Electrical Hazards Research Articles

Effect of Non-Condensable gas on condensing performance of HFE7100 With/Without hydrophobic coating

• Condensing performance of dielectric fluid HFE7100 on heat sink with NCG is studied. • Presence of NCG significantly reduces the condensation heat transfer coefficient. • Hydrophobic coating enhanced the heat transfer coefficient by 15.6 to 31.8% • Heat transfer coefficient is reduced by 60–70% with NCG in the absence of coating. • The coating increased droplet count and detaching rate in the presence of NCG. Dielectric fluids are employed to avoid electric hazards in the immersion cooling. However, non-condensable gases (NCG) may prevail in the system and impair the condenser performance appreciably. The current study focuses on the experimental investigation of condensation with NCG for immersion cooling. This is the first experimental study in the immersion cooling application to examine the condenser performance in the presence and absence of NCG using dielectric fluid. A test rig was designed with vertical fins in a sealed insulated chamber using HFE 7100 dielectric fluid. Experiments were performed in the presence and absence of NCG (0%, 1.2%); with and without hydrophobic coating for variation input heating load (110–400 W) and operating pressures (0.7 atm, 1 atm). It was found that in the absence of coating, the average heat transfer coefficient (AHTC) is reduced by about 60 to 70% after adding NCG and the AHTC increased by about 15.6 to 31.8% after applying the coating. The inherent resistance of the coating layer showed a slight reduction in the AHTC in the absence of NCG. The coating used in this study has improved the condensation efficiency by increasing the droplet count and droplet rate in the presence of NCG. The flow visualization indicates that the droplet detaching from the heat sink is smaller with a higher falling frequency when the coating is imposed.

DEVELOPMENT OF PASSWORD BASED CIRCUIT BREAKER USING WEB FOR LINEMAN SAFETY

Today, electrical hazards on the lineman are increasing, while repairing power lines due to a lack of communication between the power station and repair workers. This project is designed in such a way that the repair staff or lineman must enter a password (one-time password) on / off the circuit breaker using the web. After repairing the faulty line enter the one time password in web by a one staff worker, after another location fault cleared by another staff he can enter another OTP, than line will get charged, unless an until it will not charge. Both location persons should enter the OTP.

Development of a Risk Assessment and Management Model for UNESCO World Heritage Site

Historical Location propose wide range of risks that can impact reptation, assets, or people that can have major impact. There for Risk management plans was improved in At-Turaif to cope with hazards. The objective of the study is to develop a risk assessment and find which building has the highest priority. The rank will be conducted using MCDM (Multi-Criteria Decision-Making) using five criteria (1) Risk rate, (2) Heritage value, (3) Important, (4) maximum occupancy, and (5) Traffic. These five criteria were applied through AHP-TOPSIS to find the highest rank building. The result of the risk assessments indicates there are electric, physical, fire, environmental, and security hazards. Risk assessment also propose control plan for each hazard. Based on AHP-TOPSIS results. All 28 buildings were rank according to the five criteria with Salwa palace, traditional homes, Omar palace, and Beit Almal need to be prioritized due to their important according to TOPSIS results. Some souks and Clusters fall in the lower section of the rank due to it risk rate and heritage value. The study recommends conducting further research on mud buildings and heritage sites in Saudi Arabia, as it is unique for the country, and recommends plans to eliminates the main hazards such as mud damages by spraying walls with protective coating. And develop new SOP (Standard operation procedures) for the worker to follow. Additionally, the study recommends improving the hazards control strategy and implement new action for hazards.

Fabrication of Anti-Icing Surface Structures on Aluminum Alloy for Aerospace Applications

Icing, the phenomenon of the formation and accumulation of ice or frost on a surface due to the solidification of water droplets at low temperature can be undesirable in many applications. Surface icing can lead to increased energy consumption in aerospace and automotive applications due to increased aerodynamic drag. Ice formation can also present a mechanical and electrical safety hazard, and as such significant work has been done to produce surfaces with anti-icing properties through surface modification to decrease ice formation and adhesion to surfaces. One route toward the generation of anti-icing surfaces is through laser surface processing. Laser micro/nanostructuring of surfaces has advanced greatly in recent years due to advancements in laser source technology and reduction in capital costs for ultrafast femtosecond pulsed machining lasers. Laser material processing offers a rapid, scalable, and non-contact method for fabricating large area anti-icing surfaces. In this work, the production of anti-icing surfaces using femtosecond laser micro-and nanostructuring on aluminum alloy 7075 surfaces was examined. With an aim to optimize the anti-icing properties of the substrates, laser parameters such as pulse energy, repetition rate and beam scanning speed were varied to produce highly defined microstructures on the aluminum surface.Various functional properties such as hydrophobicity and surface roughness are examined.

An Investigation on the Influence of Operation Experience on Virtual Hazard Perception Using Wearable Eye Tracking Technology.

Poor electrical hazard recognition is a widespread issue in the production industry. Hazard perception has impacts workers’ hazard recognition, causing them to experience unanticipated hazard exposure and suffer catastrophic injuries. To improve the factors of affecting hazard perception, the current study examined hazard recognition as an everyday visual search task. A comparative test was carried out combining the advantages and disadvantages of the two test methods. It was confirmed that the virtual image test data can replace the real image test data and demonstrate superior flexible settings performance, so the virtual image test method is used. A hazard perception test method based on wearable eye tracking technology was proposed to analyze the eye-tracking data (i.e., fixation, count, search duration, mean fixation duration, eye tracking, and hazard recognition performance feedback) were compared between experts in the field of electrical safety: skilled workers with at least five years of work experience and workers who had been on the job for less than a year. It was found that experts had a better hazard recognition accuracy and missed detection rate than other workers. Experts’ hazards research track was more concised and paid less attention time. This advantage is most obvious in complex risk environments. The findings also suggest that workers who have different working years was not obvious visual search patterns other than the search duration. As can be seen the work experience is not an absolute factor in improving hazard perception. The present research will be useful to understand the influence of working years on hazard perception and provide a theoretical basis for corresponding training.

Electric vehicle fire hazards associated with batteries, combustibles and smoke

Electrical vehicles are planned to be the future green land traffic means in many places. However, reported vehicle fires or even explosions have raised public safety concern. Fire hazards studies of electric vehicles are commonly focused on ignition of genuine batteries. However, cheap counterfeit batteries of are widely used in electric vehicles in some countries. Counterfeit LIBs are made of unknown battery materials, electrolytes and construction with poor quality control. These counterfeit batteries are not designed for compatibility, not manufactured according to standards, and even not tested. Thus research results based on genuine batteries may not be applicable to counterfeit batteries. Batteries should be taken as a big ignition source for electric ve-hicles and fire hazards could occur during driving, charging or even when not in use. Further, very few works reported the effect of burning of the combustibles of car and smoke to the passengers trapped inside. Fire risk factors should be studied holistically for the entire vehicle to explore practical fire-safe engineering solutions. Key fire as-pects of electric vehicles are pointed out in this paper to alert the society, particularly the authority and professionals handling fire safety.

Examination of the Contributing Factors to Fatalities in Electrical Trades Due to Contact With Electricity.

The aim of this study was to examine contributing factors to fatalities in electrical occupations due to contact with electricity. Proportionate mortality ratios were calculated along with the Mantel-Haenszel chi-square test of significance using Occupational Safety and Health Administration data. Cross-tabulation analyses were examined by the Pearson chi-square test of independence. Electricians and electrical power installers/repairers experienced significantly higher proportions of fatalities due to contact with electric current of machine, tool, or light fixture and contact with overhead power lines, respectively. Factors such as accident date, location, union status, project type, cost, electrical event, human factor, part of body, source of injury, and fatality cause, exhibited significant associations with electrical trade fatalities. Fatalities in electrical occupations are attributable to increased exposures to electrical hazards during regular work activities. Strict adherence to safe work practices and procedures is critical to electrical fatality prevention.

A Review on Safety Practices for Firefighters During Photovoltaic (PV) Fire.

In recent years, it is evident that there is a surge in photovoltaic (PV) systems installations on buildings. It is concerning that PV system related fire incidents have been reported throughout the years. Like any other electrical power system, PV systems pose fire and electrical hazards when at fault. As a consequence, PV fires compromised the safety of emergency responders. Therefore, the objective of this review is to evaluate the elements of firefighters' safety practices and subsequently collate the best safety practices for local fire rescue and firefighters in the event of PV fires. Out of 264 documents, only 20 publications were identified as ‘closely related’ and were systematically reviewed to evaluate firefighter safety practices from a scholarly perspective. Only 3% of the 20 publications reviewed, discussed the safety practices during PV fires. Thirteen safety practice key points were extracted from the reviewed documents, with nine critical findings highlighted as the hallmark of safety practices during PV fire for firefighters. The lack of academic journals discussing the fire safety aspects proves that there is a low interest in this field which is in dire need of further study and exploration to adhere with the PV population in ensuring a reliable emergency operation to minimize losses or injuries due to accidents.

The IAS Electrical Safety Workshop: Celebrating 30 Years of Changing and Advancing the Electrical Safety Culture [History

This year is the 30th anniversary of the IEEE Industry Applications Society (IAS) Electrical Safety Workshop (ESW), which grew out of an initiative dating to the 1960s, when a core group of IAS members began collaborating on new approaches to control the risk of serious and fatal injuries involving industrial electric power systems. In 1969, Ralph Lee presented a groundbreaking paper, &#x201C;Electrical Safety in Industrial Plants,&#x201D; at the IAS Annual Meeting. The paper was published in the June 1971 issue of <i>IEEE Spectrum</i> and stimulated collaboration in the Maintenance, Operation, and Safety (MOS) Subcommittee of the IAS Power Systems Engineering Committee. In the late 1960s, Bill Jordan designed and implemented an arc flash injury prevention program at one of the largest industrial complexes in North America. In 1981, Lee presented a second landmark paper, &#x201C;Arc Flash, the Other Electrical Hazard,&#x201D; at the IAS Annual Meeting in Philadelphia.

A New Method of Conductor Galloping Monitoring Using the Target Detection of Infrared Source

Because the galloping of iced conductors is one of the main disasters in the State Grid, resulting in huge economic and property losses every year, the research on relevant monitoring methods is of great significance. The existing galloping monitoring technology is mainly based on the contact detection method, which presents potential electrical hazards and power supply problems. In this paper, a conductor galloping monitoring method based on the target detection of infrared sources is put forward to overcome the shortcomings of existing methods. In other words, an infrared source label is installed on the conductor spacer, high-definition night vision infrared cameras are installed on electric power towers to take video of the infrared source labels, and the characteristic amplitude of conductor galloping is calculated by an image recognition and tracking algorithm. The practical application results indicate that the method has the advantages of non-contact detection, safety and reliability, and high detection accuracy.

HAZARD IDENTIFICATION OF WELDING IN CONFINED SPACE OF THE CEMENT PRODUCTION COMPANY

Introduction: Maintenance of a electrostatic precipitator cooler machine involving welding activities in confined spaces, so the company of cement production need to understand the existing hazard by conducting hazard identification. Welding are related with physical, chemical, mechanical, and electrical hazards that can cause accidents and occupational illnesses. When the welding is carried out in confined spaces, it can increasing the hazards include chemical hazards in the air, configuration of the building structure, poor airflow, or any combination of existing hazards. Methods: This research aimed to conduct hazard identification on welding activities in confined spaces. The research design used a descriptive observational with cross sectional approach. The research population was the workers who repair the electrostatic precipitator cooler machines. Sample of this research were selected using the Purposive sampling method, 2 welders in the rapping bar and 1 safetyman. Primary data was collected by conducting observation and interviews using checklist sheet, secondary data was obtained by collecting company profile and daily safety reports. Result: The results of the analysis showed that the identified hazards of welding activities in confined space are 5 of mechanical hazards, 4 of atmospheric hazards, 5 of ergonomics hazards, 5 of falling hazards, 6 of physical hazards, 5 chemical hazards, and 4 electrical hazards. Conclusion: The conclusion of this research was the dominant potential hazard come from physical hazards consisting of inadequate light, welding sparks, optical radiation, noise, high pressure gas and hoses. Some hazards inflict accidents and illness due to work on welding in confined space are welding sparks, fume, oxygen and asitelyn gases, as well as toxic and carcinogenic substance i.e. cement and coal dust. Keywords: confined space, hazard identification, welding

Fuzzy FMEA for the safety risk analysis of underground coal mining (a case study in Iran)

ABSTRACT Hazards in underground coal mines create an unsafe working environment for workers and equipment. This paper aims to analyze the safety risk in underground coal mining using an improved Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) method. To achieve this, the causes of the main events that threaten the safety of the working environment were identified and discussed in a case study; Parvadeh Tabas coal mine, Iran. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was applied to calculate the importance degree of each hazard. Then, the FMEA approach under the fuzzy environment was used for the safety risk analysis. Regarding the results of this study, the outburst-related hazards, failure to provide sufficient compressed air, and the electrical locomotive-related hazards have the highest level of safety risk. In this concept, it is possible to identify the leading causes of accidents and propose practical solutions to improve the safety conditions of the mine working places.

Statistical Assessment of Electric Shock Hazard in MV Electrical Power Substations Supplied from Networks with Non-Effectively Earthed Neutral Point

This paper focuses on the evaluation of the electric shock hazard accompanying earth faults in a non-effectively earthed medium-voltage (MV) electrical power network. This hazard depends on the duration and value of the fault current. While the fault current depends on several factors, the most important is the neutral point earthing method. The value of the fault current affects the earthing-electrode voltage value, being the basis for the assessment of electric shock hazard in MV/LV substations. The earthing-electrode voltage is also influenced by the resistance of the substation earthing, which in practice is random. Therefore, an original statistical evaluation method for assessing the electric shock hazard has been developed and presented in this paper. It is based on a statistical model of the MV/LV substation earthing resistance, worked out on the basis of experiments and measurements in real electrical power networks. This method can be used for the determination of statistical distributions of earthing-conductor voltages in real electrical power networks, and on this basis, the MV/LV substations with rates of electric shock hazard that are too high can be indicated. This also makes it possible to determine the longest permissible fault current interruption times or the highest permissible earthing resistances for specific substations. This method is also applicable when selecting the neutral point earthing method. The developed method was used in all of the above proposed areas by performing calculations on a model of a real 15 kV network with the neutral point earthed by a resistor. This analysis proves the practicability of the method both at the stage of designing power networks, and when a change in the neutral point earthing method in existing networks is being considered. Particularly valuable is also the statistical model of an earthing electrode resistance, developed on the basis of measurements in 2408 MV/LV substations, which may also be applicable in the future studies.

Tolerable Risk for Hydrogen Sulfide in Sewage Treatment Plant- STP

Hydrogen sulphide is a toxic gas, it can cause a range of physiological responses from simple annoyance to permanent injury and death. There are a number of approaches to deal with the impacts of toxic gases. This study focused on minimizing the hazard exposure for hydrogen sulfide in the different operational zones for activated sludge process in sewage waterplant. Research tools/ approaches conducted were interviews, toxic gas testers, analysis report interpretation &amp;amp; quantitative risk assessment method. The study was conducted on Arabian Peninsula during the period (September 2019- September 2021). The (13) operational locations tested for toxic gas concentrations were inlet chamber, outlet channel, coarse /fine screens, primary sedimentation tank, activated sludge tanks, secondary sedimentation tanks, gas desulfurization unit, disc filters, chlorine dosing unit, sludge dewatering, sludge silos and digester tanks. The study found that the highest concentration for H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;S in the inlet chamber/ outlet channel. The severity hazards in the sewage treatment plant using activated sludge process are the asphyxiation by H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;S was extremely high can cause harm to public health, followed by the radiation hazard followed by electrical hazard, then (working at height, mechanical, traffic, health, chemical, physical, ergonomic, environmental, microbial and natural). The frequency of hazards occurrence is asphyxiation by H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;S was extremely high followed by the radiation hazard and health hazard including the infection with Covid 19 virus followed by mechanical hazard then (electrical, traffic, ergonomic, natural, chemical, physical and natural). Control measures were recommended to minimize the risk of asphyxiation by H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;S in the working environment at the STP.

Electricity Theft Detection in Smart Grids Based on Deep Neural Network

Electricity theft is a global problem that negatively affects both utility companies and electricity users. It destabilizes the economic development of utility companies, causes electric hazards and impacts the high cost of energy for users. The development of smart grids plays an important role in electricity theft detection since they generate massive data that includes customer consumption data which, through machine learning and deep learning techniques, can be utilized to detect electricity theft. This paper introduces the theft detection method which uses comprehensive features in time and frequency domains in a deep neural network-based classification approach. We address dataset weaknesses such as missing data and class imbalance problems through data interpolation and synthetic data generation processes. We analyze and compare the contribution of features from both time and frequency domains, run experiments in combined and reduced feature space using principal component analysis and finally incorporate minimum redundancy maximum relevance scheme for validating the most important features. We improve the electricity theft detection performance by optimizing hyperparameters using a Bayesian optimizer and we employ an adaptive moment estimation optimizer to carry out experiments using different values of key parameters to determine the optimal settings that achieve the best accuracy. Lastly, we show the competitiveness of our method in comparison with other methods evaluated on the same dataset. On validation, we obtained 97% area under the curve (AUC), which is 1% higher than the best AUC in existing works, and 91.8% accuracy, which is the second-best on the benchmark.

Utilization of Personal Protective Equipment and Associated Factors among Large-Scale Factory Workers in Debre-Berhan Town, Amhara Region, Ethiopia, 2021.

Background Personal protective equipment was designed to protect workers from serious workplace injuries or illnesses resulting from contact with chemical, radiological, physical, electrical, mechanical, or other workplace hazards. Use of personal protective equipment has been identified as an important hazard control strategy in work environments where it may not be practical to adopt other strategies. Objective To determine personal protective equipment utilization and its associated factors based on health belief model among large scale factory workers in Debre-Birhan, Ethiopia. Methods An institution-based cross-sectional study was employed in Debre-Birhan Town, North Shoa Ethiopia, from April 1 to May 1, 2021. The data were collected by using an interviewer-administered structured questionnaire. A total of 412 samples were selected by systematic random sampling method. The data were entered to EpiData version 3.1 and analyzed by SPSS. All independent variables were fitted into the binary logistic regression model to evaluate the degree of association and variables with a p value of <0.2 that was fitted for multiple logistic regressions. Finally, variables with a p value of <0.05 was found to be statistically significant. Result A total of 412 workers were study participants with 100% response rate. The mean age was 29 (±7.3) years. Most workers, 367 (89%) knew that PPE can prevent work-related injury and illness. Overall, 172 (41.7%) of the workers were considered to have good personal protective equipment utilization. Perceived susceptibility (AOR = 1.2, 95%, CI (1.076–1.38)), perceived severity (AOR = 1.1, 95%, CI (1.088–1.163)), perceived self-efficacy (AOR = 1.2, 95%, CI (1.082–1.349)), and perceived barrier (AOR = 0.87, 95%, CI (0.800–0.956)) were found to be significant predictors of good personal protective equipment utilization. Conclusion The study revealed that good personal protective equipment utilization in large-scale factory workers. Perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived barrier, and perceived self-efficacy were found to be predictors of PPE utilization. It is recommended that, during delivery of health education special emphasis should be given to severity, susceptibility, barrier, and self-efficacy of occupational disease.

Design of IoT based protection system for Distribution Breakers using Arduino

Protection of an installed electrical system is globally controlled and monitored through the centralized internet base communication medium to make the system most reliable. Now a day’s researchers are also focusing to protect the Lineman from electrical Hazards that occur in the system. Therefore, this work focuses on the protection of lineman Through the help of an Automatic Password based circuit breaker using the Arduino system. This solution provides and ensures the complete safety lineman through password-based circuit mode. Furthermore, the detection of the fault in the installed electric line will be acknowledged, by the lineman to substation operating staff by entering the referenced password. Thus, the isolated system. and balanced communication of lineman and operating staff help to reduce the possibility of accidents and providing safety as well as reliability of power system.

Risk Analysis of hazardous activities using Fuzzy Multicriteria Decision Making Tools: A case study in a gas turbine manufacturing plant

ABSTRACT Gas turbines form a crucial component of energy-generating systems, and their failure leads to the failure of the entire energy supply to a system. There are many aspects in the Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) framework that have to be implemented scientifically to bring risks to a more acceptable level. In order to achieve this objective, a fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM), which integrates OHS and risk assessment aspects was applied in a gas turbine manufacturing plant in India. A total of 27 hazards were identified at workplace dominated by Mechanical (44.4%) and Chemical Hazards (40.74%) followed by Electrical and Ergonomic hazards (7.4%). The likelihood and severity parameters in the traditional Decision-Matrix Risk Assessment (DMRA) were identified, and weights were attached to them using the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchical Process (FAHP). To prioritize the hazards, the Fuzzy VIKOR methodology based on the output of FAHP (Severity-0.69; Likelihood-0.31) was utilized. In the workplace, prolonged exposure to metal polish fumes, dust from pneumatic grinding and hitting against moving parts were identified as three most hazardous activities. Even though the weightage of likelihood and severity were varied in range of 27–52% in the sensitivity analysis, the ranking order of top three hazards remained the same. The proposed fuzzy DMRA simulation model is advantageous over the classic DMRA approach, which does not assign weightage to the risk parameters and allows distinct prioritization of hazards at workplaces.

An integrated approach for fire extinguishers selection with DEMATEL and TODIM methods

Fire is a type of disaster that has caused significant loss of property and life from past to present. If the necessary measures are not taken, they cause serious property damage, interruption of processes, death and injury. Especially in industrial facilities, the density of flammable, explosive and hazardous chemicals, chimneys, hot surfaces, static electricity and electrical hazards, hot work increases the risk of fire. Therefore, necessary precautions should be taken. The choice of extinguisher device, which includes both passive and active precaution in fire safety, provides the correct intervention in case of possible fire. In case of being a fire, it is necessary to quickly and easily extinguish without damaging the system. For this reason, choosing the right extinguisher is important. In this study, effective criteria were determined by negotiating with supplier companies for the selection of suitable fire extinguishers. After scoring for the criteria, the weights of the criteria were determined by DEMATEL method. With TODIM method, appropriate fire extinguishing agent selection and sequencing were made.

Increasing Knowledge Of Electric Hazards And Their Mitigation For Residents Of The Rw 15, Ciwaruga Village, Parongpong District, West Bandung

Electricity is needed by the community because it is easily converted into other forms of energy. Electricity is very useful but at the same time dangerous for humans if they do not have the knowledge, understanding and skills about it. This training was carried out with the aim of providing knowledge about electrical hazards and skills in electrical installation for residents of RW 15, Ciwaruga Village, Parongpong District. With the materials and methods and approaches applied, the training can run smoothly and work well. This success is shown by the active participation and high enthusiasm of the participants during the training and the high level of absorption of the training materials delivered. This is reflected in the increase in knowledge and skills in terms of making good installations as indicated by the increase in the value of the final test results (posttest). In addition, this paper can also be used as a reference for parties who will carry out similar or other activities related to electrical installations.