Electromagnetic Oscillograph Research Articles

Development of lip closing function during taking food into the mouth in children with Down syndrome

Children with Down Syndrome (DS) show developmental retardation of gross motor function including acquisition of oral movements related to eating and swallowing. To characterize the process of development/acquisition of eating/swallowing function of children with DS, interlabial pressure (IP) during taking food into the mouth was assessed. This study included 99 children with DS (birth to 4 year-old), and 112 age-matched control children showing typical development. IP during taking food into the mouth was measured as an objective index of lip closing function. The system for measuring IP during taking food into the mouth consisted of a strain gauge-pressure sensor connected to a strain-measuring device, which sent data to a personal computer installed with electromagnetic oscillograph software to display pressure waveforms. The DS and typically developing children were grouped into each age group and the data were compared between matched-age groups. IP during taking food into the mouth, pressure-time (PT), variation coefficient (VC) of IP during taking food into the mouth and VC of PT were analyzed using the unpaired t-test. Analyses showed a significantly higher IP during taking food into the mouth in the DS population than in the typically developing children in the 2 and 3 year old (P = .042 and .049, respectively) groups. No significant difference was observed between the DS and typically developing groups with respect to PT, VC of IP during taking food into the mouth or VC of PT for any age group. Children with DS showed a process of acquisition of lip closing function during taking food into the mouth similar to the process found in typically developing children, even though children with DS experience developmental retardation in gross motor and cognitive functions.

An auscultatory recording method for blood pressure measurement during exercise.

For inspective determination of blood pressure at rest and during exercise, simultaneous recordings of cuff pressure, Korotkov's sounds, and ECG by an electromagnetic oscillograph were necessary. We devised an apparatus in line with the requirement. Results obtained using this apparatus demonstrate that the auscultatory recording method is suitable to determine the blood pressure during submaximal bicycle exercise.

山はねに関する基礎的研究

It is known empirically that the rock burst is due to the geometry of underground openings, the geological circumstances, the mechanical properties of rock and the stress conditionin rock. Considering only stress condition among these causes, it can be said that the rock burst occurs when the stress suddenly exceeds the strength of rock. On the viewpoint of stress condition in the triaxial compression test, the rock is failed by not only the increase of axial stress at constant confining pressure, but the decrease of confining pressure at constant differential stress.In order to study the rupture of rock caused by the rapid reduction of confining pressure at constant differential stress, the triaxial compression test was undertaken on three kinds of rocks, namely IZUMI sandstone, BIBAI sandstoneand TOHOKU marble.The testing apparatus shown in Fig. 4 is mainly consisted of a triaxial cell, an electromagnetic operation valve used in the rapid reduction of confining pressure, a diaphragm type pressure gauge for measuring the variation of confining pressure and arr electromagnetic oscillograph. The time required for reducing rapidly the confining pressure to the atmospheric one is about 0.2 second, as shown in Fig. 6.The main results obtained in this investigation can be summarized as follows:(1) To measure the relative violence of rupture of these rocks, the stiff loading test was undertaken on rock specimens. It becomes clear from this test that IZUMI sandstone and BIBAI sandstone fail violently, whereas TOHOKU marble fails gently as compared with other two kinds of sandstones. It is shown in Fig. 5.(2) The rupture stress circles of these sandstones which are failed by rapid reduction of confining pressure exist beyond the Mohr's rupture envelope obtained by conventional triaxial compression test, as shown in Fig. 9-A and Fig. 9-B. This means that these sandstones fail violently in excessive elastic energy condition which is developed by rapid reduction of confining pressure. On the other hand, the complete stress-strain curve of TOHOKU marble is obtained as Fig. 5. Then the marble fails gently in the test. Besides, the rupture stress circle of the marble which is failed by rapid reduction of confining pressure exists near the Mohr's rupture envelope as shown in Fig. 9-C.

機械的方法によるストロボ法

This paper presents two new mechanical methods in the stroboscopic holographic vibration analysis. In one of the two, the oscillating mirror of the electromagnetic oscillograph is used, and in another, the pulse-motor is used. The mirror oscillating sinusoidally reflects the laser beam and the vibrated laser beam is strobed by the slit. The pulse-motor rotates by the constant angle when one pulse is given and the laser beam is strobed by the slits attached to the motor. As the oscillating mirror and the pulse-motor are driven by the signal that is the input to the vibrator of the subject, or the transformed one, it is easy to synchronize the strobing to the vibration of the subject and the strobing can be synchronized to the signal detected from the vibration of the subject. Particularly, the method using the oscillating mirror is easy, cheap and one of the mechanical methods that can be used in the highest frequency. The vibration patterns of the circular plate clamped at the center and the loudspeaker are got by those methods.

Combustion of Single Droplets of Residual Fuel Oil

Burning characteristics of residual fuel oils and blending stocks were investigated in this paper. A fuel oil droplet suspended from fine silica filament of 100μ diameter was introduced into an electric furnace maintained at various temperatures between 700-800°C.The ignition delay, burning time and the burning life time were measured by recording the signal from photomultiplier to electromagnetic oscillograph. From these results, the following conclusions were obtained.1) The ignition delay of distillate oils (gas oil) depended on the aromatics content, boiling point and the furnace temperature. The apparent activation energy for ignition of gas oil was about 16kcal/mol. There was little difference in the burning time of gas oil.2) The ignition delay of residual oils was larger than that of distillate oils, some residual oils having not been ignited at the temperatures 700-750°C. The burning time of residual oils was nearly equal to the burning time of distillate oils.3) When residual fuel oils contained more than 20% residual oils, an irregular combustion was recognized. The pattern of variation in combustion depended on the residual oil content and the kind of residual oil.

Effects of Boiling Point and Chemical Composition on Burning Characteristics of Petroleum High Boiling Range Fractions

Burning characteristics of petroleum high boiling range fractions were investigated in this paper. Fuel droplet suspended from fine silica filament of 100μ diameter was introduced into the furnace maintained at various temperatures between 700 and 800°C.Ignition delay and burning time were measured by recording the signal from photomultiplier to electromagnetic oscillograph. From these results, the following conclusions were obtained.1) The ignition delay increased with an increasing aromatics content and a mean boiling point, and with the decreasing furnace temperature. The effect of aromatics content on the ignition delay decreased with the increasing furnace temperature.2) Burning time increased with an increasing mean boiling point and an effect of chemical composition was not recongnized.

Prevention of Stick-Slip Motion in Hydrostatic Extrusion of Billet

The hydrostatic extrusion of the billet is a new extrusion process differing from the conventional method in utilizing the pressurized liquid and keeping the material in contact with the dies. The practical use of this process involves a serious question concerning how to prevent the stick-slip motion. There are, it is considered, various factors that bring about the stick-slip motion, such as lubricants, extrusion ratios, the materials of the billet and die angles. In the present study the stick-slip motion has been analyzed in terms of these factors using an electromagnetic oscillograph. The results obtained are as follows.(I) The temperature of oil film of lubricant formed inside the dies holding the billet plays an important part in causing the stick-slip motion.(2) The smaller die angle will render the lubricant to be preventive of the stick-slip motion.(3) Large stick-slip motion has always appeared with bulging deformation at the extrusion of brittle materials.

Effects of catecholamines on hemodynamics and myocardial contractility in dog--especially the effects of norepinephrine, epinephrine and isoproterenol

Catecholamines play an important role in main-trance of circulatory function and are widely employed in treatment of shock states. There have been many experimental studies on cardiovascular effects of catecholamines. However, few has been reported on comprehensive observations of their hemodynamic effects in animals maintaining normal circulation. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of catecholamines on hemodynamics and myocardial contractility in special reference to influence of different dosage and manners of administration. Methods Adult mongrel dogs anesthetized with intraperitoneal pentobarbital sodium (30 mg/kg) were subjected to thoracotomy under artificial respiration. The following six tracings were simultaneously recorded on an electromagnetic oscillograph; (1) aortic blood flow curves with the probe of an electromagnetic flowmeter fixed around the aortic root, (2) aortic blood pressure curves with a catheter tip lodged in the left common carotid artery, (3) left atrial pressure curves with a catheter inserted in the left atrial appendage, (4) left ventricular cavity through the apex, (5) the first derivatives of the left ventricular pressure using an R-C differentiating circuit whose time constant was 0.5 msec, and (6) unipolar left ventricular epicardial electrocardiogram. These simultaneous tracings were analyzed for the following parameters; the heart rate, aortic blood pressure and flow, stroke volume, mean left atrial pressure, left ventricular external power, stroke work, Isometric Time-Tension Index [(dp/dt)/IIT], and total peripheral vascular resistance. A catheter lodged in the femoral vein was used for intravenous administration of catecholamines. For evaluation of the effects of a single bolus dose of the drugs, each of eight dogs was subjected, at an interval of 5 to 8 minutes, to rapid intravenous injections of six different drug-dose combinations (0.1 and 0.8 μg/kg of ISP, EP and NE). The effects of sustained intravenous infusion of NE was also investigated. A constant flow pump was employed for intravenous infusion of 5% dextrose solution for 3 hours throughout the experiment. Control data was obtained during the first one hour when only the dextrose solution was infused. NE was given at a rate of 0.8 μg/kg/min for the next one hour. For the last one hour continuous observation was also made with the dextrose solution alone infused. A similar experiment was also performed in spinal dogs who had undergone ligation of the bilateral vertebral arteries and disconnection of the bilateral cervical vagus nerves and the spinal cord at the level of the second cervical vertebra.

Recording of the vectorcardiogram during exercise using the telemeter--its methods and clinical results

Using a 3-channel telemeter, an electrocardiograph and a data recorder, the author tried to record vectorcardiogram (VCG) continuously be-fore, during and after exercise. Methods Seventy in- and out-patients in the 2nd Department of Internal Medicine were examined in this study. They included 50 persons without cardiopulmonary disease (33 males, 1 7 females) and 20 patients with complete or incomplete right or left bundle branch block (b.b.b.) (18 males, 2 females). The telemeter employed was a 3-channel FM-FM Model TPE-300R of Fukuda Electro Co. The wave frequencies of the main carrier and the subcarriers were 27.12 Mc/s, and 1.7 kc/s, 3.0 kc/s and 5.4 kc/s, respectively. Four 9-volt dry cells were used as the power supply, and the total time constant was above I .5 seconds. The original Frank's lead system was modified by the author so that the electrodes did not interfere the exercise, the Y electrode at the left leg for the original system being shifted to the left epigastric spot lying on the vertical line passing through the point C of the original system, and the earth electrode at the right leg for the original system to the right epigastric region: At first, scalar electrocardiograms (SECGs) were taken at rest with the original Frank's system and the modified Frank's system in all the 70 cases, using the 3-channel telemeter to get the coefficients for coordinate transformation. Then, the SECGs Of the modified Frank's system were recorded on a magnetic tape by setting the output of the 3-channel telemeter for a Sony data recorder through a multipurposed preamplifier PRE 104 of Kokusai Denshi Kogyo Co. These records were performed both in the 18 healthy and in the 5 with b.b.b., every 30 seconds, for 30 seconds, from a few moments be-fore the beginning of the exercise until 5 minutes after its ending. The magnetic tape was set for the vectorcardiograph of Model FVC-3 of Fukuda Medical Electric Co. to get a VCG. The exercise was performed by the about 3-minute walking at an ordinary speed along a flat hospital corridor which was about 250-meter long and the following 3-minute riding on a fixed bicycle at a speed of 30 km/h. For the purpose of calculating the coefficients of coordinate transformation between the original and the modified Frank's systems, the SECGs at rest were reproduced by fitting the output of the vectorcardiograph to a 3-channel electromagnetic oscillograph of Fukuda Electro Co. The exercise VCG was interpreted theoretically by transforming its coordinates into the original Frank's coordinates through the Coordinate Changer divised by us.

Electromyographic studies on nutritional muscular dystrophy in chick.

The authors succeeded in producing nutritional muscular dystrophy in chicks under experimental conditions with a purified diet very low in vitamin E. This experimental diet was prepared from a basal diet to which rancid and hydrogenated soybean oil had been added and arginine supplemented and from which soybean oil, methionine, inositol, and α-tocopherol had been eliminated. Incidence of muscular dystrophy was 74.5 per cent among the chicks fed the experimental diet. Clinical and pathological findings of the experimentally affected chicks were similar to those reported by previous workers. Especially prominent was white striation, which was observed in the breast and foot muscles. The clinical symptoms of muscular dystrophy were observed among chicks of the experimental group by 2 to 5 weeks of age. Many of the affected chicks were examined electromyographically. The electric activity of dystrophic muscle was picked up by a concentric single-core needle electrode, observed and recorded by the dual beam cathode-ray oscilloscope and electromagnetic oscillograph. Fibrillation potentials and positive sharp waves appeared in the electromyograph of dystrophic muscle at rest. Prolongation of insertion potentials and the appearance of fibrillation potentials of the insertion type manifested the hyperexcitability of dystrophic muscle to mechanical stimuli. The authors established the onset of electromyographical abnormalities, especially fibrillation potentials, in some vitamine E deficient chicks on the ninth day after hatching, when any disorder was not recognized at all by gross examination.

Variations in Yarn Tension during Braiding

A previous article has shown that rapid rotations of a braiding machine increases the number of its revolutions, produce variations in yarn tension during braiding, reduce the tensile strength of braids and make uneven stitches.Measuring yarn tension with a strainmeter and an electro magnetic oscillograph has shown that yarn tension increases as the number of revolutions increases. The maximum yarn tension during braiding is unexpectedly large. Yarn tension is large when the tension weight goes up, and is small when it goes down.A method to reduce yarn tension without reducing the strength of braids, even if the number of revolutions is increased, is studied here.

同素変態型チタン合金の連続冷却変態図

Continuous cooling transformation diagrams of flve kinds of titanium- base binary alloys, Ti--Mo, Ti --V, Ti-Nb, Ti--Al, and Ti--Sn are summarized. The specimens were soaked at a suitable temperature under an argon protective atmosphere, prior to quenching, wbich was carried out by argon jet stream. Cooling curves were automatically drawn by recording temporature changes by an electromagnetic oscillograph. From the cooling curves, the continuous cooling transformation diagram was constructed for the respective titanium alloys. (P.C.H.)

共析変態型チタン合金の連続冷却変態図（Fe, Mn, Cr, Co, Bi合金）

The continuous cooling transformation diagrams of titanium-base alloys of allotropic transformation type have been reported by the present authors in the previous paper. In this paper are summarized the continuous cooling transformation diagrams of titanium alloys of eutectoidal type, such as Ti-Fe, Ti-Mn, Ti-Cr, Ti-Co and Ti-Bi.The specimens were soaked at a temperature of β phase prior to quenching. Quenching was carried out by argon gas jet stream. During quenching, cooling curve was recorded by an electromagnetic oscillograph. Starting point and finishing point of β→α transformation, Ms point and Mf point have been determined from the cooling curves. From these measurements, the continuous cooling transformation diagram was constructed for the respective alloys.The velocity of β→α transformation of titanium alloys tested decreases, in general, by the addition of an alloying element and the Ms temperature for the formation of α′ phase is almost linearly dependent on the content of alloying element. Dominant stabilization effects are operative above 5%Fe.

健常人に於ける心臓弾動図に関する研究

Ballistocardiograms were recorded on 100 male subjects and on 25 female subjects. All of these two groups of subjects were normal healthy persons without any cardiovascular symptoms, and averaging 24 years old (ranging from 17 to 33 years) in male group, and 19 years old (ranging from 17 to 25 years) in female group.Recording at three states were (1) in the resting state (at least 3 hours postabsorptive,30minutes after smoking, and 5 minutes after resting in recumbent), (2) after excercise (20times of leg flection as rapid as possible), (3) and during deep respiration.Lead 1 of the electrocardiogram was taken simultaneously in all case, to record timing of the onset of the cardiac cycle. The time of occurrence of each HIJ and K peak were measured from the onset of the QRS wave of the electrocardiogram.Ballistocardiograms were recorded by direct method with the lever system electromagnetic pick-up modified from the original Dock-Tauman type, and the single beam type electrocardiograph (electromagnetic oscillograph). Following results were obtained.1. High normality was obtained in 125 resting ballistocardiograms of healthy persons, as classified by Brown's classification.2. In normal ballistocardiogram, all recording could be identified with each systolic waves (HIJ and K), The J wave was the highest deflaction of systolic waves, and the magnitude of the H and K deflection were 50% of J deflection, and I deflection was 60% of the J deflection. In male group, generally, higher records could be obtained than female group in amplitude. The IJ deflection which is designated as the ventricular ejection curve averaged 20% higher in male than in female.3. In after excercise recording, general form of Ballistocardiograms were grossly identical with that of resting in male group, whereas the K wave was slightly less than that of resting record, and H and L waves were increased in proportion to the IJ deflection.4. The ratio of inspiratory IJ deflection to expiratory IJ deflection (respiratory ratio)has a mean value of 1.3 at normal resting respiration. The deeper respiration the greater the respiratory ratio, and respiratory ratio reached to 2 at the deepest respiration. The increase in respiratory ratio in deep respiration was caused principally by the increase in inspiratory IJ deflection. The expiratory IJ deflection at resting and deep respiration was relatively constant.5. The real amplitude of body ballistic movement was calculated from the induced electromotive force of the pick-up used and time interval of each waves. In normal healthy adult, calculated amplitude of real ballistic body movement due to heart contraction at resting state averaged from 100 to 200 microns.

Study on casting strain and the casting crack of aluminium alloys (1st Report)

A new apparatus for measuring casting crack that sometimes occurs during soidification after molten metal is cast into mould was made by the author, which can automatically and simultaneously record cooling temperature time and stress time curves in continuity by means of quartz piezometer, vacuum tube amplifier and electromagnetic oscillograph as shown in Fig. 2.1. The stress at crack occurring point measured by the apparatus is useful for quantitatively expressing the tendency to cracking, 2. Casting crack of all Al alloys that were tested on occurred always at temperatures below the solidus.3. Tensile strength of alloys at temperature in the vicinity of solidus could be measured with this apparatus.4. Effects of maximum melting temperature and pouring temperature, as casting conditions, on casting crack have been investigated.5. General relationship between the tendency to cracking and composition of Al binary alloys has been observed as follows:-(a) Al with the purity of less than 99.8% is fairly susceptible to cracking.(b) Alloys with constituent of maximum solubility limit or thereabout are subject to maximum tendency to cracking. The constituent, however, makes considerable shifts to the side of α solid solution, in conformity with the degree of segregation at solidification of alloy.(c) Alloys of eutectic constituent or in the neighborhood are least susceptible to cracking.In consequence of the above studies, mechanism on the occurrence of casting crack has been theoretically explained in comparison with Singer and other's Studies.

New Method of Measuring Warp Tension and Letting-off Length per Pick Explained with Examples

Experiments have been successfully made to establish a method of measuirng warp tension and letting-off length per pick in weaving and of judging quantitatively by this method the efficiency of the Let-Off Motion Device (explained later) while it is running. Results of Research (1) The method to measure warp let-off length per pick has been established with the aid of cameras, a pick counter and a Xenon electric discharge tube. By this method, the maximum error is 0.3% and the time needed for each measurement is within 3 minutes. (2) The whole warp tension has been measured with the aid of steel rings, a strain meter and an electro-magnetic oscillograph without turning the channel of the warp yarn. The maximum error is estimated at ±5%. (3) Warp tension and letting-off length per pick have been measured with the Negative and Positive Let-Off Motion Devices (explained later) and the quantitative efficiency of both Positive and Negative Let-Off Motion Devices determined.

STUDIES ON THE GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE USING THE CURRENT-AND POTENTIAL METHOD

On the GSR curves obtained by the current method, the influences of the strength of electric current and of local skin temperature and their regional differences over the body were investigated by means of electromagnetic oscillograph (Vibrator F). As for the GSR curves obtained by the potential method, the wave forms were studied using an 8-channel electroencephalograph. Experiments were carried out both on men and cats in the summer season.1) The GSR curves recorded by the current method showed increase in amplitude, reduction in latent time and prolongation in top-time with increase of the electric current in the circuit.2) The summation curves gotten by the current method which were induced by stimulation of the hypothalamus or of the lumbar ganglia were very high and top-headed. They showed a conspicuous contrast to the not so high, flattopped potential curves induced in the same way by the Richter et al. and Patton.3) It was demonstrated that local skin temperature could change remarkably the latent time and top-time of GSR curves and could control even the appearance of GSR.4) As for the regional differences of GSR curves, it was ascertained that the GSR of the palm differed essentially from that of the back of hand at least in three experimental results.5) After elaborate investigations, it has been concluded that bi-or triphasic potential curves can actually appear from the palm, and that such wave forms are influenced distinctly by local skin temperature.

Study on a Volumetric Efficiency of Four-Cycle Engine : 5th Report, Experimental Analysis by means of Pressure Indicators

To obtain more verifications about the effects of some engine parameters on the volumetric efficiency, the pressure-changes in suction or exhaust pipe and cylinder were taken out as changes of an electric current by means of our newly designed indicators of electro-capacity type and were recorded by an electro-magnetic oscillograph. Results : a) Whether an efficiency is good or not depends mainly on an inertia-supercharging. b) Effect of closure angle of suction valve is in the results of our study identical with that of inertiasupercharging. But the opening angle affects little on the volumetric efficiency. c) Efficiency is affected a little by the 1st or 2nd order pulsation in suction pipe.

地面附近の大氣の亂れ(第3報)

Fluctuations of air temperature in the air layer up to 15 meters above the ground were measured by resistance thermometers (which were made of bare nickel wire, 0.03mm in diameter and about 80cm long, stretched in the space without protecting cover). This thermometer was inserted in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge and the unbalanced current was lead to an electromagnetic oscillograph. The errors that occur in the measurement are discussed. They consist of those induced by the wind pressure, insolation and time lag of the thermometer. Their magnitudes are generally less than 0.04°C, on the other hand fluctuations of temperature are about 0.4°C. So, errors described above are negligible in the measurement of temperature fluctuation. The magnitude of fluctuations of air temperature is 0.3_??_0.4°C in the air layer 1 meter above the ground and the magnitude decreases to 0.2_??_0.1°C in the air layer 15 meters above the ground. Timely and spacial correlations of air temperature fluctuations (Rξ and Ry) are obtained. Rξ is expressed approximately by the exponential curve e-μξ, and the magnitude of is about 8_??_16 sec. (where T is the value ofξ at which Rξ first cuts the ξ-axis.) Ry is positive even at y=14 meters. The values of correlation are larger than usual when the air temperature of the ground is increasing rapidly. It is discussed that fluctuations of temperature are not wholly due to the mixing phenomena (i.e. the random motion of the lump of air).

市街地上空の風の乱れ第1報

Atmospheric turbulence was observed by using a hot-wire anemometer and an electromagnetic oscillograph at the Central Meteorological Observatory (Tokyo) in autumn, 1946. _??_e hot-wire anemometers were equipped. to a wireless tower at 60, 55, 45, 35 and 25 meters above the ground. From the records of velocity fluctuations for ten minutes, we Calculated the following quantities; mean velocity (_??_), energy of turbulence (1/2_??_2 ), intensity of turbulence (√_??_2/_??_), frequency distribution of u'-fluctuation and eddy viscosity. A linear relation was seen between the mean velocity and the logarithm of height. 1/2_??_2/_??_and √_??_2/_??_ were larger than those which were expected from the experiment in the wind tunnel. The vertical distributions did not show any regularity. The authors further discussed on the magnitudes and vertical distributions of eddy viscosity.