Electrodeposition Of Nickel Research Articles

Ultrasensitive Screen-Printed-Electrodes for p-Amoniphenol Analysis and Applications in Bioremediation and Photodegradation Processes

Abstract A screen-printed electrode (SPE) was successfully activated and modified by electrodeposition of nickel (II) tetrasulfonated phthalocyanine film (poly-NiTSPc) for the electrochemical analysis of para-aminophenol (PAP). Cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) experiments were performed to characterize the SPE. Calibration curves were determined in the concentration range of 0.1 mg L−1 to 2.4 mg L−1 using the tested electrodes and linear relationships were resolved between peak current intensities and PAP concentrations. The limits of detection (LOD) obtained were 74 µg L−1, 34 µg L−1, 29 µg L−1 and 26 µg L−1 for unmodified SPE, poly-NiTSPc/SPE, activated/SPE and poly-NiTSPc/activated SPE, respectively. The poly-NiTSPc/activated SPE was applied for the bioremediation study of PAP using Trichoderma harzianum in a fungal microbial fuel cell (MFC). Our results showed a first-order kinetic degradation with a kinetic constant of 0.063 h−1 at 20 °C and a half-time of degradation of 11 h for an initial concentration of 100 mg L−1. Subsequently, we assessed the poly-NiTSPc/activated SPE for PAP identification as a by-product of crystal violet degradation in a photocatalytic system using Ag/FeVO4 as a photocatalyzor in the presence of H2O2.

(Invited) EIS Measurements in Ionic Liquids: Monitoring of the Electrodeposition of a Thin Metal Layer

Ionic liquids are increasingly used in a variety of applications, including electrolytes for electrochemical devices, solvents for the electroplating of thin metal layers, and corrosion inhibitors. Ionic liquids are a broad family of solvents whose physicochemical properties (viscosity, conductivity, etc.) depend on the nature of the anion and cation that form them. Some are protic with a labile proton, others are non-protic. Electrodeposition of metal in a protic ionic liquid such as ethylammonium nitrate (EAN) can be carried out at ambient temperature whereas higher temperatures are frequently performed in a non-protic ionic liquid. In addition, the electrodeposition of several elements is simple, yielding to an alloy whose composition and morphology are determined by the electroplating conditions. In this presentation, we will show how Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) which is an efficient technique for characterizing the solid-liquid interface and investigating the electrodeposition mechanisms, can help for working in these media.In a first part, we will look at the electrodeposition of Nickel, Cobalt and their mixtures in EAN, a pure protic ionic liquid, and discuss EIS results. In a second part, we will take advantage of the low vapor pressure of ILs, and we will discuss how we can characterize a material reactivity by performing electrochemical measurements in a 3 - 5 µL drop of ionic liquid.

A Review on Properties of Electrodeposited Nickel Composite Coatings: Ni-Al2O3, Ni-SiC, Ni-ZrO2, Ni-TiO2 and Ni-WC.

Nickel electrodeposition is a widely utilized method for creating thin films on various substrates with various desirable attributes. Recently, there has been a growing interest in developing nickel composite coatings that incorporate additional elements or particles into the nickel matrix to enhance their properties. These composite coatings offer superior corrosion resistance, hardness, tribological, and other functional benefits compared with pure nickel coatings. Some of the recent advancements in electrodeposited nickel composite coatings include improved wear resistance, enhanced mechanical properties, and better corrosion resistance. Researchers have discovered that reinforcing the nickel matrix with Al2O3, SiC, ZrO2, WC, and TiO2 particles to obtain nickel composite coatings can significantly enhance all these important functional properties of various substrates. The uniform distribution of these particles within the nickel matrix acts as a barrier to wear and tear. Studies have also shown that nickel composite coatings with those particles exhibit superior mechanical properties, including increased hardness. These particles help to refine the grain size of the nickel matrix and deter movements that may cause defects, leading to greater mechanical strength. Moreover, nickel composite coatings offer improved protection against corrosion compared with pure nickel coatings. This review provides a detailed discussion of nickel composite coatings with regard to their comparative advantages compared with pure nickel coatings on different substrates.

Controlled Texture of Metal Electroforming through Pulse Electrodeposition

Impact physics provide equation of state information for material performance in extreme environments. There is some evidence that the underlying microsctructure impacts the response at some velocities1. One way to probe the microstructure is through controlled electrodeposition. Both pulse plating and chemical additives are known to modify the grain structure during electrodeposition. However, additives can be incorporated in the coating and influence the resulting properties such as hardness and mechanical properties. Therefore, we aim to control electroformed coatings through exclusively using square wave pulses. There are some preliminary studies indicating control of grain size of electroplated coatings, however, process control has, so far, only been studied by post characterization analysis on often limited subsets2–5. A methodical approach leads to a deeper mechanistic understanding of isolating plating parameters to control the grain structure. In this work, we explore the impact of current density, duty cycle, frequency and pulse widths/heights and their impacts on the grain structure. We show uniform grain structure through thick films (>3mm), and control over the texture and orientation of grains (Fig. 1). (1) Escobedo, J. P.; Dennis-Koller, D.; Cerreta, E. K.; Patterson, B. M.; Bronkhorst, C. A.; Hansen, B. L.; Tonks, D.; Lebensohn, R. A. Effects of Grain Size and Boundary Structure on the Dynamic Tensile Response of Copper. J. Appl. Phys. 2011, 110 (3), 033513. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3607294. (2) Marro, J. B.; Darroudi, T.; Okoro, C. A.; Obeng, Y. S.; Richardson, K. C. The Influence of Pulse Plating Frequency and Duty Cycle on the Microstructure and Stress State of Electroplated Copper Films. Thin Solid Films 2017, 621, 91–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2016.11.047. (3) Chan, K. C.; Qu, N. S.; Zhu, D. Crystallographic Textures and Magnetic Properties of Electroformed Nickel. J. Appl. Electrochem. 1998, 28 (10), 1095–1099. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003452615814. (4) Sivasakthi, P.; Sekar, R.; Bapu, G. N. K. R. Pulse Electrodeposited Nickel Using Sulphamate Electrolyte for Hardness and Corrosion Resistance. Mater. Res. Bull. 2015, 70, 832–839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2015.06.019. (5) El-Sherik, A. M.; Erb, U.; Page, J. Microstructural Evolution in Pulse Plated Nickel Electrodeposits. Surf. Coat. Technol. 1997, 88 (1), 70–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0257-8972(96)02928-3. Figure 1

Investigation of the electrochemical conversion of brighteners during nickel electrodeposition, Part 1: chemical analysis by mass spectrometry

Investigation of the electrochemical conversion of brighteners during nickel electrodeposition, Part 1: chemical analysis by mass spectrometry

Electrochemistry of Nickelocene-Ferrocene Organometallic Complexes for Electrodeposition of Nickel–Iron–Based Nanostructured Film under Ambient Conditions for Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Electrochemistry of Nickelocene-Ferrocene Organometallic Complexes for Electrodeposition of Nickel–Iron–Based Nanostructured Film under Ambient Conditions for Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Electrolyte Solution Stirring Effect on Deposition Rate, Crystallographic Orientation, and Electrochemical Behaviour of Ni Film

Abstract Stirring the electrolyte meanwhile electrodeposition process is running may influence the properties of the forming films. In this work, the electrodeposition of copper (Cu) over aluminium (Al) alloy was performed. Subsequently, the electrodeposition of nickel (Ni) onto the formed Cu layer was conducted. In order to enhance the films properties, some various stirring speeds then are implied on the plating solution of the Ni electrodeposition process. The synthesized of Ni films were analysed by means of both X-ray diffraction (XRD) and a potentiostat equipment. The sample made shows different physical properties before and after electrodeposition based on sample weighed to examine the deposition rate. XRD patterns confirmed that all samples have a face-centered cubic (fcc) crystal structures with a space group of Fm-3m. Stirring speed play an important role of an inverse relationship with deposition rate, crystallite size, lattice strain, and corrosion rate. The sample that was made using the highest stirring speed yield a better corrosion resistance at around 0.239 mmpy due to less lattice strain.

The Multifaceted Role of Boric Acid in Nickel Electrodeposition and Electroforming

This study involved an investigation of the role of boric acid in nickel electroforming from sulfamate electrolytes, especially in relation to its ability to minimise interfacial pH changes during electrodeposition. Initial speciation calculations indicated that buffering by polyborate species and nickel-borate complexes are most likely responsible for this effect. However, the concentration of nickel-borate complexes was too low even at elevated pH to be a significant electroactive species. Polarisation and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance measurements indicated that, in the absence of boric acid, electrodeposits typically contained Ni(OH)2, while boric acid additions resulted in pure Ni being deposited with a current efficiency approaching unity. Boric acid additions substantially modified the nickel and hydrogen partial currents, and influenced the overall current efficiency. Studies in nickel-free solutions indicated that boric acid adsorbs on the surface which explains the suppression of H2O reduction observed in the electroforming experiments. Collectively, solution buffering due to polyborate and nickel-borate species and inhibition of H2O reduction by adsorbed boric acid minimised interfacial pH changes and prevented the formation of nickel hydroxide.

Kinetics of Nucleation at the Electrodeposition of Zinc and Nickel from Ammonium Chloride Electrolytes

Kinetics of Nucleation at the Electrodeposition of Zinc and Nickel from Ammonium Chloride Electrolytes

Gluconate solutions for nickel electrodeposition and nickel electroless plating

Nickel electroplating has found a wide range of industrial applications as a technique for creating protective and decorative coatings of metallic and non-metallic surfaces, protecting materials against corrosion at elevated temperatures in both alkaline environments and organic acid solutions, forming a sublayer for obtaining coatings of other metals on steel, enhancing the hardness and wear resistance of surfaces, as well as for improving solderability. Such coatings can be obtained from weakly acidic aqueous and weakly alkaline complex electrolytes. In this review, we analyze the available literature on complexation of nickel(+2) with D-gluconate ion CH2OH(CHOH)4COO‾, along with that on compositions and some technological characteristics of complex D-gluconate solutions for nickel electrodeposition and electroless plating. Thus, a corrosion-resistant smooth light-colored nickel coating, tightly adhered to a copper substrate, was obtained from an electrolyte with a pH level of 8, containing 53 g/dm3 of NiSO4 •6H2O, 44 g/dm3 of D-C6H11O7Na, 25 g/dm3 of H3BO3, 53 g/dm3 of (NH4)2SO4, and 0.5–3 g/dm3 of CO(NH2)2, at a temperature of 25 °C, a cathodic current density of 2.5 A/dm2 with a current efficiency of 96.4%. An electroless Ni-P(3–18 wt%) alloy coating on copper was obtained from a solution with a pH level of 9, containing 5–30 g/dm3 of NiSO4 •6H2O, 10–60 g/dm3 of D-C6H11O7Na, 5–40 g/dm3 of NaH2PO2 •H2O, 3 g/dm3 of HOOCCH2CH2COOH, 0.5 g/dm3 of CH3(CH2)11OSO3Na, 0.002 g/dm3 of Pb(CH3COO)2•3H2O, at a temperature of 90 °C and a deposition rate of up to 0.75 μm/min. The review also discusses methods for preparing D-gluconate electrolytes for nickel plating using sodium D-gluconate, D-glucono-1,5-lactone, and nickel D-gluconate. One advantage of D-gluconate nickel plating solutions consists in the absence of toxicity and low cost of D-gluconates.

Study of the influence of bath alkalinity on the nickel electrodeposition process in the presence of aspartic acid

Study of the influence of bath alkalinity on the nickel electrodeposition process in the presence of aspartic acid

Electrochemical Behaviour of Nickel(II)-Rhenium(VII) And Electrodeposition of Nickel-Rhenium Alloy from Choline Chloride - Urea Deep Eutectic Solvent

The electrochemical behaviour of nickel(II)-rhenium(VII) and the electrodeposition of nickel-rhenium alloy using choline chloride: 2 Urea deep eutectic solvent (Reline DES) is reported. Speciation of nickel(II)-rhenium(VII) in Reline DES was studied using UV -Visible spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetry of Ni2+-ReO4 − in Reline indicates the simultaneous reduction of two metal ions at glassy carbon electrode controlled by non-reversible diffusion process. Chronoamperograms obtained for the reduction of Ni2+-ReO4 − suggests nucleation and three-dimensional growth of bimetallic phase on electrode surface followed progressive nucleation. Electrodeposition of nickel—rhenium alloy was carried out on copper substrates under galvanostatic and potentiostatic conditions. Smooth and uniform deposits were obtained by galvanostatic deposition. X-ray diffraction analysis of the deposit confirmed it to be nickel-rhenium alloy (at −1.2 V) in amorphous form which upon annealing at 1000 °C crystallizes into hexagonal phase with concurrent morphology change from spherical particles to irregular polygons.

Iron-promoted rapid self-reconstruction of nickel-based catalysts for efficient oxygen evolution

High-performance oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalyst is critical for improving the water splitting efficiency. In this work, an efficient self-supported OER catalyst was prepared by electrodeposition of nickel–iron layered double hydroxide nanosheets on titanium mesh substrate (NiFe-LDH/Ti-mesh). This self-supporting design exposes abundant active sites. At 100 mA cm−2, the NiFe-LDH/Ti-mesh shows a low overpotential of 310 mV in 1.0 M KOH. When assembled into an anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer, it can run stably over 200 h. In-situ Raman reveals that the NiFe-LDH/Ti-mesh surface was reconstructed into NiFeOOH active species. In-situ infrared shows that the introduction of Fe promotes the evolution of oxygen intermediates. Theoretical calculations reveal a weakened binding strength of *OH and accelerated formation of *O in OER by the introduction of Fe. This study provides a facile approach for developing self-supported high-performance OER electrocatalyst, and advances the understanding on the origin of NiFe-based catalysts as well.

The Effect of the Rare Earth Element Cerium on the Electrocrystallization and Microstructure of Nickel Electrodeposits in Industrial Electrolytes

To meet the industrial production needs for high-quality and precisely controllable structured high-end nickel foils, rare Earth compounds are added as additives in complex industrial electrolytes to improve the quality of the nickel deposition layer. This study investigates the effects of adding rare Earth compounds to the existing industrial production electrolytes (which already contain various organic and inorganic additives in a mixed acid solution) on the surface microstructure, cerium content, grain size, and crystal orientation of the nickel deposition layer. Using direct current electrodeposition, different concentrations of rare Earth compounds were added to the industrial electrolyte, and the cerium content, grain size, and crystal orientation were characterized. The results show that adding 0.8 g·l−1 CeCl3 accelerates the nucleation rate and shortens the nucleation relaxation time. The addition of rare Earth elements promotes multi-directional preferential growth, resulting in uniform and fine grain size, improved grain structure of the deposition layer, and reduced surface roughness of the nickel plating layer. Therefore, rare Earth elements can be used to regulate the structure, microstructure, and grain refinement of the nickel deposition layer without affecting its composition.

Eggshell derived hydroxyapatite reinforced nickel electrodeposition via post-supercritical-CO2 approach: Enhanced electrochemical corrosion resistance for seascape applications

The corrosion resistance of brass materials, commonly used in PCBs, MEMS, and the automobile industry, is significantly compromised in chlorine-containing environments prevalent in marine, chemical, and petroleum industries. To address this issue, we proposed the development of a nickel/hydroxyapatite (Ni/HAP) composite coating using a post-supercritical carbon dioxide (post-SC-CO2) approach, aiming to enhance corrosion resistance compared to conventional methods. The study evaluates the effectiveness of the post-SC-CO2 process against SC-CO2 and conventional electrodeposition techniques. The fabricated Ni/HAP coatings are examined through various physico-chemical characterizations to elucidate their surface morphology, phase purity, and chemical compositions. The surface morphology of Ni/HAP coating from post-SC-CO2 method features micro-cones, indicating SC-CO2 phenomena at atmospheric pressure. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis demonstrates that the conventionally electrodeposited Ni/HAP coating attains a corrosion resistance of 4.331 × 104 Ω cm2, 31.59 % enhancement in protection efficiency compared to a standalone Ni coating. In contrast, coatings fabricated using SC-CO2 and post-SC-CO2 methods exhibit corrosion protection efficiencies that are 92.97 % and 70.84 % higher, respectively, compared to the conventional electrodeposition technique. These findings highlight the superior performance of the post-SC-CO2 electrodeposition method in improving corrosion resistance, indicating its significant potential for industrial applications.

Influence of nicotinic acid additive on the electrodeposition of nickel from aqueous solution

In nickel-plating aqueous baths, both organic and inorganic additives are employed to enhance surface finish, reduce roughness, and achieve a uniform morphology of the coatings. This study investigates how four different concentrations of nicotinic acid (NA) additive, combined with a fixed concentration of boric acid, influence nickel electrodeposition in an aqueous solution, with minimal effect on the speciation of Ni(II) clusters. NA inhibits the Ni(II) reduction process even at a low concentration of 0.01 M, resulting in negligible changes in behavior compared to the additive-free environment. A higher concentration of 0.06 M NA is required to achieve a high-quality surface. The study demonstrates that the inclusion of NA significantly alters the electrochemical behavior relative to the additive-free regime. For instance, the use of both additive systems leads to coatings with relatively high microhardness and brighter, smoother deposits.

The influence of temperature and the magnetic field on Ni electrodeposition from citrate bath and its electrocatalytic performance towards hydrogen evolution reaction

The demand for energy surpasses the available supply, leading to various economic, social, and environmental consequences. Hydrogen is one of the most clean and renewable source for energy. Therefore, the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) presents a promising eco-friendly approach for generating sustainable hydrogen energy. However, in alkaline conditions, HER encounters slow kinetics due to challenges associated with hydrogen adsorption and hydrolysis. In this article, thin Ni films were synthesized using the electrodeposition technique from citrate electrolyte. Their suitability as electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in a 1 M NaOH solution was estimated. This research investigates how the uniform magnetic field and temperature affect the process of nickel electrodeposition from a citrate bath and its subsequent influence on surface morphology and catalytic properties for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Additionally, alterations in surface material wettability were examined based on changing the temperature during using the magnetic field for the electrodeposition process and shows how this effect on the catalytic performance towards HER. The outputs show that using the magnetic field for fabrication of Ni thin films at room temperature enhances the surface morphology and its catalytic performance for HER. However, the study reveals that using the temperature for Ni electrodeposition improves its catalytic performance independently of the magnetic field, whereas combining temperature with the magnetic field for Ni thin film fabrication diminishes their catalytic performance for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The nickel thin film produced at 25 °C under the influence of a magnetic field, whether parallel or perpendicular, demonstrates the lowest overpotential of − 268 mV to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm−2. Additionally, it exhibits the smallest Tafel slope values of 106 mV dec−1 and 128 mV dec−1 for the parallel (Bǁ) and perpendicular (BꞱ) directions, respectively. However, the magnetic field effect diminishes at elevated temperatures. Nickel thin films prepared at 35 °C under the influence of perpendicular (BꞱ) and parallel (Bǁ) directions exhibit higher overpotential values of − 314 mV and − 322 mV, respectively.

Role of Substrate on the Fractal Characteristics of Nanostructure Surfaces of Electrodeposited Nickel Thin Films

This study investigates the structure, morphological, and roughness properties of electrodeposited nickel thin films grown on different substrates, that is, silicon, copper, and gold. X‐ray diffraction analysis reveals that the Ni coatings exhibit a face‐centered‐cubic phase, regardless of the substrate used, although the texture is mainly influenced by the substrate. Atomic force microscopy images show that larger grains are obtained with gold substrates, while smaller ones are observed with copper and silicon substrates, in agreement with scanning electron microscopy. The results demonstrate that both topological and fractal characteristics of the Ni thin films are significantly influenced by the type of substrate. Statistical parameters are quantified to compare the surface morphology of the different samples. Fractal analysis reveals that the fractal dimensions of all surfaces range between 2 and 3, indicating self‐affinity. Fractal succolarity and lacunarity are measured to assess the penetration of a liquid into the surface and the distribution of gaps in the Ni film surfaces, respectively. Minkowski functionals are utilized for topological analysis to characterize the internal structure of the Ni thin films. The observed differences in roughness characteristics provide evidence that the type of substrate affects the nucleation and growth of surface features during electrodeposition.

Ultrasonic-assisted pulse electrodeposition process for producing nanocrystalline nickel films and their corrosion behavior: Competition between mass transport and nucleation

Ultrasonic-assisted pulse electrodeposition of nanocrystalline nickel (NC-Ni) coatings from Watts bath on copper substrate was investigated. Direct (DC), pulsed (PC), and pulse reversed (PRC) current electrodeposition techniques were employed to electrodeposit NC-Ni coatings in the absence and presence of ultrasound wave with a nominal power ranging from 95 W to 200 W and their surface morphology, hardness, and crystalline microstructure were compared. We observed that as the ultrasound power increases, the cathodic efficiency and the microhardness increase, whereas the crystallite size and surface roughness decrease for NC-Ni electrodeposited by the three techniques in the same way. However, the effect of pulse waveform is dominant. The finest crystallite size (24 nm) and highest hardness (585 HV) were achieved for NC Ni coatings PC electrodeposited using an ultrasound with 200 W nominal power. It is believed that the coating produced by PC and PRC techniques develops a preferential orientation in (111) and (100) planes, respectively. The application of ultrasound wave and increasing its nominal power changes the preferential orientation of all obtained coatings to (111) planes. The corrosion behavior of NC Ni coatings, as investigated by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in NaOH solution, demonstrates the effect of nanocrystalline on the passivation and corrosion resistance of NC-Ni coatings.

One-step controlled electrodeposition nickel sulfides heterointerfaces favoring the desorption of hydroxyl groups for efficient hydrogen generation

One-step controlled electrodeposition nickel sulfides heterointerfaces favoring the desorption of hydroxyl groups for efficient hydrogen generation