Electrical Research Articles

FEHD model of a synchronous wind turbine generator aimed at frequency transient simulation

Frequency dynamics analysis and simulation of variable frequency systems, e.g., a synchronous wind turbine generator (WTG), require the use of models capable of accurately replicate frequency dynamics and faithfully mirror the actual behavior of their components.A commonly used methodology that models frequency dynamics, in a straightforward manner, is the flexible extended harmonic domain (FEHD). There are several FEHD models available for different types of electrical and electronic systems; however, there is a lack of a suitable FEHD approach designed to handle variable frequency systems. This lack hindered the exploration of this particular aspect in the realm of electrical system modeling.To overcome the abovementioned gap, this paper introduces a novel FEHD approach and a dedicated model approximation for the analysis of variable frequency systems. The proposed FEHD methodology exhibits significant advantages over traditional FEHD and PSCAD simulations when it comes to display, accurately and in a straightforward manner, the frequency evolution of variable frequency systems. This proposed FEHD approach shows an impressive degree of flexibility and adaptability, contributing to a more thorough comprehension of the dynamic behavior.A case study of a wound rotor synchronous WTG is presented to validate the proposed methodology.

Enhanced electric vehicle battery management system employing bat algorithm with chaotic diversification strategies

AbstractAs the demand for electric vehicles (EV) continues to increase, the need for effective charging and switching of battery systems becomes more important. This article presents a method using the Bat Algorithm (BA) improved by chaotic diversification as well as social education to optimize the power source replacement and the electric vehicle charging procedure. The plan is intended to solve the issues of payment delay and battery management failure. The algorithm searches for better positions by combining chaotic diversity, while social learning supports the coordination of battery stations. Thanks to extensive simulation and real‐world testing, our approach shows significant improvements in optimization and a reduced payback period. The results show that the suggested approach outperforms the current algorithms in terms of rotation speed and good solution. This research supports the development of efficient transportation by providing practical solutions to increase the efficiency of electric vehicle transfer and payment and ultimately encourage greater effort.

Research on Process Characteristics and Properties in Deep-Penetration Variable-Polarity Tungsten Inert Gas Welding of AA7075 Aluminum Alloy

In this study, a new deep-penetration variable-polarity tungsten inert gas (DP-VPTIG) welding process, which is performed by a triple-frequency-modulated pulse, was employed in the welding fabrication of 8 mm AA7075 aluminum plates. The electric signal, arc shape, and weld pool morphology of the welding process were obtained by means of high-speed photography and an electric signal acquisition system under varying parameters of the intermediate frequency (IF) pulse current. The principle of the arc characteristics and the dynamic mechanism of the weld melting during the process are explained. In addition, the macroforming, microstructure, and microhardness of the welded joints were investigated. The results indicate that, with an intermediate frequency pulse of 750 Hz, the arc displayed a higher energy density and a more effective arc contraction, which improved weld appearance and penetration. Moreover, the impact and stirring action of the arc refined the microstructure grains of the weld center. Therefore, this new welding method is feasible for welding medium-thickness aluminum alloy plates without a groove.

Sliding mode control based dynamic voltage restorer for voltage sag compensation

The reliability and efficiency of electrical power systems are critical for modern industries, which increasingly rely on electric machines and devices. However, power electronic converters add non-linear demands to the electric power distribution systems (EPDS), that can cause power quality (PQ) problems, which could harm electric devices. As a result, EPDS are pointed for the most effective and economical techniques to enhance PQ. Therefore, Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is employed to maintain voltage stability in modern EPDS. This study focuses on the application of Sliding Mode Control (SMC) in DVRs to protect against voltage dips, enhancing power system sustainability. It details the construction, operation, and control methods of DVRs, comparing the conventional PI-controller with SMC. The arctic puffin optimizer is utilized to get the optimum gains of the PI regulator, and at the same time, it is used to specify the optimal sliding surface required for SMC. A distribution system contains DVR is suggested and implemented utilizing Simulink/MATLAB. The simulation results of the DVR employing SMC and the conventional PI-controller demonstrate a marked improvement in voltage regulation and power quality. Specifically, the SMC-based DVR exhibited a reduction in voltage sag duration and magnitude by approximately 30 % compared to the PI-controller. Additionally, the total harmonic distortion (THD) in the load voltage was reduced by 25 %, indicating a significant enhancement in power quality. These improvements of the enhanced performance of the SMC-based DVR supports the seamless integration of renewable energy sources, which often introduce variability into the power grid.

Review Research Paper on Highly Energy Efficient Electric Drive for Flying Cars

The research paper presents an investigation into the design and optimization of a highly energy-efficient 3.5 kW electric drive for use in flying cars. As urban air mobility (UAM) and electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) vehicles gain traction, the importance of energy-efficient electric propulsion systems becomes more prominent. The paper explores innovative approaches to achieving high energy efficiency, lightweight construction, and improved performance in electric drives for flying cars.

Morphological and Doping Effects on Electrical Conductivity of Aluminum Metal Substrate through Pulsed Electrodeposition Coating of Cu-MWCNT

The demand for more efficient and sustainable electrical systems has driven research in the quest for innovative materials that enhance the properties of electrical conductors. This study investigated the influence of copper (Cu) coating and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on aluminum metal substrate through the pulsed electrodeposition technique. Parameters such as the concentration of chemical elements, current, voltage, temperature, time, and electrode spacing were optimized in search of improving the nanocomposite coating. The metallic substrate underwent anodization as surface preparation for coating. Characterization techniques employed included Field Emission Gun—Scanning Electron Microscopy (FEG-SEM) for analyzing coating morphology, Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Raman spectroscopy, and Kelvin probe for obtaining surface electrical conductivity values. Homogeneous dispersion of the Cu-MWCNTs film coating was achieved across the entire surface of the aluminum plate, creating a complex morphology. The doping effect was highlighted by changes in the vibrational characteristics of the nanocomposite, which affected the Raman spectrum dispersion bands. An increase in surface electrical conductivity by ≈52.33% compared to the control sample was obtained. Therefore, these results indicate that the improvement in the material’s electrical properties is intrinsically related to the complex morphology achieved with the adopted Cu-MWCNT nanocomposite coating process.

Design and development of different adaptive MPPT controllers for renewable energy systems: a comprehensive analysis

As of now, all over the world is focusing on the Electric Vehicle (EV) technology because its features are low environmental pollution, less maitainence cost required, high robustness, and good dynamic response. Also, the EVs work continuously until the input fuel is provided to the fuel stack. Here, a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) is used as an input source to the electric vehicle system because of its merits fast startup, and quick response. However, the PEMFC gives nonlinear voltage versus current characteristics. As a result, the extraction of maximum power from the fuel stack is very difficult. The main aim of this work is to study different Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques (MPPT) for the DC-DC converter-fed PEMFC system. The studied MPPT controllers are Adjusted Step Value of Perturb & Observe (ASV with P&O), Adaptive Step Size with Incremental Conductance (ASS with IC), Radial Basis Functional Network (RBFN), Incremental Step-Fuzzy Logic Controller (IS with FLC), Continuous Step Variation based Particle Swarm Optimization (CSV with PSO), and Adaptive Step Value-Cuckoo Search Algorithm (ASV with CSA). The selected MPPT controllers’ comprehensive study has been in terms of maximum power extraction, tracking speed of the MPP, settling time of the fuel stack output voltage, oscillations across the MPP, and design complexity. From the comprehensive performance results of the hybrid MPPT controllers, the ASV with CSA technique gives superior performance when equated to the other MPPT controllers.

On the Uniqueness of the Solution of Electric Power System Load Flow Nonlinear Equation Systems in the Form of a Power Balance

On the Uniqueness of the Solution of Electric Power System Load Flow Nonlinear Equation Systems in the Form of a Power Balance

Optimizing battery deployment: Aging trajectory prediction enabling homogenous performance grouping

As battery deployments in electric vehicles and energy storage systems grow, ensuring homogeneous performance across units is crucial. We propose a multi-derivative imaging fusion (MDIF) model, employing advanced imaging and machine learning to predict battery aging trajectories from minimal initial data, thus facilitating effective performance grouping before deployment. Utilizing a derivative strategy and Gramian Angular Difference Field for dimensional enhancement, the MDIF model uncovers subtle predictive features from discharge curve data after only ten cycles. The architecture includes a parallel convolutional neural network with lateral connections to enhance feature integration and extraction. Tested on a self-developed dataset, the model achieves an average root-mean-square error of 0.047 Ah and an average mean absolute percentage error of 1.60%, demonstrating high precision and reliability. Its robustness is further validated through transfer learning on two publicly available datasets, adapting with minimal retraining. This approach significantly reduces the testing cycles required, lowering both time and costs associated with battery testing. By enabling precise battery behavior predictions with limited data, the MDIF model optimizes battery utilization and deployment strategies, enhancing system efficiency and sustainability.

Magnetic-assisted alignment of nanofibers in a polymer nanocomposite for high-temperature capacitive energy storage applications.

Flexible polymer-based dielectrics with high energy storage characteristics over a wide temperature range are crucial for advanced electrical and electronic systems. However, the intrinsic low dielectric constant and drastically degraded breakdown strength hinder the development of polymer-based dielectrics at elevated temperatures. Here, we propose a magnetic-assisted approach for fabricating a polyethyleneimine (PEI)-based nanocomposite with precisely aligned nanofibers within the polymer matrix, and with Al2O3 deposition layers applied on the surface. The resulting polymer nanocomposite exhibits simultaneously increased dielectric constant and enhanced breakdown strength at high temperatures compared to pristine PEI. The enhanced dielectric constant is contributed by the depolarization effect of out-of-plane orientated nanofibers in composite films, while the surficial Al2O3 layers, with a wide bandgap, effectively prevent charge injection and transport at the electrode/dielectric interface. The optimally aligned composite films exhibit a significantly enhanced discharged energy density of 6.5 J cm-3 at 150 °C, with approximately 41% and 132% enhancement compared to random films and pristine PEI films, respectively. Additionally, a metalized multilayer polymer-based capacitor utilizing this composite film produces a high capacitance of 88 nF, while demonstrating excellent cyclability and flexibility at 150 °C. This work offers an effective strategy for developing polymer-based composite dielectrics with superior capacitive performance at elevated temperatures and demonstrates the potential of fabricating high-quality flexible capacitors.

Solutions for the Electrical Energy Storage System Use in Ship Power Systems

Solutions for the Electrical Energy Storage System Use in Ship Power Systems

Development and Testing of a Helicon Plasma Thruster Based on a Magnetically Enhanced Inductively Coupled Plasma Reactor Operating in a Multi-Mode Regime

A disruptive Electric Propulsion system is proposed for next-generation Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO) small satellite constellations, utilizing an RF-powered Helicon Plasma Thruster (HPT). This system is built around a Magnetically Enhanced Inductively Coupled Plasma (MEICP) reactor, which enables acceleration of quasi-neutral plasma through a magnetic nozzle. The MEICP reactor features an innovative design with a multi-dipole magnetic confinement system, generated by neodymium iron boron (NdFeB) permanent magnets, combined with an azimuthally asymmetric half-wavelength right (HWRH) antenna and a variable-section ionization chamber. The plasma reactor is followed by a solenoid-free magnetic nozzle (MN), which facilitates the formation of an ambipolar potential drop, enabling the conversion of electron thermal energy into ion beam energy. This study explores the impact of an inhomogeneous magnetic field on the heating mechanism of the HPT and highlights its multi-mode operation within a pulsed power range of 200 to 500 W of RF. The discharge state, characterized by high-energy electron-excited ions and low-energy excited neutral particles in the plasma plume, was analyzed using optical emission spectroscopy (OES). The experimental testing campaign, conducted under pulsed power excitation, reveals that, as RF input power increases, the MEICP reactor transitions from inductive (H-mode) to wave coupling (W-mode) discharge modes. Spectrograms, electron temperature, and plasma density measurements were obtained for the Helicon Plasma Thruster within its operational envelope. Based on OES data, the ideal specific impulse was estimated to exceed 1000 s, highlighting the significant potential of this technology for future LEO/VLEO space missions.

Multidimensional Taxonomies for Research, Development, and Implementation of Electric Aircraft Ecosystem

The electrification of aviation represents a significant technological frontier, promising substantial advancements in sustainable transportation. This paper presents a comprehensive set of taxonomies that systematically categorize and analyze the multifaceted aspects of electric aviation, with a particular focus on machine-related components and systems. It provides detailed classifications of electric aircraft propulsion systems, power management architectures, and energy storage technologies, offering insight into their design, functionality, and integration challenges. The paper explores the ecosystem of electric aviation, including key stakeholders, use cases, and enabling technologies, which are vital for coordinating machine development strategies and fostering sustainable growth. The creation of business models that cater to the dynamic nature of the industry, emphasizing the role of innovative machine designs in shaping market adoption are discussed in the paper. The study highlights the importance of electric aviation for regional development, outlining predictive models for regional market development that consider machine capabilities and infrastructure requirements.

Fuel-economy-optimal power regulation for a twin-shaft turboshaft engine power generation unit based on high-pressure shaft power injection and variable shaft speed

Due to the high power-to-weight ratio characteristic of turboshaft engines, the power generation unit based on it holds immense potential in the hybrid electric propulsion system (HEPS) of flying cars. To mitigate environmental pollution and reduce fuel consumption, while enhancing the fuel economy of turboshaft engine power generation unit (TEPGU) across the entire power output range, this paper investigates a dual-motor electronic regulation architecture for twin-shaft TEPGU. According to the different variable combinations of TEPGU architecture, two modes and their respective fuel-economy-optimal power regulations are proposed. Initially, by considering the efficiency distribution of motors, we construct an Extended co-working balance model based on the Newton-Raphson method. Subsequently, different operating modes are proposed and discussed, studying the characteristic laws of the power generation unit under each mode. For the variable speed mode and the power split mode, this article proposes a shaft-speed-feature-projective searching (SFPS) method and a multi-dimensions-feature-projective searching (MFPS) method based on characteristic dimensionality reduction projection. Finally, a comparative analysis of the fuel-saving effects of the SFPS and MFPS regulation methods is conducted, and the reasons for enhancing fuel efficiency are discussed. The simulation results show that the model of TEPGU is in good agreement with the experimental data, and the error of specific fuel consumption(SFC) in the full power range is less than 5.7 %. Besides, comparative results indicate that the strategies based on MFPS and SFPS can achieve a maximum instantaneous fuel consumption reduction of 14.38 % and 10.82 %, respectively. The MFPS strategy exhibits a fuel consumption saving of 12.69 % throughout the driving cycle, demonstrating superior performance in fuel economy.

Research on Aircraft Engines and Advanced Power in Land, Sea and Air

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of advanced propulsion technologies in military applications across land, sea, and air domains. It examines the theoretical foundations of propulsion systems, tracing the evolution of aircraft engines from early piston designs to modern jet propulsion. The study explores current state-of-the-art technologies, including advanced turbofan engines, hybrid electric systems, and nuclear propulsion for naval vessels. Special attention is given to emerging fields such as unmanned aerial vehicle propulsion, hypersonic technologies, and stealth engine designs. The research also delves into futuristic concepts like magnetohydrodynamic propulsion and pulse detonation engines. Throughout the analysis, common themes of improved efficiency, enhanced power-to-weight ratios, and increased operational capabilities are highlighted. This paper aims to provide a holistic view of the current landscape and future trajectory of military propulsion technologies, underlining their critical role in shaping modern warfare capabilities.

Scenarios for wind capacity deployment in Colombia by 2050: A perspective from system dynamics modeling

Over the past few decades, there has been significant development in actions aimed at global energy transition, with the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The energy sector plays a significant role in this endeavor, contributing 76% of the world's total emissions. Considering electrification as an alternative promotes the deployment of technologies that use renewable sources, such as wind energy in coastal and offshore areas. In Colombia, wind energy alone has an accumulated technical potential of approximately 82 GW, mainly concentrated along the northeastern coast. Exploiting this technology enables the development of the national electrical system, reducing dependence on hydroelectric generation, strengthening the system against climate seasonality by ensuring supply security, environmental sustainability, and equitable energy access. Supported by system dynamics modeling, this paper presents four scenarios that explore possible futures for wind capacity deployment in Colombia between 2020 and 2050. It considers uncertainties in political and economic domains, as well as crucial national factors such as social acceptance, supply chain development, and transmission infrastructure. Favorable alignment of these factors towards wind diffusion could lead to nearly 29 GW of installed capacity by 2050, representing 40% of the projected total capacity of the electricity sector.

Integrated battery thermal management and CO2 control in electric buses using recirculated air and waste heat recovery

In recent years, electric vehicles (EVs) have significantly progressed due to their environmental protection and energy-saving advantages. However, maintaining indoor thermal comfort and effective battery thermal management are critical considerations for EVs. Unlike conventional vehicles, EVs cannot use waste heat and depend on heat pump systems for winter heating and summer cooling. This research proposes a novel system to reduce the energy consumption of heat pump systems by using recirculated air while addressing the challenges of battery temperature management and maintaining safe CO2 concentrations in the cabin. The primary objectives of this research are threefold: first, to ensure passenger comfort through an integrated approach that includes cabin CO2 concentration safety; second, to recover heat from recirculated cabin air to save energy and control battery temperature; and third, to comprehensively analyze the performance of the Electric Vehicle Thermal Management System (EVTMS) using precise Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis and mathematical modeling. This study will significantly enhance the understanding of energy consumption related to CO2 concentration control; an aspect previously overlooked in the literature. It will develop a battery temperature management strategy that leverages bus exhaust heat. These contributions will aid in achieving both passenger comfort and battery stability in electric buses, providing practical insights for the design and optimization of thermal management systems for future electric buses.

Economic Impacts of the Electric Road System Implementation on the Rotterdam–Antwerp Corridor

Electric road systems (ERSs) are a group of technologies that allow powering adequately equipped road transport vehicles with electricity from the road infrastructure while in motorway traffic. They can be categorised into three technology groups: overhead catenary, ground conductive, and ground inductive, depending on the mode of power transfer used. The supplied energy is used for propulsion and for charging the vehicle batteries to be used once the vehicle leaves the electrified road section. Also, another energy source, e.g., diesel, natural gas, or hydrogen, can be used while away from the ERS. This research investigates the potential impacts of implementing the different ERS technologies on the Rotterdam–Antwerp motorway corridor that links the two largest ports in Europe. The aim is to identify which of the routes between the ports is best suited for the implementation of an ERS, whether there are substantial differences in the economic performance of the different ERS technologies, determine what ERS vehicle traffic volumes are required and potentially available for successful implementation, what investment is required to build the system and whether the ERS operator can be profitable, and whether transport operators could operate their trucks on ERS profitability in this corridor setting. The research shows that the route between Rotterdam and Antwerp that runs on motorway E19 is the best to be electrified from an economic standpoint. Our calculations show that the traffic on the Rotterdam–Antwerp corridor is sufficient for economically justifying ERS infrastructure rollout and operation. For transport operators who happen to have specific client bases, e.g., those who usually serve clients from one of the ports along the electrified route, the construction of an ERS on the route could prove to be very lucrative if they adopt the technology early.

Methodological Planning to Determine the Technological Expansion of Smart Metering Systems for Utilities

This research uses data analysis and mining techniques to determine the technological expansion of measurement systems in a public service company. It integrates technical, economic, geographic, and social variables into the analysis using machine learning techniques to discover patterns and relationships in large data sets. The fuzzy logic methodology is applied using the MATLAB programming tool “Fuzzy Logic” to build algorithms that allow for the correct selection of measurement, achieving greater efficiency and precision in the assignment of meter types. The results show that 98% of the metering systems in the significant part are electronic meters, with the “Residential BT” rate being the most extensive data set. Implementing the “fuzzy logic” technique recognizes that more than 60% of the meters are electronic, with the registration of active energy, reactive energy, and demand, allowing for greater control over the marketing variables of the distribution system operator. This research suggests that a future restructuring of electrical metering systems benefits the company and its users. By applying the analysis, a portfolio of viable projects for the replacement of measurement systems is obtained, and they are grouped into two clusters based on the total cost of the technological change.

Heat Transfer Modeling and Optimal Thermal Management of Electric Vehicle Battery Systems

Heat Transfer Modeling and Optimal Thermal Management of Electric Vehicle Battery Systems