Electromagnetic Pollution Research Articles

Sustainable Maintenance of Conductors in Transmission/Distribution Networks Using Complex Magnetic Field Analysis

This study presents issues related to electromagnetic pollution and the level of magnetic field radiation occurring around conductors used for electricity transmission and distribution. The fact that modeling and simulation are the most efficient methods of optimization, considering the cost–benefit ratio, was the premise of this work. This paper proposes the performance of a complex analysis, carried out in a comparative manner, which includes physical tests and simulations in the existing field around transmission and distribution cables used in transformer substations. In the first stage, the level of the magnetic field existing near the conductor carried by an electric current was tested (measured), and a virtual model was then designed to simulate the field in conditions similar to those of the test. The results obtained from the simulation were analyzed in comparison with those obtained by testing. The maximum permissible limits of exposure to an electromagnetic field, which are regulated by Government Decision HG 520/2016 of 20 July 2016 and Directive 2013/35/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013, were used as the reference to formulate conclusions for both situations considered. These comparisons were intended to determine the level of exposure to electromagnetic fields existing in places where electricity transmission/distribution conductors are located. Energy sustainability exists due to the versatile properties of the conductors, with the energy transmission and distribution network being functional regardless of the source of energy production.

Contact/non-contact control of electromagnetic shielding performances of flexible graphite nanoplatelet/carbonyl iron-polylactic acid/carbonyl iron shape memory composite film

To cope with the complex electromagnetic interference and electromagnetic pollution environment, it is necessary to develop the electromagnetic interference shielding products with adjustable shielding efficiency. One of the solutions is to modulate the shielding efficiency by changing a shape of the products. In this work, the polylactic acid-graphite nanoplatelets Janus films with both high and modulated shielding efficiency were prepared by hot pressing method. The shape-memory organic polymer Polylactic Acid (PLA) was used as the base material, whose morphology can be adjusted by changing the ambient temperature. The highly conductive Graphite Nanoplatelets (GNPs) was used as efficient electromagnetic shielding layer. And, a small amount of carbonyl iron particles (CIP) was added into the Janus films to enhance the conductivity of GNPs layer, while realize the pre-deformation state of PLA layer under the non-contact magnetic force. As the GNPs layer thickness increased, the maximum electromagnetic shielding performance of the Janus film reached around 68 dB in the frequency range of 8–26.5 GHz. The surface temperature of the Janus film can be regulated by applying contact current and non-contact light irradiation, to realize the deformation of the Janus film. The electromagnetic shielding performance of Janus film can be manually adjusted to a certain expected value (10–50 dB) by controlling the applied current and irradiation time. The GNPs-PLA Janus films can be applied in complex electromagnetic environments and have enormous research value and development potential in the field of controllable electromagnetic interference shielding.

Multi-interfaced FeCoNi@C/carbon cloth composites for eliminating electromagnetic wave pollution

To tackle the increasing electromagnetic pollution, new and efficient electromagnetic wave absorption (EWA) and shielding (EWS) materials are urgently needed. Multi-component synergism and complex microstructure design are effective measures to improve the EWA and EWS properties. However, how to implement the above designs still faces huge challenges. Herein, multi-interface carbon-coated FeCoNi nanoneedles grown on carbon cloth (FeCoNi@C/CC) were synthesized by a combination of hydrothermal process and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technology with the concept of “green synthesis”. Using acetylene as the carbon source and atmosphere, the FeCoNi ternary hydroxide can be transformed into a multiple magnetic component (Fe3O4, Ni, and Co metals) by simple annealing. Simultaneously, a uniform carbon layer is formed on the surface, resulting in a composite system with a variety of heterogeneous interfaces and loss mechanisms. Additionally, the dielectric and magnetic loss capacities can be effectively adjusted by changing the temperature of CVD. The optimized FeCoNi@C/CC as filler exhibits remarkable EWA performance with a minimum reflection loss of −69.3 ​dB at a thickness of 1.82 ​mm and a maximum effective absorption bandwidth of 6.80 ​GHz. Moreover, the composites as an integrated component also show a fascinating electromagnetic interference shielding efficiency of 42.2 ​dB. This work provides a guide for the structural design of high-performance electromagnetic protection materials with multi-heterogeneous interfaces.

Lightweight and efficient alumina/carbon nanotube composites by atomic layer deposition method for microwave absorbing

Excellent microwave absorbing materials can effectively solve electromagnetic wave pollution. The regulation of electromagnetic parameters is a feasible strategy for obtaining microwave absorbers with outstanding performance. In this study, a series of alumina/carbon nanotube (Al2O3/CNT) composites with low density and thin thickness have been prepared by the atomic layer deposition (ALD) method. The impedance matching and attenuation constant of the Al2O3/CNT composites can be precisely controlled by the adjustment of Al2O3 deposition cycles, to obtain the excellent microwave absorption performance. The maximum reflection loss value of the Al2O3/CNT composite can reach −35 dB (2.5 mm). This work offers a method to prepare lightweight materials with high microwave absorbing properties.

Enhancing electromagnetic shielding property and absorption coefficients via constructing electromagnetic rings in janus composites

Polymer based electromagnetic wave (EMW) shielding materials with high conductivity have excellent electromagnetic shielding properties, but also exhibit high reflection of EMWs, resulting in inevitable secondary electromagnetic pollution. EMW shielding materials with low reflection have extensive potential applications in the next generation of anti-EMW equipment. Herein, a production strategy combining three dimensional (3D) printing technology and solution casting method was proposed to prepare polylactic acid (PLA)@multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT)/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)@carbonyl iron powder (CIP) absorptive electromagnetic shielding Janus composites with a ring-shaped electromagnetic synergistic structure (spiral rings or concentric circular rings). By utilizing PLA and MWCNTs as primary components, a 3D integrated framework that combines a highly conductive reflector and a ring inductance structure can achieve significant EMW shielding performance with low reflection. With PDMS as a matrix and magnetic CIP as functional fillers, a strong magnetic permeability network is provided around the ring inductance frame. The magnetic loss resulting from electromagnetic cooperative ring structure further enhances microwave absorption capacity. The composite materials, benefiting from the synergistic interaction between the electromagnetic rings and the reflector, demonstrate excellent impedance matching and efficient EMW shielding capabilities. Specifically, the PLA@MWCNT/PDMS@CIP Janus composites with ring structure exhibit a notable EMW shielding effectiveness (SE) of 31 dB and a reflection coefficient as minimal as 0.3. Therefore, this study presents a powerful approach to the development of low-reflective materials with high EMW SE, promising potential applications in the next-generation intelligent electronic devices.

Design and performance evaluation of a compact radiation absorber for 5G applications

Introduction: The emergence of electromagnetic wave pollution as a new form of pollution in human society is attributed to the advancements in communication technology and the electronic information business. In addition to harming priceless electronic equipment, these electromagnetic radiation and interference issues brought on by electrical and electronic devices have a major negative influence on human productivity and wellbeing. The secret to getting rid of electromagnetic radiation interference (EMI) and improving performance is electromagnetic shielding technology. Metamaterial absorber is a type of metamaterial that absorb EMI radiation. The benefits of metamaterial absorbers include their lightweight, simple construction, and excellent absorptivity.Methods: This paper proposes a novel metamaterial absorber for EMI radiation absorption. It consists of dielectric layers, metamaterial shielding layer and transmission line. The reflection of radiation is reduced by miniaturization of metamaterials.Results and Discussion: Simulation results show that the proposed design has better performance as compared to existing methods. The operating frequency range is from 23.1 to 28.3 GHz. The values of S21 with and without shielding are −5 dB and −0.05 dB, and the shielding effectiveness is 10.10 dB and a maximum of 12.63 dB.

Sources of the Electromagnetic Pollution, Effects, Safety Measures

Sources of the Electromagnetic Pollution, Effects, Safety Measures

Outstanding electromagnetic interference shielding of bamboo fiber/carbon nanotubes/polylactic acid composites with biodegradability and corrosion resistance

To cope with the increasing electromagnetic waves and environmental pollution, it is imperative for exploring environmentally friendly electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials with prime shielding effectiveness (SE). In this study, a biodegradable bamboo fiber/carbon nanotubes/polylactic acid (BF/CNTs/PLA) composite with abundant pore structures were successfully produced by mixing, melting and hot-pressing approach by utilizing hydrophobically treated bamboo fiber (BF), carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with efficient electrical conductivity and biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) with exceptional thermal stability. Specially, with the addition of 12 wt% CNTs, the BF/CNTs/PLA composite displayed excellent EMI SE of 47.7 dB at X-band due to the uniform dispersion of conductive CNTs in consecutive BF/PLA composite. In addition, the value of SEA/SET was 79.9 %, illustrating absorption was the primary shielding mechanism. what’s more, BF/CNTs/PLA presented superior thermal stability and EMI SE of 89.7 %, 84.5 %, and 81.3 % after immersion of BF/CNTs/PLA in HCl, NaCl, and NaOH solution, respectively, demonstrating its prime corrosion resistance. Therefore, BF/CNTs/PLA composites have enormous application potential in the field of high-temperature resistance, biodegradability, and biomass based electromagnetic shielding materials.

Synergistic Layered Design of Aerogel Nanocomposite of Graphene Nanoribbon/MXene with Tunable Absorption Dominated Electromagnetic Interference Shielding.

Electromagnetic pollution presents growing challenges due to the rapid expansion of portable electronic and communication systems, necessitating lightweight materials with superior shielding capabilities. While prior studies focused on enhancing electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (SE), less attention is given to absorption-dominant shielding mechanisms, which mitigate secondary pollution. By leveraging material science and engineering design, a layered structure is developed comprising rGOnR/MXene-PDMS nanocomposite and a MXene film, demonstrating exceptional EMI shielding and ultra-high electromagnetic wave absorption. The 3D interconnected network of the nanocomposite, with lower conductivity (10-3-10-2 S/cm), facilitates a tuned impedance matching layer with effective dielectric permittivity, and high attenuation capability through conduction loss, polarization loss at heterogeneous interfaces, and multiple scattering and reflections. Additionally, the higher conductivity MXene layer exhibits superior SE, reflecting passed electromagnetic waves back to the nanocomposite for further attenuation due to a π/2 phase shift between incident and back-surface reflected electromagnetic waves. The synergistic effect of the layered structures markedly enhances total SE to 54.1 dB over the Ku-band at a 2.5 mm thickness. Furthermore, the study investigates the impact of hybridized layered structure on reducing the minimum required thickness to achieve a peak absorption (A) power of 0.88 at a 2.5 mm thickness.

Microwave-absorbing behavior of rare-earth-ion-doped copper manganese nanoferrites in X-band frequency

In this study, the technology important Cu0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 and Cu0.5Mn0.5Fe1.80RE0.2O4 (RE = La, Gd, Nd, and Dy) nanoferrites were synthesized via sonochemical method and characterized to overcome the electromagnetic pollution problems. Crystalline, morphological, electrical, magnetic, and microwave-absorbing parameter were identified by doping of RE (La, Gd, Nd, and Dy) in Cu0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 nanoferrites. The XRD analysis revealed a cubic spinel structure with a single-phase composition for Cu0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 nanoferrites whereas Cu0.5Mn0.5Fe1.80RE0.2O4 (RE = La, Gd, Nd, and Dy) nanoferrites had a cubic structure with the presence of a secondary phase. SEM images confirmed the spherical shape of the particle and the grain size within the range of 19.25–28.19 nm, with elemental stoichiometry confirmed by EDS spectra. The dielectric constant and conductivity of Cu0.5Mn0.5Fe1.80RE0.2O4 nanoferrites were low at higher frequencies, which lead good candidates for microwave-absorbing technologies. The substitution of RE decreases saturation magnetization (43.38–23.96 emu/g) and squareness ratio values of prepared nanoferrites were less than 0.5. The SET values of the prepared nanoferrites were in the range of 32.31–41.81 dB. The minimal reflection loss (RL) values of Cu0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 and Cu0.5Mn0.5Fe1.80RE0.2O4 nanoferrites were less than 10 dB and which indicated that the prepared nanoferrites possessed great potential for applications as microwave-absorbing materials.

In situ encapsulation of heterostructures induced microscopic factors to enhance polarization loss of transition metal sulfides microwave absorbers

With the rapid development of modern electronic devices, electromagnetic wave pollution has become increasingly severe. In the field of materials science research, developing superior microwave absorbers holds immense importance. Light-weight carbon nanotube composites are developed for their unique electronic structure and excellent mechanical properties for wide applications in electronics, communication devices, and other specific parts, considering ideal candidates for the preparation of new types of electromagnetic wave absorption materials. This study focuses on embedding Fe7S8/FeS2 heterostructures into nitrogen doped carbon nanotubes through in-situ packaging to optimize interface engineering and improve the electromagnetic wave absorption efficiency of the material. Through pyrolysis and sulfidation processes, we successfully synthesized Fe7S8/FeS2 heterostructures in situ encapsulated within N-doped carbon nanotubes (NCNTs). Fe7S8/FeS2/NCNT shows microwave absorbing ability with a strong absorption (−36.83 dB at 14.08 GHz with a small thickness of 1.6 mm) and a broad effective absorption bandwidth (5.14 GHz). The excellent microwave absorption capability is mainly attributed to the efficient conductive network of NCNTs and the synergistic effect of Fe7S8/FeS2 heterostructures. This not only confirms the potential of transition metal sulfides/NCNTs composites in microwave attenuation applications, but also provides new strategies for the design and development of future microwave absorbers.

Porous-multilayered Ti3C2Tx MXene hybrid carbon foams for tunable and efficient electromagnetic wave absorption

The rapid development of modern wireless communication technology makes electromagnetic wave pollution increasingly serious, necessitating the development of high-performance electromagnetic wave-absorbing materials. This study introduces a Ti3C2Tx MXene hybrid carbon foam (HCF) that exhibits a tunable and efficient electromagnetic wave absorption performance. The HCF features a porous, multilayered structure, which enhances its multi-reflection properties, and a heterogeneous interface between the carbon foam and MXene boosting its dielectric loss. By regulating the content of MXene, the ratio of polarization loss to conduction loss can be regulated to achieve better impedance matching. As a result, the HCF demonstrated superb electromagnetic wave absorption performance with RLmin = −72.25 dB and EABmax = 6.55 GHz. Furthermore, the minimum absorption frequency domain could be tuned within 8–14 GHz by varying the MXene content. The performance in radar wave absorption and electromagnetic-thermal conversion (ramp rate 85.81 °C/s from RT to 200 °C) proves that HCF is an efficient and reliable electromagnetic wave absorber, suitable for radar technology, microwave heating, and communication systems applications.

Based on the preparation of dual-absorber agents using Ni and Ni/rGO for the fabrication of a dual honeycomb nested structure for wideband microwave absorption

Designing absorbers with structural support to achieve ultra-wideband and wide-angle absorption properties is crucial for addressing the growing concern of electromagnetic pollution. In this study, a strategy is proposed to further broaden the bandwidth of structural absorbers by applying different materials to different structures and then nesting these different structures. Six composite materials were prepared using Ni and rGO as absorbers, and a dual honeycomb nested structure was fabricated using 3D printing technology. The minimum reflection loss (RL) of the two types of composite materials was −19.3 dB and −15.8 dB, respectively, with effective absorption bandwidths (EAB) of 4.6 GHz and 4.4 GHz, demonstrating mechanical compatibility and electromagnetic substitutability. The dual honeycomb nested structure utilized a multiscale design approach, achieving broadband absorption up to 14.27 GHz and compressive strength of 5.92 MPa. Furthermore, stable frequency response of transverse electric (TE) waves was observed within an incident angle range of 0°–40°, while absorption frequencies exceeded 12 GHz as transverse magnetic (TM) waves incident angle varied from 0° to 60°, highlighting wide-angle absorption characteristics. The dual composite preparation strategy of materials and structures for absorber fabrication provides a new perspective for further expanding the bandwidth of absorbers.

The lightweight titanium dioxide/reduced graphene oxide composites prepared by hydrothermal method for microwave absorption

To solve electromagnetic pollution, microwave absorption materials with high performance have gained attention. Manipulating the impedance matching is an effective strategy to obtain the outstanding electromagnetic wave absorption material. In this work, a series of titanium dioxide/reduced graphene oxide (TiO2/RGO) composites were prepared by the hydrothermal method for microwave absorption. The relationship between the microstructure and microwave absorption performance of the composite was analyzed in detail. The impedance matching and attenuation ability of TiO2/RGO composites could be precisely manipulated by regulating the titanium dioxide content. The reflection loss and effective absorption bandwidth of the TiO2/RGO composite could reach −46 dB and 3.36 GHz (1.9 mm), respectively. Thus, the lightweight TiO2/RGO composite has the potential application in microwave absorption.

Mathematical Assessment of Pollution Factors from Eddy Currents in the Durrës Seaport

Eddy currents, a significant phenomenon in electromagnetic fields, were first distinguished from general electric currents by Foucault. These currents, influenced by the magnetic field vector (H), magnetic flux density (B), and electric field (E), are present in various environments, including homogeneous and non-homogeneous areas, linear and non-linear environments, and open boundary problems. In marine environments, these currents, referred to as planetary currents, contribute to electrical pollution, impacting maritime infrastructure, machinery, and ecosystems. This study aims to assess the impact of eddy currents in the Durrës Seaport, Albania, focusing on how meteorological factors such as temperature, atmospheric pressure, and humidity influence pollution levels. Using the TES-92 Electro-smog meter and the PCE-THB 40 Thermo-hygrometer and barometer, we measured electromagnetic field characteristics and meteorological parameters. Our results highlight the significant impact of stray currents on marine environments, emphasizing the need for effective measures to minimize their effects and improve the quality and selection of materials and equipment in port facilities. This study provides valuable insights into the environmental and infrastructural challenges posed by electromagnetic pollution and proposes recommendations for mitigating these impacts.

Measurement of the electric field of mobile telephone base station antennas in Riobamba (Ecuador), to determine the specific absorption rate (SAR) in the human body

Exposure to electromagnetic and radio frequency fields generated by communication technologies such as mobile phones has raised concerns about electromagnetic pollution and its possible health effects. The objective of the study was to measure the electric field coming from cell phone base station antennas and determine through simulation in virtual anatomical models the maximum and average SAR in the whole body and in 10 g in different parts of the human body. The measurements were carried out with a selective non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation meter at 10 sites in the city of Riobamba, Ecuador. The highest maximum and average SAR for whole body was 3.045x10−7 and 3.923 x10−8 W/kg, respectively. While, at 10 g, the maximum SAR reached up to 8.52x10−9 W/kg in arms and the average SAR 2.13x10−9 W/kg in legs. All results are well below the limits established by the ICNIRP, suggesting a low risk of exposure. This work provides valuable information on the levels of exposure to electric fields from mobile telephone base stations and the results collected in this research could serve as a reference for future research, since the sampling method used could be reproduced to study the temporal variation of electric field levels in the city and conduct more comprehensive studies of SAR distribution in the human body.

Multifunctional electromagnetic wave absorbing carbon fiber/Ti3C2TX MXene fabric with superior near-infrared laser dependent photothermal antibacterial behaviors

Developing multifunctional materials which could simultaneously possess anti-bacterial ability and electromagnetic (EM) absorption ability during medical care is quite essential since the EM waves radiation and antibiotic-resistant bacteria are threatening people’s health. In this work, the multifunctional carbon fiber/Ti3C2Tx MXene (CM) were synthesized through repeated dip-coating and following in-situ growth method. The as-fabricated CF/MXene displayed outstanding EM wave absorption and highly efficient photothermal converting ability. The minimum reflection loss (RL) of −57.07 dB and ultra-broad absorption of 7.74 GHz could be achieved for CM composites. By growth of CoNi-layered double hydroxides (LDHs) sheets onto MXene, the absorption bandwidth for carbon fiber/Ti3C2Tx MXene layered double hydroxides (CML) could be reach 5.44 GHz, which could cover the whole Ku band. The excellent photothermal effect endow the CM composites with excellent antibacterial performance. The antibacterials tests indicated that nearly 100 % bactericidal efficiency against E. acoil and S. aureus was obtained for the CM composite after exposure to near-infrared region (NIR) irradiation. This work provides a promising candidate to combat medical device-related infections and EM pollution.

Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Embedded into Pyridinic-N-Rich Carbon Nanohoneycomb with Strong dx2-Pz Orbital Hybridization for High-Performance Electromagnetic Wave Absorption.

Carbon-based magnetic nanocomposites as promising lightweight electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbents are expected to address critical issues caused by electromagnetic pollution. Herein, Fe3O4 nanoparticles embedded into a 3D N-rich porous carbon nanohoneycomb (Fe3O4@NC) were developed via the pyrolysis of an in-situ-polymerized compound of m-phenylenediamine initiated by FeCl2 in the presence of NaCl crystals as templates. Results demonstrate that Fe3O4@NC features highly dispersed Fe3O4 nanoparticles into an ultrahigh specific pyridinic-N doping carbon matrix, resulting in excellent impedance matching characteristics and electromagnetic wave absorbing capability with the biggest effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of up to 7.1 GHz and the minimum reflective loss (RLmin) of up to -65.5 dB in the thin thickness of 2.5 and 2.3 mm, respectively, which also outperforms the majority of carbon-based absorbers reported. Meanwhile, its high absorption performance is further demonstrated by an ethylene propylene diene monomer wave absorbing patch filled with 8.0 wt % Fe3O4@NC, which can completely shield a 5G signal in a mobile phone. In addition, theory calculation reveals that there is a strongest dx2-Pz orbital hybridization interaction between Fe3O4 clusters and pyridinic-N dopants in the carbon network, compared with other kinds of N dopants, which can not only generate more dipoles of carbon networks but also increase net magnetic moments of Fe3O4, thereby leading to a coupling effect of efficient dielectric and magnetic losses. This work provides new insights into the precise design and synthesis of carbon-based magnetic composites with specific interface interactions and morphological effects for high-efficiency EMW absorption materials.

Petal-Shaped Graphene Porous Films with Enhanced Absorption-Dominated Electromagnetic Shielding Performance and Mechanical Properties.

The absorption-dominated graphene porous materials, considered ideal for mitigating electromagnetic pollution, encounter challenges related to intricate structural design. Herein, petal-like graphene porous films with dendritic-like and honeycomb-like pores are prepared by controlling the phase inversion process. The theoretical simulation and experimental results show that PVP K30 modified on the graphene surface via van der Waals interactions promotes graphene to be uniformly enriched on the pore walls. Benefiting from the regulation of graphene distribution and the construction of honeycomb pore structure, when 15 wt % graphene is added, the porous film exhibits absorption-dominated electromagnetic shielding performance, compared with the absence of PVP K30 modification. The total electromagnetic shielding effectiveness is 24.1 dB, an increase of 170%; the electromagnetic reflection coefficient reduces to 2.82 dB; The thermal conductivity reaches 1.1 W/(m K), representing a 104% increase. In addition, the porous film exhibits improved mechanical properties, the tensile strength increases to 6.9 MPa, and the elongation at break increases by 131%. The method adopted in this paper to control the enrichment of graphene in the pore walls during the preparation of honeycomb porous films by the phase inversion method can avoid the agglomeration of graphene and improve the overall performance of the porous graphene porous films.

Polarization loss in rutile TiO2 doped with acceptor ions for microwave absorption

With an increase in electromagnetic (EM) pollution, inducing polarization loss using lattice defects has become one of the main strategies for the design and optimization of a new generation of microwave absorbers. In this study, point defects in TiO2 absorbers are designed and controlled using a sol–gel method. The influences of the electronegativity difference and the ionic valence states of the dopant ions on the microwave absorption (MA) performance of rutile TiO2 composites are investigated. The results show that the defects such as oxygen vacancy (VO∙∙) and Ti3+ can be adjusted continuously at a high-temperature sintering process. Cu2+, which has a larger electronegativity than Ti4+ (Cu2+χ = 1.90 > Ti4+χ = 1.54) promotes the localization of electrons. Furthermore, compared with Ag+, which has a similar electronegativity (Ag+χ = 1.93 ≈ Cu2+χ = 1.90), polyvalent copper ions (Cu2++e→Cu+) enhance the electron-hopping process. The formed electron-pinning defect dipole clusters (TiTi′, VO∙∙, CuTi″, CuTi″′, Ti3+→VO∙∙←Ti3+, Ti3+→VO∙∙←Cu2++e, Cu2++e→Cu+, Ti4++e→Ti3+) produce a stronger polarization relaxation process, which regulates the MA performance of TiO2 absorbers. Therefore, this study provides an essential reference for refining the EM wave attenuation performance of simple oxide absorbers.