglement between three microwave cavity modes which is robust against thermal fluctuations. Our scheme could be useful for various quantum tasks based on hybrid electro-optomechanical systems fabricated on chips.

Enhancement of opto-electro-mechanical entanglement through three-level atoms

We address the dynamical bipartite entanglement in an opto-electro-mechanical system that involves a three-level atom. The system consists of a degenerate three-level atom, a mechanical resonator, an optical cavity, and a microwave cavity. By utilizing the linearization approximation and nonlinear quantum-Langevin equations, the dynamics of the system are analyzed, and the bipartite entanglement is evaluated using the logarithmic negativity. The research findings indicate that the entanglement between each subsystem increases with the atom injection rate, suggesting that a higher atom injection rate leads to enhanced information transmission between the subsystems. Additionally, it is observed that the correlation between subsystems increases with an increase in the coupling rate. Moreover, the study demonstrates that the correlation between each subsystem decreases as temperature rises. We also show that the degree of tripartite entanglement diminishes with increasing atomic decay rates. The results highlight the positive impact of three-level atoms on the bipartite entanglement in an opto-electro-mechanical system. Consequently, such electro-optomechanical systems can offer a framework for optomechanical information transfer.

Tunable multicolor optomechanically induced transparency and slow-fast light in hybrid electro-optomechanical system

Abstract We investigate the tunable multicolor optomechanically induced transparency and the effect of slow/fast light in a hybrid electro-optomechanical system, in which a degenerate optical parametric amplifier (OPA) and a Λ − type three-level atomic ensemble are placed in a optical cavity with two oscillator modes. The system is driven by a strong pump field and a weak probe field, respectively. Multicolor transparency windows appear in the output field under the atom-photon-OPA-phonon-phonon coherent interaction. And the position and width of the transparent port of the output field can be manipulated by properly modifying the different parameters of the subsystem. We also research the slow/fast light effect related to phase and group delay in the probe field. Our proposal provides a great flexibility for phonon storage and has some potential applications in quantum information processing.

Electrically interfaced Brillouin-active waveguide for microwave photonic measurements

New strategies for converting signals between optical and microwave domains could play a pivotal role in advancing both classical and quantum technologies. Traditional approaches to optical-to-microwave transduction typically perturb or destroy the information encoded on intensity of the light field, eliminating the possibility for further processing or distribution of these signals. In this paper, we introduce an optical-to-microwave conversion method that allows for both detection and spectral analysis of microwave photonic signals without degradation of their information content. This functionality is demonstrated using an optomechanical waveguide integrated with a piezoelectric transducer. Efficient electromechanical and optomechanical coupling within this system permits bidirectional optical-to-microwave conversion with a quantum efficiency of up to −54.16 dB. Leveraging the preservation of the optical field envelope in intramodal Brillouin scattering, we demonstrate a multi-channel microwave photonic filter by transmitting an optical signal through a series of electro-optomechanical waveguide segments, each with distinct resonance frequencies. Such electro-optomechanical systems could offer flexible strategies for remote sensing, channelization, and spectrum analysis in microwave photonics.

Probing Non-Newtonian Gravity by Taking Advantage of Criticality Based on a Hybrid Electro-Optomechanical System

Probing Non-Newtonian Gravity by Taking Advantage of Criticality Based on a Hybrid Electro-Optomechanical System

Generating stationary entanglement and one-way steering in a hybrid cavity electro-optomechanical system via a squeezed vacuum field

Generating stationary entanglement and one-way steering in a hybrid cavity electro-optomechanical system via a squeezed vacuum field

Squeezing and entangling two microwave modes of electro-optomechanical systems with two driving lasers

We propose an effective scheme to generate the squeezed vacuum states of two microwave fields, bipartite and genuine tripartite entanglement in a compound four-mode electro-optomechanical system with two driving lasers of different amplitudes. We find that two microwave fields can be squeezed simultaneously when the effective coupling constants between mechanical oscillator and two microwave fields are chosen appropriately. In particular, the squeezing of one microwave mode can be larger than 3 dB even at high temperature. We also find that bipartite and genuine tripartite entanglement can be generated in this system which are robust against thermal fluctuations. Our scheme may have potential applications in quantum information processing and quantum metrology.

Controlling double optomechanically induced transparency and slow/fast light in an electro-optomechanical system via an optical parametric amplifier

We investigate tunable double optomechanically induced transparency and slow/fast phenomena in a hybrid electro-optomechanical system. The hybrid system consists of an optical cavity with an optical parametric amplifier (OPA) and two charged mechanical resonators. The double optomechanical induce transparency can be exhibited by manipulating the coupling parameters of the electro-optomechanical system. Specifically, the number of transparent points and the width of transparent windows increase with an increase in the coupling constant. Furthermore, the phenomenon of double transparency is strongly influenced by the parametric gain of OPA and by the Coulomb interaction between the two mechanical oscillators. It is found that the larger parametric gain and Coulomb coupling induce an increasing width of transparency windows. Moreover, we study the slow/fast light effect associated with the rapid phase change of the transmission of probe field. Our approach provides a great flexibility for controlling double induced transparency, and has potential applications in optical information storage and optical communication.

The performance of a dissipative electro-optomechanical system using the Caldirola–Kanai Hamiltonian approach

By combining all optical, electronic, and mechanical capabilities, electro-optomechanical systems, along with the use of mechanical displacement, the conversion of low-frequency electrical signals into much higher-frequency optical signals is possible. This process provides several capabilities that have very important applications in various fields, including classical, as well as quantum communications. In this regard, the inevitable effect of dissipation on the performance indicators of such systems is one of the important issues affecting its efficiency. One approach for investigating the effect of dissipation is based on a time-dependent Hamiltonian has been known as the Caldirola-Kanai (CK) Hamiltonian, wherein the exponentially increasing mass, i.e. enters the mechanical oscillator system. Utilizing this approach shows that, the performance of the system under the influence of dissipation with CK Hamiltonian formalism, in which the dissipation terms are embedded in the Hamiltonian, are more logical, analytical, and reliable than considering the effect of dissipation with the phenomenological method (including the dissipation effects in the equations of motion by hand), which has been recently used in Bagci et al. (Nature, 507, 81, 2014). In our method, it is also possible to monitor the performance of the system via the adjustment of dissipation components, i.e., resistance and reactance (and CK damping parameter ) in the electrical (mechanical membrane) part of the system.

Enhanced entanglement and output squeezing in electro-optomechanical system with an optical parametric amplifier

Enhanced entanglement and output squeezing in electro-optomechanical system with an optical parametric amplifier

Synchronization of a superconducting qubit to an optical field mediated by a mechanical resonator

We study the synchronization of a superconducting qubit to an external optical field via a mechanical resonator in a hybrid electrooptomechanical system. The quantum trajectory method is employed to investigate synchronization. The bistability in one of the qubit polarization vectors, where the qubit rotates about the polarization vector, is observed for a single quantum trajectory run. The rotation in one of the stable states is synced with the external optical drive. When the number of trajectories is significantly increased, the qubit no longer displays bistability. However, synchronization with less quantum fluctuations is still observed. The scheme could be used to prepare and monitor the state of the microwave qubit to a long-lived optical photon through synchronization, which may find applications in long-distance quantum communication. Also, this hybrid system can be used to study quantum synchronization.

Feedback-enabled microwave quantum illumination

A simple feedback scheme can be used to operate efficiently a microwave-quantum-illumination device based on electro-optomechanical systems also in regimes in which excess dissipation would, otherwise, prevent to outperform the optimal classical illumination protocol with the same transmitted energy.

Optical response properties of a hybrid electro-optomechanical system interacting with a qubit

We investigate the optical response of a hybrid electro-optomechanical system interacting with a qubit. Our experimentally feasible system explores tunable all-optical-switching, double-optomechanically induced transparency (OMIT) and optomechanically induced absorption (OMIA). The proposed system is also shown to generate anomalous dispersion. Our theoretical results show that the system can switch between OMIT and OMIA by manipulating the relevant system parameters. The normal-mode-splitting (NMS) effect induced by the interactions between the sub-systems is discussed in detail and the effects of varying the interactions on the NMS are analysed. These rich optical properties of the probe field may provide a promising platform for controllable all-optical-switch and various other quantum photonic devices.

Ground-state cooling of a mechanical oscillator via a hybrid electro-optomechanical system

We present a scheme for ground-state cooling of a mechanical resonator by simultaneously coupling it to a superconducting qubit and a cavity field. The Hamiltonian describing the hybrid system dynamics is systematically derived. The cooling process is driven by a red-detuned ac drive on the qubit and a laser drive on the optomechanical cavity. We have investigated cooling in the weak and the strong coupling regimes for both the individual system, i.e., qubit assisted cooling and optomechanical cooling, and compared them with the effective hybrid cooling. It is shown that hybrid cooling is more effective compared to the individual cooling mechanisms, and could be applied in both the resolved and the unresolved sideband regimes.

Surviving entanglement in optic-microwave conversion by an electro-optomechanical system.

In recent development of quantum technologies, a frequency conversion of quantum signals has been studied widely. We investigate the optic-microwave entanglement that is generated by applying an electro-optomechanical frequency conversion scheme to one mode in an optical two-mode squeezed vacuum state. We quantify entanglement of the converted two-mode Gaussian state, where surviving entanglement of the state is analyzed with respect to the parameters of the electro-optomechanical system. Furthermore, we show that there exists an upper bound for the entanglement that survives after the conversion of highly entangled optical states. Our study provides a theoretical platform for a practical quantum illumination system.

Output spectra of a hybrid electro-optomechanical system: Effect of a DC voltage

In this paper we propose a hybrid electro-optomechanical system consisting of capacitively coupled optical and microwave cavities. An optical parametric amplifier (OPA) is mounted inside the optical cavity. The capacitor of the microwave cavity is formed of two mechanical resonators, which are under the effect of a DC bias voltage. We will show that changing the DC voltage affects on the output spectra of the system at different frequencies. Also, we show that changing the gain coefficient of OPA results in obtaining different responses by the system.

Microwave and optical photons entanglement in a hybrid electro-optomechanical system: effect of a mechanical plasmonic waveguide at high temperatures

In this paper, we describe a hybrid electro-optomechanical system consisting of a microwave resonator and an optical cavity which are coupled together by a plasmonic waveguide with a fixed side and another mechanically oscillating one. We show that a considerable entanglement can be obtained between optical and microwave photons at temperatures between $$T=10K$$ and $$T=15K$$ through our proposed system. Also, we show that it is possible to suppress effect of the temperature on entanglement between optical and microwave photons by a direct current voltage applied on both sides of the plasmonic waveguide. Furthermore, we show importance of the presence of optomechanical interaction in the system to obtain a significant entanglement between optical and microwave photons. Overall we show our system is an appropriate candidate to perform as a detector in detection of received microwave signals from an object with low reflectivity which is embedded in a bright thermal environment.

Pulsed entanglement and quantum steering in a three-mode electro-optomechanical system

We investigate bipartite entanglement and quantum steering in a three-mode, hybrid electro-optomechanical system consisting of a Fabry–Perot optical cavity, a nanomechanical oscillator and a lumped-element microwave cavity. The nanomechanical resonator is directly coupled to the optical cavity on the one side via the moving mirror of the Fabry–Perot cavity, and on the other side, it is capacitively coupled to the microwave cavity. There is no direct coupling between the cavity modes. The optical cavity is blue-detuned through excitation by a laser source emitting short pulses, while the microwave cavity is red-detuned through excitation by a voltage pulse generator. The presence of bipartite entanglement between different modes is verified based on the asymmetric entanglement criteria. Specifically, the system is shown to behave effectively as a two-mode system in which a perfect bipartite EPR state can be formed by the optical cavity and the mirror. The possibility of generating genuine tripartite entanglement is also investigated by examining the necessary conditions for multiparty multimode entanglement. Simultaneous coupling of the three modes is shown to be possible in accordance with the genuine tripartite entanglement criteria. Furthermore, we establish the existence of quantum steering between the modes using the steering parameter formality and examine the monogamy relations to quantify the amount of bipartite steering shared between different modes. Notably, steering is found to be present only between the mechanical and the optical cavity modes.

Radio-frequency-to-optical conversion using acoustic and optical whispering-gallery modes

Whispering gallery modes (WGMs), circulating modes near the surface of a spheroidal material, have been known to exhibit high quality factors for both acoustic and electromagnetic waves. Here, we report an electro-optomechanical system, where the overlapping WGMs of acoustic and optical waves along the equator of a dielectric sphere strongly couple to each other. The triple-resonance phase-matching condition provides a large enhancement of the Brillouin scattering only in a single sideband, and conversion from the input radio-frequency signal exciting the acoustic mode to the output optical signal is observed.