Electromagnetic Compatibility Research Articles

Artificial neural networks classification of s-band absorption performance in eco-friendly microwave absorbers

Microwave absorbers are essential for applications such as radar stealth and electromagnetic compatibility. Nevertheless, traditional materials encounter obstacles related to cost and sustainability, which has led to the exploration of new options such as materials derived from agricultural waste. This study focuses on the classification challenge of evaluating the absorption performance of eco-friendly microwave absorbers in the S-band (2 to 4 GHz) frequency. Three multilayer perceptron (MLP) algorithms, namely levenberg marquardt (LM), resilient backpropagation (RBP) and scale conjugate gradient (SCG) are assessed for classification accuracy. The dataset consists of 135 absorption performance values of microwave absorbers that were taken from experimental measurements using the naval research laboratory (NRL) arch free. The MLP algorithms will be divided into three divisions, which are training, validation and testing, evaluating important criteria such as accuracy, precision, sensitivity and specificity. The performance of three types of algorithms will be compared using two basic inputs: the absorption values and the single slot sizes. The RBP algorithm achieved 100% accuracy, and a lower mean squared error (MSE) of 0.02500 compared to the LM and SCG. This study provides valuable insights for designing better microwave absorbers and highlights the commercial potential of agricultural waste materials in such applications.

Analysis and Optimization of DC-DC Converters Through Sensitivity to Parametric Variations

The optimization of DC-DC converters is crucial for enhancing their performance and efficiency in various applications. This study focuses on the sensitivity analysis of DC-DC converters to parametric variations, which plays a key role in designing robust and efficient systems. The methodology involves developing a simulation model that describes the behavior of converters under different conditions and analyzing the effects of parameter variations through simulation tools. Sensitivity analysis of DC-DC converters involves understanding the sources of harmonics, modeling the converter, analyzing the harmonic content, and implementing mitigation techniques. By combining theoretical analysis with practical design modifications, engineers can optimize DC-DC converters for improved performance, efficiency, and compliance with electromagnetic compatibility standards. Examples of harmonic analysis of the main types of DC-DC converters—Buck, Boost, and Buck-Boost—are discussed in the manuscript. Based on a study of the influence of harmonics in the operating modes, ratios have been derived to be applied during design. In this respect, the research presented is useful for designers and for use in power electronics education.

Ultrawideband microwave metamaterial absorber with excellent absorption performance and high optical transparency based on double-layer mesh structures

Achieving microwave absorbers that combine wideband and excellent absorption performance with high optical transparency remains a significant challenge in the field of radar stealth. In this paper, an ultrawideband metamaterial absorber consisting of double-layer mesh structures and two transparent dielectric layers is proposed. In the absorption layer, an indium tin oxide (ITO) mesh pattern, equivalent to an RL circuit (series connection of resistance R and inductance L) to reduce design complexity, enhances the optical transparency of the absorber when combined with a mesh structure in the shielding layer. The polycarbonate (PC) cover plate is innovatively introduced to adjust the impedance matching, improving the absorbing bandwidth and angular stability. Based on the equivalent circuit model (ECM), optimization of the circuit parameters for the designed unit cell is conducted with the genetic algorithm (GA) and exhibits excellent absorption performance. Simulation and experiment results show that the reflection coefficient of the sample fabricated by the laser etching process is below -20 dB from 7.78 GHz to 12.58 GHz, covering the whole X band and reaching a relative bandwidth of 47.2%. Moreover, the average optical transmittance of the designed absorber is fixed at 81% in the visible region of 400–700 nm. The proposed metamaterial absorber with excellent absorption performance and high optical transparency provides a new avenue for the research and development of stealth and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC).

Bio-derived graphitic carbon microspheres: A green approach for high-frequency microwave absorption

Bio-derived carbon materials have emerged as a sustainable alternative to non-renewable petroleum-based carbon sources, thanks to their reproducibility and environmental benefits. There is a strong demand for developing and efficiently utilizing carbon-based microwave absorbing materials (MAMs) that are lightweight, require low filler loading, and offer broadband absorption for electromagnetic wave (EM) applications. In this context, we successfully synthesized uniform carbon microspheres from the natural precursor turpentine oil using the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique at various temperatures. The sample prepared at 1000 °C (GC-1000) exhibited a uniform carbon microsphere morphology, as confirmed by XRD and Raman spectroscopy, and demonstrated extremely good microwave absorption properties. With a low filler loading of just 5 wt%, the GC-1000 sample achieved a minimum reflection loss (RL) of −39.77 dB at 10.21 GHz and an effective absorption bandwidth of 2.51 GHz at a matching thickness of only 2.8 mm. Additionally, this sample showed a total shielding effectiveness (SET) of −44.74 dB, surpassing the threshold required for commercial applications. The graphitic phase formation, confirmed by XRD and Raman analysis, acts as a conductive trap for electromagnetic radiation, and the high surface area of the uniform carbon microspheres facilitates multiple internal reflections, enhancing overall microwave absorption performance in the X-band region. Our lightweight, durable, bioderived carbon microspheres, synthesized through a cost-effective and scalable process, show significant potential for EM wave absorption in military and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) devices.

Comparative Analysis of Differential-Mode Impedance in Single-Phase Induction Motors

This paper presents an experimental study of the high-frequency impedance behavior of four types of single-phase induction motors: Split-Phase Induction Motor (SPIM), Permanent Split Capacitor Induction Motor (PCIM), Capacitor Start Induction Motor (CSIM) and Single Phase Repulsion Motor (RIM). A differential-mode impedance and phase angle over a range of frequencies, including resonance and anti-resonance points, are the focus of the present study. The obtained results show that every type of motor has distinctive impedance characteristics; the RIM always shows higher impedance than other motors, whereas the CSIM exhibits lower impedance in low frequencies. Those differences unveil the influence of the motor design on Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) performance, since high-impedance motors, such as the RIM, present lower Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) emissions and lower susceptibility to external electromagnetic interference, therefore better general EMC performance. Also, the frequencies of resonance and anti-resonance vary between the motors, which is also reflected in their different electrical and structural designs. The study provides helpful insights into the optimization of motor designs to achieve better EMC compliance and operational stability in various applications.

PROCESSING OF MEASUREMENT RESULTS DURING TESTING THE OBJECT UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF A DIRECT LIGHTNING STRIKE

The current state of the problem of evaluating oscillograms during tests for the action of pulsed currents and voltages are analyzed, and the lack of interpretation tools that would meet the requirements of specialized standards for electromagnetic compatibility testing was shown. The program algorithm has been developed for interpreting the results of testing technical objects for resistance to a direct lightning strike in terms of processing oscillograms of various current components. The use of the trapezoidal method for numerical integration enabled the implementation of the algorithm as software for oscillogram interpretation in the Embarcadero RAD Studio XE8 programming environment. Standardized methods for determining pulse front, rise time, and pulse duration were taken into account during the implementation. In addition, the program allows you to determine the charge value and the integral of the current action in accordance with normalized values. Manual adjustment of the analysis interval was added, allowing the filtering of other current components and "noise" effects. The developed software found practical application in the verification testing of artificial lightning current generator complexes. The correctness of the program operation was confirmed by an empirical method. To obtain oscillograms, a measuring shunt with a range of up to 300 kA, lightning component pulse current generators and a simulated test object were used. The analysis was performed for all four components of artificial lightning, including the shortened constant component C*. Comparison of the interpretation results with "manual" analysis proved the high accuracy of the calculation (deviation up to 3%) with significantly less (5-10 times) time costs. Its extensive capabilities make the tool suitable for high-voltage testing and research in power engineering and related fields.

Evaluation of Electromagnetic Compatibility of Low-Orbit Satellite Communication Constellations with Terrestrial Radio Systems

Evaluation of Electromagnetic Compatibility of Low-Orbit Satellite Communication Constellations with Terrestrial Radio Systems

RESEARCH ON THE ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY OF MATERIALS FOR ORTHOPEDIC PROSTHETICS

Introduction. Acrylic plastics are widely used in orthopedic dentistry and orthodontics. They are the main material for the manufacture of various types of dental prostheses. To create an orthopedic product, a mixture of powder (polymer) and liquid (monomer) is obtained, from which a product of the required shape and size is formed and solidified. The resulting designs must meet the requirements for compatibility with living tissues, including the little-studied compatibility of the electromagnetic component. Main part. Dielectric materials when heated form their own electromagnetic radiation in the millimeter range, which is a general property of heated dielectrics. By this, electromagnetic flows (EMF) of different directions arise. These flows can have a positive or negative direction and in a certain way affect the adjacent biotissues and the human body as a whole. Therefore, the authors conducted studies of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) of 6 types of acrylic plastics, determined their levels and compared them with the level of EMR of biotissues of the human body. Based on the obtained results, conclusions were drawn regarding their electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). “Colorless basic plastic” and “Vertex Implacryl” have the highest level of EMC (up to 58%), “Ftorax” and “Sinma-M” plastics have a slightly lower level (48-53%) and the lowest EMC (35-36%) is recorded in “Vertex Basio” and “Ethakryl – 02”. Conclusions. Compared to the level of human electromagnetic radiation, acrylic plastics and, accordingly, dental prostheses from them form negative currents in relation to adjacent biotissues. The conducted studies allow to recommend the choice of more acceptable materials for the manufacture of dental permanent and removable prostheses, as well as to determine the correlation between the emission of electromagnetic characteristics and the appearance of complications in patients during the operation of these structures.

Electromagnetic Interference from Solar Photovoltaic Systems: A Review

Rapid expansion of solar photovoltaic (PV) installations worldwide has increased the importance of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of PV components and systems. This has been highlighted by interference reported from PV installations (PVI) in the Netherlands, the United States, Sweden, etc. Significant research and development efforts are seen in the domain of enhancing efficiency and economic viability of PVI, whereas the EMC aspects have received less attention and are mainly focused on the PV system acting as a victim of lightning and a victim of changing grid impedance. This article presents a review of the important EMC aspects of PVI as a disturbance source. It has the following main parts: (a) reported cases of emissions and interference from PV installations; (b) modeling and analysis of PV subcomponents from an EMC perspective; and (c) the main standards related to the topic. Mitigation techniques for improving EMC aspects of PVI are also described, along with suggested directions for future research. The compilation brings together wide-ranging sources, both for EMC engineers who want to understand the EMC context of PV systems and for PV system designers seeking to improve EMC performance.

Identification Tests of Modern Vehicles’ Electromagnetic Environment as Part of the Assessment of Their Functional Safety

Are the regulations relating to electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) sufficient to ensure the safety of all autonomy systems? EMC is one of the critical factors influencing the proper functioning of a vehicle and its safety. However, the safety of autonomous vehicles from the perspective of EMC has not been comprehensively researched to date. The purpose of this article is to evaluate whether the currently imposed requirements are adequate. To assess research methods and requirements, it is necessary to determine the electromagnetic environment of vehicles. For this purpose, identification tests of the vehicle’s operating environment were conducted. The article presents the results of research on both the internal and external electromagnetic environments of vehicles. These studies were carried out using normative methods. Despite the significant importance of EMC and the existence of defined normative requirements, the results of the conducted research indicate that some devices available on the market, including those unrelated to vehicle autonomy, fail to meet these standards. Consequently, devices responsible for vehicle safety must be resistant to such electromagnetic exposures. In extreme cases, the malfunction of a single vehicle component due to inadequate electromagnetic compatibility could lead to the disruption of vehicle functions or driver disorientation. Such occurrences pose a direct threat to road traffic safety and the well-being of passengers.

Electromagnetic compatibility of active cardiovascular implants to occupational magnetic field environments: impact of the field direction

Electromagnetic compatibility of active cardiovascular implants to occupational magnetic field environments: impact of the field direction

Performance Evaluation of Microtik Routers According to Electromagnetic Compatibility Testing Standards

This study presents a detailed analysis of the performance of the MikroTik router, model RB912UAG-2HPnD, according to European and international electromagnetic compatibility test standards. Tests included measurements of conducted and radiated emissions, harmonic current emissions, flicker and voltage fluctuations, as well as evaluation of equipment immunity to radiated electromagnetic fields, conductive induced radio disturbances, electrostatic discharges and rapid voltage pulse trains in accordance with the product standard SM EN 301 489-1, the emission requirements standard SM EN 55032, and the standard series for immunity tests SM EN IEC 61000. The test results showed that the router complies with all necessary requirements, with significant passing margins above the established limits. For example, the conducted emissions from the power and network ports had minimum pass margins of -14.33 dB to 23.128 MHz and -9.29 dB to 23.128 MHz, respectively. Radiated emissions below 1 GHz and above 1 GHz demonstrated compliance without exceeding the established pass margins. Electrostatic discharge tests and exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields confirmed that the router meets the specified performance criteria, ensuring proper operation under electromagnetic interference conditions. Measurements of harmonic current and voltage and flicker fluctuations indicated the router's compliance with applicable standards, demonstrating a power consumption below 75 W and a level of voltage fluctuations that does not affect equipment performance. During and after the immunity tests, the router performed as intended with no loss of functionality or critical stored data. These results emphasize the reliability and stability of the MikroTik router, highlighting the importance of compliance with strict electromagnetic compatibility standards for use in critical environments. The evaluation provides a solid basis for adapting the router to applications that require strict electromagnetic standards, ensuring robust and reliable performance.

Analytical study the coupling of a non-uniform electromagnetic wave on a transmission line

In this paper, we focus on coupling problems describing the interaction of an incident electromagnetic field with transmission lines over a perfectly conducting ground. Indeed, near-field interference problems can be solved using two types of models: Taylor model and Agrawal model The main objective behind the development of radiated emission models capable of predicting the Electromagnetic (EM) field radiated by any Device Under Test (DUT) is to provide electronic system designers with a tool that allows them to estimate the coupling and solve many Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) problems at the early stage of the design phase. Thus, these models must be combined with a coupling prediction model to determine the voltages and currents induced by an external field radiated by an aggressive DUT on a nearby victim device. This procedure allows the designer to establish an optimal configuration of the electronic systems and therefore ensure the ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC) compliance of the final product.

Study on Self-tuning of Robot Parameters for EMC Vehicle Steering Test

With the continuous advancement of electric vehicles and smart internet technologies, ensuring vehicle safety through electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) testing in complex electromagnetic environments has become increasingly critical. However, due to the significant variability in vehicle response characteristics under electromagnetic interference, traditional PID control methods for steering robots struggle to meet the high-precision requirements of such tests. In this study, a novel fuzzy PID parameter self-tuning method is proposed, leveraging a Sparrow Search Algorithm-Back Propagation (SSA-BP) neural network. This method optimizes the fuzzy controller's quantization factor by constructing a neural network system where the expected motor angle serves as the input and the quantization factor as the output. The quantization factor is then calibrated online through iterative training.The proposed approach enables the steering robot to achieve real-time, adaptive tuning of the PID parameters for the drive motor by adjusting the steering torque according to different vehicle characteristics, thereby enhancing the robot's anti-interference capability and robustness in EMC testing. The effectiveness of this method is validated through Matlab/Simulink simulations, experiments conducted on the Sensodrive platform, and tests performed in an EMC anechoic chamber. The results indicate that the method offers substantial improvements in control accuracy and anti-interference capabilities, highlighting its strong potential for practical application.

Review of EMC standards for Underwater Vehicles

Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) is a critical consideration in the design and manufacturing of any kind of automobile, including underwater vehicles like Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROV) and Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV), to ensure their proper functioning and to prevent Interference with other equipment. The purpose of this paper is to understand the significant importance attached to the Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) concept in the design and manufacturing of underwater vehicles such as Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) and Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs). It critically reviews available standards concerning Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) for these vehicles while pointing out some of the many sources of Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) within the surroundings and the geography, such as the sea. This research makes it clear that optimum performance and lack of Interference with other marine systems are only realizable with the use of necessary EMI requirements. This paper comprehensively explores the existing and diverse EMC standards applicable to underwater Vehicles.

Research on Digital Prototype Model Design of Missile Electrical System

Abstract The design of missile electrical systems involves various aspects such as electrical network, wiring harness connection relationships, wiring harness layout, and electromagnetic compatibility design. Traditional design methods cannot meet the design requirements of missile electrical systems due to many drawbacks. In this paper, a method to design digital prototype model is proposed. The digital prototype model consists of two parts: the design of cable electrical model is based on Capital and the design of cable structure model is based on NX. And the Digital Prototype model is archived by linking these two parts, which provides a guidance for cable manufacturing and production and laying a good foundation for future research.

Ag-doped PDA interface strategy for selective electron transition integrating EMI shielding and anti-corrosion performance

Metal-based electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding composites are essential for ensuring electromagnetic compatibility but are often compromised by susceptibility to corrosion, especially in harsh environments. Existing strategies to mitigate coupling corrosion typically involve physical barriers, which inevitably hinder conductivity. In this study, we introduce a novel interface doping approach to fabricate lightweight Graphite@PDA/Ag@Ag composites that simultaneously enhance EMI shielding and corrosion resistance. The PDA/Ag layer selectively regulates electrons with different migration directions and energies to migrate, increasing charge transfer resistance at Ag/graphite interfaces and ensuring conductivity through a tunneling effect. This design achieves an ultralow corrosion rate of 4.313 × 10-8 μm/yr (a billionth that of 316L stainless steel) alongside superior EMI shielding effectiveness of 109 dB in the X-band at 1.5 mm thickness. Remarkably, the composite maintains over 90 dB shielding efficiency after 7 d in NaCl solutions across various pH levels. Furthermore, simulated corrosion under South China Sea conditions predicts a coating loss of less than 0.026 μm over 7 years. This work presents a transformative approach to mitigating coupling corrosion in EMI shielding materials, offering a practical route to high-performance, corrosion-resistant composites without the need for a protective topcoat.

An evaluation method for electromagnetic compatibility risks caused by the intelligent transformation of oil and gas field stations

Abstract With the development of the intelligentization of the petroleum and chemical industry, the application of wireless communication technology and a large number of communication devices in the construction of smart oil and gas fields may cause harmful interference to important electronic and electrical equipment within the oil and gas fields, leading to shutdowns or other serious safety accidents. This paper mainly studies the analysis and evaluation methods of electromagnetic safety risks that may arise after the deep integration of new generation information technology and oil and gas field engineering, so as to quickly analyse and locate the electromagnetic safety risks and risk levels that may arise in the process of building wireless communication networks in the oil and gas field areas. It provides guidance for the intelligent upgrade of oil and gas field projects and accelerates the construction of 5G communication networks in the petroleum and chemical industry.

Accurate Evaluation of Commutations of 650 V GaN Power Switches Assisted by Electromagnetic Simulations in a 7 kW Dual Active Bridge Converter for Automotive Battery Charging Applications

The exploitation of high-voltage GaN power switches enables the development of power converters with superior characteristics with respect to components developed with heritage silicon-based technologies. One of the key advantages of GaN switches is their very fast commutation capability due to reduced parasitic capacitance and inductance with respect to silicon devices. The capability of an accurate evaluation of the switch commutations in the design phase is of crucial importance to maximize performance and avoid reliability or electromagnetic compatibility issues in the final converter. In this paper, an accurate evaluation of high-voltage GaN HEMT commutations is performed, exploiting detailed non-linear dynamic models of transistors and electromagnetic simulations of a PCB. A deep insight into the commutation waveforms in the intrinsic device (i.e., conductive drain current and intrinsic node voltages) is proposed to evaluate and explain the mechanisms of almost lossless turn-off and turn-on commutations in a 7 kW DAB converter. The influence on the performance of the PCB parasitics and the driver characteristics are accurately reproduced by simulations, suggesting important guidelines for the optimal design of power converters fully exploiting GaN HEMT’s potential. This detailed simulation/analysis approach for transistor commutation is typically adopted in Radio Frequency amplifier design but also becomes very valuable in power converter design when the very fast commutations of a GaN HEMT at a high switching frequency cannot be fully described and taken under control with conventional approaches used in power electronics design. The simulation results are confirmed by experimental data.

Analysis and Perspectives of MRI-Guided Proton Therapy Integrated Technology

This article explores the MRI-guided proton therapy (MRiPT) integrated technology, which is magnetic resonance imaging-guided radiation therapy. By precisely controlling dose distribution, MRiPT has the potential to enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy. This article reviews the development of MRiPT, analyzes its potential for clinical application, and discusses technical challenges and potential solutions. MRiPT technology offers significant advantages in improving treatment precision and reducing side effects, especially showing exceptional potential in the treatment of complex tumors. This article concludes by looking forward to the future development of MRiPT technology, emphasizes the importance of optimizing electromagnetic compatibility and reducing inter-system interference.