Electrical Signals Research Articles

Faulty Feeder Selection Method for High Impedance Grounding Fault in Resonant Grounding System Based on Discrete Fréchet distance

Abstract When a high impedance fault (HIF) occurs in a resonant grounding system, the electrical signal is weak and the current distinction between the faulty feeder and non-faulty feeder is inconspicuous. To address this issue, this paper proposes a faulty feeder selection method based on discrete Fréchet distance (DFD). Firstly, the instantaneous value of the zero-sequence current flowing through each sampling point, along with the instantaneous values at its previous sampling moment, is accumulated to enhance the fault signal, and furthermore to magnify the distinction in the amplitude of the accumulated waveforms of zero-sequence current between the faulty feeder and non-faulty feeder. Then, the DFD of the accumulated waveforms of the zero-sequence current for each feeder is calculated, and the Fréchet distance matrix is established to acquire the average discrete Fréchet distance (ADFD) value of the accumulated waveform for each feeder. Finally, the relative discrete Fréchet distance (RDFD) value is defined as a criterion to distinguish the bus fault from the feeder fault according to the values of the two feeders with the maximum ADFD value and the minimum ADFD value. If the RDFD value is negative, it is identified as a bus fault, otherwise, the feeder corresponding to the maximum ADFD value is identified as a faulty feeder. MATLAB/Simulink simulation results and field measurement data show that the proposed method is not affected by various fault conditions, and the accuracy and reliability in faulty feeder selection are high when detecting an HIF, with good applicability.

Design and Development of a Microcontroller-based Weight Measurement System for Liquid Agriculture Produce

This research presents the development of a microcontroller-based weight measurement system tailored for liquid agricultural products. The system addresses the limitations of traditional manual weighing methods by incorporating a load cell, ADC, microcontroller, LCD, and Bluetooth module. The load cell converts weight into an electrical signal, processed by the microcontroller and displayed on the LCD. Calibration ensures accurate weight measurements. The system's portability, cost-effectiveness, and user-friendly interface make it a promising solution for agricultural applications. Quantitative aspects include the precise weight measurement enabled by the load cell and ADC, with calibration enhancing accuracy. Qualitative aspects encompass the system's ease of use, portability, and potential for integration into broader agricultural management systems. Future enhancements include additional sensors for comprehensive product analysis, cellular communication for remote data transmission, and data logging capabilities. This research contributes to the automation and efficiency of liquid weight measurement in agriculture, potentially improving resource utilization and crop yields.

Outcomes Using the Optimized Pitch and Language Strategy Versus the Advanced Combination Encoder Strategy in Mandarin-Speaking Cochlear Implant Recipients.

The experimental Optimized Pitch and Language (OPAL) strategy enhances coding of fundamental frequency (F0) information in the temporal envelope of electrical signals delivered to channels of a cochlear implant (CI). Previous studies with OPAL have explored performance on speech and lexical tone perception in Mandarin- and English-speaking CI recipients. However, it was not clear which cues to lexical tone (primary and/or secondary) were used by the Mandarin CI listeners. The primary aim of the present study was to investigate whether OPAL provides improved recognition of Mandarin lexical tones in both quiet and noisy environments compared with the Advanced Combination Encoder (ACE) strategy. A secondary aim was to investigate whether, and to what extent, removal of secondary (duration and intensity envelope) cues to lexical tone affected Mandarin tone perception. Thirty-two CI recipients with an average age of 24 (range 7 to 57) years were enrolled in the study. All recipients had at least 1 year of experience using ACE. Each subject attended two testing sessions, the first to measure baseline performance, and the second to evaluate the effect of strategy after provision of some take-home experience using OPAL. A minimum take-home duration of approximately 4 weeks was prescribed in which subjects were requested to use OPAL as much as possible but were allowed to also use ACE when needed. The evaluation tests included recognition of Mandarin lexical tones in quiet and in noise (signal to noise ratio [SNR] +5 dB) using naturally produced tones and duration/intensity envelope normalized versions of the tones; Mandarin sentence in adaptive noise; Mandarin monosyllabic and disyllabic word in quiet; a subset of Speech, Spatial, and Qualities of hearing questionnaire (SSQ, speech hearing scale); and subjective preference for strategy in quiet and noise. For both the natural and normalized lexical tone tests, mean scores for OPAL were significantly higher than ACE in quiet by 2.7 and 2.9%-points, respectively, and in noise by 7.4 and 7.2%-points, respectively. Monosyllabic word recognition in quiet using OPAL was significantly higher than ACE by approximately 7.5% points. Average SSQ ratings for OPAL were significantly higher than ACE by approximately 0.5 points on a 10-point scale. In quiet conditions, 14 subjects preferred OPAL, 7 expressed a preference for ACE, and 9 reported no preference. Compared with quiet, in noisy situations, there was a stronger preference for OPAL (19 recipients), a similar preference for ACE (7 recipients), while fewer expressed no preference. Average daily take-home use of ACE and OPAL was 4.9 and 7.1 hr, respectively. For Mandarin-speaking CI recipients, OPAL provided significant improvements to lexical tone perception for natural and normalized tones in quiet and noise, monosyllabic word recognition in quiet, and subjective ratings of speech intelligibility. Subjects accessed both primary and secondary cues to lexical tone for perception in quiet and noise conditions. The benefits of lexical tone recognition were attributed to enhanced F0 rate cues encoded by OPAL, especially in a noisy environment. The OPAL strategy was well accepted by many of the Mandarin-speaking CI recipients.

Charge Transfer Mechanisms of Adaptive Multicomponent Solutions at Solid-Liquid Interfaces for Real-Time Coolant State Monitoring.

Charge-transfer mechanisms in adaptive multicomponent solutions at liquid-solid interfaces with triboelectric probes are crucial for understanding chemistry dynamics. However, liquid-solid charge transfer becomes unpredictable, due to the components or interactions in solutions, restricting its potential application for precise monitoring of liquid environments. This study utilizes triboelectric probes to investigate the charge transfer of chemicals, applying this approach to real-time coolant state monitoring. Analysis of electrical signal dynamics induced by ethylene glycol and its oxidation byproduct, oxalic acid, in ethylene glycol solutions reveals that hydrogen bond and ion adsorption diminishes the efficiency of electron transfer at the liquid-solid interface. These findings promote the engineering of the triboelectric probe that enhances coolant quality with remarkable sensitivity (detection limit: 0.0001%) and a broad freezing point operational range (0 to -49 °C). This work advances the precise control of the charge dynamics and demonstrates the potential of triboelectric probes for interdisciplinary applications.

Inverted Sandwich-Type e-LCR Aided by Lambda Exonuclease-RecJf Combination Enables Ultrasensitive Detection of Low-Frequency EGFR-L858R Mutation in NSCLC.

Highly sensitive detection of low-frequency EGFR-L858R mutation is particularly important in guiding targeted therapy of nonsmall-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). To this end, a ligase chain reaction (LCR)-based electrochemical biosensor (e-LCR) with an inverted sandwich-type architecture was provided by combining a cooperation of lambda exonuclease-RecJf exonuclease (λ-RecJf exo). In this work, by designing a knife-like DNA substrate (an overhang ssDNA part referred to the "knife arm") and introducing the λ-RecJf exo, the unreacted DNA probes in the LCR were specially degraded while only the ligated products were preserved, after which the ligated knife-like DNA products were hybridized with capture probes on the gold electrode surface through the "knife arms", forming the inverted sandwich-type DNA structure and bringing the methylene blue-label close to the electrode surface to engender the electrical signal. Finally, the sensitivity of the e-LCR could be improved by 3 orders of magnitude with the help of the λ-RecJf exo, and due to the mutation recognizing in the ligation site of the employed ligase, this method could detect EGFR-L858R mutation down to 0.01%, along with a linear range of 1 fM-10 pM and a limit detection of 0.8 fM. Further, the developed method could distinguish between L858R positive and negative mutations in cultured cell samples, tumor tissue samples, and plasma samples, whose accuracy was verified by the droplet digital PCR, holding a huge potential in liquid biopsy for precisely guiding individualized-treatment of NSCLC patients with advantages of high sensitivity, low cost, and adaptability to point-of-care testing.

Electromechanical coupling in polyetheretherketone through flexoelectricity

The electrical signals generated by an electromechanical coupling mechanism in biomaterials have significant potential applications in the field of biomedical engineering. For example, the piezoelectric- or flexoelectric-induced electrical signals in bone biomaterials play an important role in facilitating self-repair, remodeling, and reshaping processes. Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has been found to possess excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility with bone, making it an outstanding choice as an implantable polymer material. It is particularly important to investigate the electromechanical response performance of PEEK materials. In this study, we experimentally examine the flexoelectricity of PEEK and evaluate its effective out-of-plane direct and converse flexoelectric coefficients. Using the piezoresponse force microscopy module of atomic force microscopy, we observe a clear converse flexoelectric effect in a PEEK disk-shaped sample. The effective out-of-plane converse flexoelectric coefficient of the PEEK disk-shaped sample is about μ3333eff=0.21 ± 0.02 nN/V. The effective out-of-plane direct flexoelectric coefficient, determined through the bending experiment of a PEEK cantilever, is f3113eff = 17.61 nC/m, which is larger than that of polyvinylidene fluoride and is nearly two orders of magnitude superior over other biomaterials such as bone and hydroxyapatite. This indicates that PEEK materials have even greater potential for development and research in biomedical engineering applications such as intervertebral fusion, bone joint replacement, bone rehabilitation and regeneration, etc.

Composite Nanoarchitectonics of Electrospun Piezoelectric PVDF/AgNPs for Biomedical Applications, Including Breast Cancer Treatment

This study focused on preparing composite nanomats by incorporating silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofibers through the electrospinning process. A short review of piezoelectric PVDF-related research is presented. PVDF is known for its biocompatibility and piezoelectric properties. Since electrical signals in biological tissues have been shown to be relevant for therapeutic applications, the influence of the addition of AgNPs to PVDF on its piezoelectricity is studied, due to the ability of AgNPs to increase the piezoelectric signal, along with providing antibacterial properties. The prepared samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In addition, the biological activity of composites was examined using a cytotoxicity assay and an assessment of the antibacterial activity. The obtained results show that the incorporation of AgNPs into PVDF nanofibers further enhances the piezoelectricity (crystalline β-phase fraction), already improved by the electrospinning process, compared to solution-casted samples, but only with a AgNPs/PVDF concentration of up to 0.3%; a further increase in the nanoparticles led to a β-phase reduction. The cytotoxicity assay showed a promising effect of PVDF/AgNPs nanofibers on the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line, following the non-toxicity displayed in regard to the healthy MRC-5 cell line. The antibacterial effect of PVDF/AgNPs nanofibers showed promising antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, as a result of the Ag content. The anticancer activity, combined with the electrical properties of nanofibers, presents new possibilities for smart, multifunctional materials for cancer treatment development.

Unveiling High Electro‐Optic Performance in a Proton–π‐Electron‐Coupled Ferroelectric Crystal

AbstractThe convergence of electronics and photonics is attracting attention for its potential to surpass performance limitations of existing information‐processing devices. In particular, the electro‐optic (EO) effect plays a critical role in high‐speed and low‐power conversion between electrical and optical signals, which is demanded for future communication networks. Here, a novel class of EO material is demonstrated, the organic ferroelectric crystal of croconic acid (CRCA). The recently developed birefringence field‐modulation imaging technique enables high‐throughput evaluation of the EO coefficient for as‐grown bulk crystals, unveiling a figure of merit of >400 for CRCA, which exceeds that of 320 in the conventional EO material LiNbO3 in the visible‐light range. Analyses in conjunction with theoretical calculations clarify that its remarkable EO performance is attributable to deformation of the π‐orbital coupled with the proton displacement. This finding provides a new route for the molecular design of high‐performance EO materials: proton–π‐electron‐coupled ferroelectrics.

Multiple Self-Powered Sensor-Integrated Mobile Manipulator for Intelligent Environment Detection.

A multiple self-powered sensor-integrated mobile manipulator (MSIMM) system was proposed to address challenges in existing exploration devices, such as the need for a constant energy supply, limited variety of sensed information, and difficult human-computer interfaces. The MSIMM system integrates triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG)-based self-powered sensors, a bionic manipulator, and wireless gesture control, enhancing sensor data usability through machine learning. Specifically, the system includes a tracked vehicle platform carrying the manipulator and electronics, including a storage battery and a microcontroller unit (MCU). An integrated sensor glove and terminal application (APP) enable intuitive manipulator control, improving human-computer interaction. The system responds to and analyzes various environmental stimuli, including the droplet and fall height, temperature, pressure, material type, angles, angular velocity direction, and acceleration amplitude and direction. The manipulator, fabricated using 3D printing technology, integrates multiple sensors that generate electrical signals through the triboelectric effect of mechanical motion. These signals are classified using convolutional neural networks for accurate environmental monitoring. Our database shows signal recognition and classification accuracy exceeding 94%, with specific accuracies of 100% for pressure sensors, 99.55% for angle sensors, and 98.66, 95.91, 96.27, and 94.13% for material, droplet, temperature, and acceleration sensors, respectively.

Cell‐Anchored Lead‐Free Piezoelectric KNN NPs Resisting Washout for Low‐Intensity Ultrasound Driven Neuromodulation

AbstractPiezoelectric nanomaterials for wireless neuromodulation is a promising alternative to traditional electrical stimulation. However, the low‐avidity between piezoelectric nanomaterials and cellular membranes leads to low efficiency of electrical signal transmission, which requires high‐intensity thresholds of ultrasound stimulation (US). Here, lead‐free piezoelectric (K,Na)NbO3 (KNN) nanoparticles (NPs) with cholesterol coating (KNNC) are presented, in which Cholesterol can be accommodated in the membrane and make them append on the plasma membrane. Compared to non‐modified nanoparticles, cell‐anchored KNNC NPs highly resist convective washout owing to high affinity of cholesterol to biological membranes, which enables highly efficient wireless electrical stimulation to activate cell impulses under low‐intensity ultrasound. Meanwhile, after perfusion washing, the KNNC NPs distributed around the cells are washed away, while part of KNNC NPs remain on the surface of cell membrane still can induce significant Ca2+ influx under US, similar to the group without washing, indicating the KNNC NPs appended on the cell play a major role in wireless electrical stimulation. Furthermore, the highly efficient electrical transmission of KNNC enables neural differentiation of stem cells in regulating synaptic plasticity by modulating Ca2+ influx, demonstrating that KNNC NPs offer a perspective toward minimally invasive wireless neuromodulation therapies for neurological diseases.

In-Sensor Organic Electrochemical Transistor for the Multimode Neuromorphic Olfactory System.

The olfactory system is one of the six basic sensory nervous systems. Developing artificial olfactory systems is challenging due to the complexity of chemical information decoding and memory. Conventional chemical sensors can convert chemical signals into electric signals to decode gas information but they lack memory functions. Additional storage and processing units would significantly increase the complexity and power consumption of the devices, especially for portable and wearable devices. Here, an olfactory-inspired in-sensor organic electrochemical transistor (OI-OECT) is proposed, with the integrated functions of chemical information decoding, tunable memory level, and selectivity of vapor sensing. The ion-gel electrolyte endows the OI-OECT with the function of tunable memory levels and a low operating voltage. Typical synaptic behaviors, including inhibitory postsynaptic current and paired-pulse facilitations, are successfully achieved. Importantly, the gas memory level can be effectively modulated by the gate voltages (0 and -1 V), which realized the transformation of volatile and nonvolatile memory. Furthermore, benefiting from the recognition of multiple gases and ability to detect cumulative damage caused by gases, the OI-OECT is demonstrated for early warning system targeting leakage detection of two gases (NH3 and H2S). This work achieves the integrated functions of chemical gas information decode, tunable gas memory level, and selectivity of gas in a single device, which provides a promising pathway for the development of future artificial olfactory systems.

Magnetized Microcilia-based Triboelectric Nanogenerators with Mechanoluminescence for Energy Harvesting and Signal Sensing

Flexible triboelectric nanogenerators with multimodal sensing capabilities have received considerable attention due to their potential for the development of wearable technology. However, the accurate and reliable display of motion trajectories represents a significant challenge. The structure design of the Triboelectric Nanogenerators Yarn with Magnetized Microcilia and Mechanoluminescence (MLY-TENG) was designed, which can be woven into the fabric of display force trajectories. The positive electrode is constructed by the braided yarn with a porous structure, consisting of polyurethane formed by wet spinning. Meanwhile, the flexible negative electrode is designed by the recombination of magnetized microcilia and the mechanoluminescent structure of polydimethylsiloxane, matching with the porous structure of the positive electrode, which enhances the electric transfer. At a compression depth of 100%, compression frequency of 5Hz, and magnetized powder of 50wt%, the proposed MLY-TENG shows the triboelectric properties of 109.2V and exhibits excellent cyclic stability. Furthermore, the magnetized microcilia on the Luminescent Magnetized Microcilia (LMM) film with the polyurethane-copper-polyurethane (PWP)-based fabric (MLF-TENG) distinguishes the shape and area of object recognition with electrical signals and visual sensing of mechanoluminescence. The MLY-TENG offers the possibility of the development of advanced visualization techniques for wearable electronic devices.

Anti-freezing and Conductive Hydrogel with Water-resistant Properties for Flexible Underwater Sensors

Flexible strain sensors based on hydrogels have numerous application prospects. However, the high water content and unsatisfactory water resistance of traditional hydrogel-based sensors limits its application in harsh environment, such as subzero environment and underwater environment. Herein, conductive poly(acrylamide-co-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) ionic glycerol-hydrogel was developed through the hydrophobic aggregation interaction and double cross-linking network. The resultant ionic glycerol-hydrogel exhibited excellent anti-freezing properties (-34 °C), water-resistant properties (swelling ratio less than 3%), ionic conductivity (0.7Sm-1), and strain sensing capabilities (Gauge factor up 1.73). The flexible strain sensors based on ionic glycerol-hydrogel could detect electrical signals at subzero temperatures. Moreover, the hydrogel sensors achieved effective detection and discrimination of Morse codes to transmit underwater information. Demonstrated its potential application in wearable devices.

Accelerated, injectable, self-healing, scarless wound dressings using rGO reinforced dextran/chitosan hydrogels incorporated with PDA-loaded asiaticoside

The process of wound healing is intricate and complex, necessitating the intricate coordination of various cell types and bioactive molecules. Despite significant advances, challenges persist in achieving accelerated healing and minimizing scar formation. Herein, a multifunctional hydrogel engineered via dynamic Schiff base crosslinking between oxidized dextran and quaternized chitosan, reinforced with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is reported. The resulting OQG hydrogels demonstrated injectability to aid in conforming to irregular wound geometries, rapid self-healing to maintain structural integrity and strong adhesion for intimate integration with wound beds. Moreover, the developed hydrogels possessed intrinsic antioxidant and antibacterial activities, mitigating inflammation and preventing infection. The incorporation of conductive rGO further facilitated the transmission of endogenous electrical signals, stimulating cell migration and tissue regeneration. In addition, the polydopamine-encapsulated asiaticoside (AC@PDA) nanoparticles were encapsulated in OQG hydrogels to reduce scar formation during in vivo evaluations. In vitro results confirmed the histocompatibility of the hydrogels to promote cell migration. The recovery of the full-thickness rat wounds revealed that these designed OQG hydrogels with the incorporation of AC@PDA nanoparticles could accelerate wound healing, reduce inflammation, facilitate angiogenesis, and minimize scarring when implemented. This multifunctional hydrogel system offers a promising strategy for enhanced wound management and scarless tissue regeneration, addressing the multifaceted challenges in wound care.

Arc behavior and droplet transfer characteristics during oscillating laser-arc hybrid welding of 2024 Al alloy based on Zr-core-Al-shell wire

A novel zirconium (Zr)-core-aluminum (Al)-shell wire (ZCASW) combined with oscillating laser-arc hybrid welding (O-LAHW) process was employed for the welding of aluminum alloy 2024 (AA2024). The arc stability and characteristics, droplet transfer behavior and weld formation were systematically investigated. The results show that electrical signal waveform determines wire feeding rate, which affects the welding stability and weld quality. The increment in wire feeding rate increases magnetic field intensity and narrows arc cross-sectional area, which leads to arc contraction. The oscillating laser increases arc width and arc area, thereby expanding the conductive channel and greatly improving conductive ability of hybrid plasma, which promotes interactions between plasmas and helps to droplet transfer. Meanwhile, owing to the melting points differences between Zr wire and Al wire in ZCASW filler material, the melting rate of outer Al wire is larger than that of central Zr wire during welding, thereby resulting in two kinds of droplet transfer modes, and electromagnetic force and metal vapor reaction force strongly influence droplet transfer behavior. The oscillating laser improves the weld quality, which is deteriorated due to the appearance of spatters as wire feeding rate increases. When 1 m/min wire feeding rate is selected, a perfect formation is obtained. The current study offers insight into the formation mechanism of high-quality weld and welding stability during O-LAHW of AA2024 combined with ZCASW filler material.

A porous elastomer with a cavity array for three-dimensional plantar force sensing

Human gait is an important indicator for diagnosis of various movement-related disorders. Three-dimensional (3D) plantar force monitoring enables real-time recording of contact forces in both the normal and tangential directions in each step, providing useful clues for identification of irregular gait patterns or gait-related health issues. Most flexible sensors for gait monitoring focus on contact forces in the normal direction, being limited to detect forces in the tangential direction. Herein we have developed a porous elastomer with a cavity array (PECA) to measure 3D contact forces for gait analysis. The sensor consists of two fabric electrodes and a dielectric layer of porous Ecoflex elastomer containing a 5 × 5 cavity array, forming four parallel-plate capacitor units in a soft construction. Therefore, a 3D force in any arbitrary direction generates four unique capacitive electrical signals. Importantly, the PECA includes a well-designed combination of micrometer-scale pores and millimeter-sized cavities, dramatically improving the detection sensitivity and linear elasticity range. We have demonstrated high sensitivities of 0.41 N−1 and 0.23 N−1 in the normal and tangential directions, respectively. The flexible PECA-based sensors have been tested to sensitively distinguish various standing postures and different stride lengths for gait analysis, promising reliable translation into areas such as healthcare monitoring, sports training, and rehabilitation engineering.

Novel self-powered sandwich type Aptamer sensor for estrogen detection assisted with peroxidase mimic Cu-MOF

A novel self-powered and flexible enzymatic biofuel cell (EBFC)-based aptasensor was developed for the sensitive and selective detection of 17 β-estradiol (E2). A flexible polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-tannic acid‑carbon nanotube/reduced graphene oxide (PTCR) substrate was modified with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and thiolated aptamer 1 (Apt1) to yield Apt1@AuNPs/PTCR. A copper-based metal-organic framework (Cu-MOF) with peroxidase mimicking activity was employed to anchor glucose oxidase (GOD) and Apt2, forming the Cu-MOF@GOD/Apt2 tag. When E2 was recognized by Apt1, the anchored E2 quantitatively recognized Cu-MOF@GOD/Apt2 to create a Cu-MOF@GOD/Apt2-E2-Apt1 sandwich structure for glucose oxidation to generate electrical power. Increased E2 concentrations enhanced Cu-MOF@GOD/Apt2 capture and amplified the electrical signal. The electrical power increased linearly as the E2 concentration increased from 1.0 pM to 1.0 nM. The sensor was successfully applied to various food samples and blood serum detection. This work promoted the application of novel self-powered biosensors for food safety analysis.

Analysis and classification of power quality disturbances using variational mode decomposition and hybrid particle swarm optimization

Power quality disturbances (PQD) threaten electrical power systems, especially in distributed generation with renewable energy sources and in smart grids where PQD takes a complex form. Providing accurate information on the status and characteristics of the electrical signal facilitates the identification of practical solutions to this threat. In this paper, a variational mode decomposition (VMD) signal processing tool is proposed to analyze complex PQD. In VMD, the input signal is decomposed into different band-limited intrinsic mode functions (IMF) or non-recursively reconstructed modes. The input signal analysis by VMD, which considers the frequency values and spectral decomposition for each mode, describes the changes in the input waveform, and the IMFs help extract the behavioral patterns of these disturbances. A new hybrid particle swarm optimization-technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (PSO-TOPSIS) algorithm is also proposed to classify the disturbances based on the features extracted from the signals decomposed using VMD. The performance of this method is then extensively validated by using different PQDs (including complex, stationary, and non-stationary (PQDs) and through a comparison with deep learning methods, such as convolutional and recurrent neural networks. Results show that VMD has several advantages over Fourier, wavelet, and Stockwell transforms, such as its lack of any modal aliasing effect, its capability to diagnose disturbances across four noise levels, and its ability to separate harmonics from other events. The proposed VMD in combination with PSO-TOPSIS performs more accurately than the other methods across all noise levels.

Diverse soliton solutions to the nonlinear partial differential equations related to electrical transmission line

Abstract This paper introduces novel traveling wave solutions for the (1+1)-dimensional nonlinear telegraph equation (NLTE) and the (2+1)-dimensional nonlinear electrical transmission line equation (NETLE). These equations are pivotal in the transmission and propagation
 of electrical signals, with applications in telegraph lines, digital image processing, telecommunications, and network engineering. We applied the improved tanh technique combined with the Riccati equation to derive new solutions, showcasing various solitary wave patterns through 3D surface and 2D contour plots. These results provide more comprehensive solutions than previous studies and offer practical applications in communication systems utilizing solitons for data transmission. The proposed method demonstrates an efficient
 calculation process, aiding researchers in analyzing nonlinear partial differential equations in applied mathematics, physics, and engineering.

Influence of defect and doping on the sensitivity and adsorption capacity of Zr2CO2 toward PH3 gas

In this study, the potential application of the Zr2CO2-MXene structures as PH3 sensors and adsorbents for industrial or living applications was investigated using the first-principles approach of density functional theory (DFT). The adsorption of PH3 on pristine, O-defected, and transition metal (TM; such as Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Y, Mo, Ru, Rh)-doped Zr2CO2 structures was explored. The results showed that the introduction of TM dopant improved the Zr2CO2 activity more than the O-vacancy. The large adsorption energy, short interaction distance, and high charge transfer suggested chemisorption of PH3 molecules on TM-doped Zr2CO2. After the PH3 molecule was adsorbed, the band gap of Zr2CO2 with O-vacancies, Co-doped Zr2CO2, and Ru-doped Zr2CO2 decreased by 0.132 eV, and increased by 0.065 eV, 0.073 eV, respectively. The changes in band gap generated an electrical signal that were used for PH3 detection; thus, Zr2CO2 with O-vacancies and Co– and Ru-doped Zr2CO2 can be used as effective PH3 sensors because of their high sensitivity. Fe- and Rh-doped Zr2CO2 also showed promising function as adsorbents for PH3 gas molecules because of their high adsorption stabilities and long recovery times. After adsorption of six PH3 molecules, their adsorption energies on Fe- and Rh-doped Zr2CO2 were −1.142 eV and −1.135 eV, with recovery times of 1.49 × 107 s and 1.12 × 107 s, respectively. The findings of this study offer novel insights for the development of MXene-based sensors and adsorbents.