Electrical Energy Demand Research Articles

MPPT implementation and simulation using developed P&O algorithm for photovoltaic system concerning efficiency

The great development witnessed by investments in renewable energy has made it the focus of researchers’ attention in order to increase its efficiency. This is due to the increase in demand for electrical energy due to rapid technological growth, increase in population numbers, and high fuel prices that are used in the production of traditional electrical energy, but it suffers from a problem that is greatly affected by two factors, namely, the change in the intensity of solar irradiation and temperature, which makes its electrical characteristics non-linear, which causes a decrease in its efficiency. To address the efficiency problem, the researchers developed several techniques for tracking the MPP point and extracting the maximum energy from the solar panels under various measurement conditions. Maximum power point tracking technology (MPPT) technology is the most widely used technology in solar energy systems. In this article, MPPT technology is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink for the purposes of extracting maximum power and managing the duty cycle of a DC-DC buck converter. The performance of the photovoltaic system under various irradiance fluctuations and settings of constant temperature could well be determined using simulation results. Under standard and varied test settings, allowing the inverter to convert over 99% of the electricity provided by the solar panels.

Analysis of velocity and pressure vector distribution fields in a three-dimensional plane around a wind power plant

To date, there has been an increase in demand for electric energy obtained from clean renewable energy sources. One of them is wind power. Based on this, the development and research of new types of efficient wind turbines that start working at low wind speeds is an urgent issue. Wind turbines operating based on the Magnus effect have proven their effectiveness. However, the authors of this work, for the first time, to eliminate the problem in the form of an electric drive for the promotion of cylindrical blades added a deflector element to the end of the cylinders. Before creating an experimental setup, it is necessary to numerically investigate the aerodynamics around the wind wheel. For this purpose, numerical simulation of wind wheel aerodynamics has been carried out using the highly efficient Ansys Fluent program. A three dimensional geometry has been created in Design Modeler. A mathematical model grid with a grid number of 47329 consisting of tetragonal cells is constructed. The Realizable k-ε is chosen as the turbulence model. A thorough analysis of the velocity vector distribution fields for flow and pressure velocities in the three-dimensional plane around the wind wheel at air flow velocities of 5.10 and 15 m/s is carried out.

Energy-Economic Assessment of Islanded Microgrid with Wind Turbine, Photovoltaic Field, Wood Gasifier, Battery, and Hydrogen Energy Storage

Island energy systems are becoming an important part of energy transformation due to the growing needs for the penetration of renewable energy. Among the possible systems, a combination of different energy generation technologies is a viable option for local users, as long as energy storage is implemented. The presented paper describes an energy-economic assessment of an island system with a photovoltaic field, small wind turbine, wood chip gasifier, battery, and hydrogen circuit with electrolyzer and fuel cell. The system is designed to satisfy the electrical energy demand of a tourist facility in two European localizations. The operation of the system is developed and dynamically simulated in the Transient System Simulation (TRNSYS) environment, taking into account realistic user demand. The results show that in Gdansk, Poland, it is possible to satisfy 99% of user demand with renewable energy sources with excess energy equal to 31%, while in Agkistro, Greece, a similar result is possible with 43% of excess energy. Despite the high initial costs, it is possible to obtain Simple Pay Back periods of 12.5 and 22.5 years for Gdansk and Agkistro, respectively. This result points out that under a high share of renewables in the energy demand of the user, the profitability of the system is highly affected by the local cost of energy vectors. The achieved results show that the system is robust in providing energy to the users and that future development may lead to an operation based fully on renewables.

PENGARUH PERUBAHAN JUMLAH SUDU TURBIN TURGO TERHADAP DAYA OUTPUT PADA PROTOTYPE PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA MIKROHIDRO (PLTMH)

The increase in demand for electrical energy in Indonesia causes a reduction in conventional fuel reserves. This situation forces people to look for alternative energy sources or commonly callednew and renewable energy (RE). Seeing the geographical condition of the environment in Indonesiawhich has the potential for the development of electrical energy by utilizing the flow of water, it iscalled a Micro Hydro Power Plant (PLTMH). In implementing MHP, one type of impulse turbine canbe used, namely the Turgo turbine. This study focused on knowing the effect of variations in thenumber of blades on a turgo turbine on rotational speed, torque, voltage, current and power producedby PLTMH using a Turgo turbine, with variations in the number of blades used, namely 18,16,14,9,8,and 7 blades. The method used in this research is quantitative experimental, all combinations ofparameters tested get the result that the highest output characteristic value occurs using a runnerwith a number of 18 blades, where the voltage, current, and output power are 8.30 Volts, 0, 88Ampere, and 7.27 Watt. The fastest turbine rotation results are 782.8 rpm before being connected toa generator and 565.4 rpm after being connected to a generator, while the generator rotation resultsare 1062.4 rpm. The highest torque produced is 0.1Nm, the maximum efficiency obtained at therunner blade variation is 18 blades, which is 1.1%.

Design of an aircraft generator with radial force control

With the increasing electrical energy demands in aviation propulsion systems, the increase in the onboard generators’ power density is inevitable. During the flight, forces coming from the gearbox or gyroscopic forces generated by flight manoeuvres like take-off and landing can act on the generators' bearings, which can lead to wear and fatigue in the bearings. Utilizing the radial force control concept in the electrical machine can relieve loads from the bearings that not only minimize the bearing losses but also increase bearing life. The objective of the MAGLEV project (Measurement and Analysis of Generator bearing Loads and Efficiency with Validation) is to study, demonstrate, and test a new class of high-speed generators with radial force control. In this paper, design steps of this type of generator and its test rig are presented and the measurement methodology used for radial force control is explained. The concept is developed in an electrical machine and is validated on a test rig by measuring required parameters like shaft displacement, vibrations and bearing temperature. Additionally, the friction moment of each generator’s bearings is measured and validated in a separate test rig under comparable conditions to the bearing loads in the generator. Therefore, a novel approach to determine precisely the bearing friction in a radial load unit, rotatably supported by an additional needle bearing is used, which shows a good agreement with the calculated friction. Furthermore, new calculation methods for the operating behavior of cylindrical roller bearings with clearance are presented, which are utilized in the generator test rig.

Analysis of a Multi-Generation Renewable Energy System With Hydrogen-Fueled Gas Turbine

Abstract Solar energy is considered one of the most affordable renewable resources for meeting current energy demands and mitigating environmental problems. However, the exploitation of solar energy is challenging because of both diurnal and seasonal variations. Power-to-hydrogen technologies can play a key role to counterbalance the variation of solar irradiance. Moreover, hydrogen-fueled gas turbines are considered promising technologies to decarbonize the electricity sector. To tackle these concerns, this paper presents a multigeneration energy system operated in island mode in which a hydrogen-fueled gas turbine is coupled with a solar photovoltaic plant, an electrolyzer, an absorption chiller, electric and thermal energy storage, as well as a hydrogen storage. Therefore, the energy system is 100% based on renewable energy. The sizes of the components are optimized by maximizing the exploitation of renewable energy sources, while the supply of electricity from the national grid must be null. Moreover, the effect of ambient conditions on the optimal sizing is also investigated by considering the thermal, cooling, and electrical energy demands of two case studies located in two different climatic zones. The paper demonstrates that the adoption of hydrogen-fueled gas turbines coupled with power-to-hydrogen technologies can effectively support the transition toward a clean energy supply. Moreover, this study provides a procedure for the optimal sizing of a multigeneration energy system fully based on solar energy, by also demonstrating that both photovoltaic (PV) panel area and hydrogen storage volume are feasible, if compared to the considered district layout.

Analisa Keandalan Sistem Jaringan Distribusi 20 kV Dan Rekonfigurasi Recloser Pada Penyulang Kamal

The increasing population in the Kamal area has improved the demand for electrical energy needs. Consequently, disruptions to the electricity distribution network may happen, such as blackouts in certain areas. The value of the reliability index will increase and not be in accordance with the standards that have been set. For this reason, this study calculated the reliability values of SAIFI and SAIDI on the Kamal feeder using the RIA (Reliability Index Assessment) method and the recloser reconfiguration using the fuzzy logic method. The simulation results indicated that the SAIFI value gained 6.331 times/year, while SAIDI obtained 20.212 hours/year. Based on recloser reconfiguration, the SAIFI value was earned 4.926 times/year, whereas SAIDI got 15.962 hours/year. The best location was located on line nineteen in group three, producing an output value of 0.461.

Floating photovoltaic technology definition aided with multi-criteria decision analysis: a case study

ABSTRACT The demand for electrical energy is constantly growing. Power generation from renewable sources will play a role in meeting the electricity demand. Floating photovoltaics is a solution that still needs to be explored in the design and construction phases. The floating system has important characteristics: it reduces evaporation of water and algae growth in the basins, it does not occupy land and has a high efficiency due to the evaporative cooling effect. Multi-criteria decision analysis is used to determine the best technology, between fixed or tracked structure, on a system in Sicily. Analysis provided results regarding the superiority of horizontal axis tracking systems; the Levelized Cost Of Electricity is 64.37 USD/MWh and the avoided CO2 emissions are 23,491.60 tonnes.

Design optimization and experimental evaluation of novel photovoltaic modules in comparison with a conventional photovoltaic module

ABSTRACT Solar energy is a clean and pollution-free resource that can meet thermal and electrical energy demands throughout the year, even on cloudy days, and it helps reduce the need for imported oils and fossil fuels. Direct conversion of radiant energy from the sun into electric power is possible only through photovoltaic (PV) technology. It should be noted that the rate of conversion of sunlight into electricity in solar photovoltaic modules is relatively low. The performance of the PV module is affected by various parameters, but the temperature of a solar photovoltaic cell has a significant impact on its efficiency. The PV module becomes overheated due to poor heat dissipation in the module. The photovoltaic efficiency can be improved by minimizing the temperature in the cells. Two types of PV modules are designed and fabricated to minimize the temperature of the PV cells by changing the cell arrangement and bottom material, and their performance is evaluated. In this study, the performance of the conventional PV module is compared with two novel PV modules. The temperature distribution in each layer of three modules is analyzed in Transient thermal analysis using Ansys software. The experiment results were validated with simulation results to better understand the mechanism involved between temperature and photovoltaic efficiency. The experimental studies were carried out under the climate patterns of Coimbatore (latitude: 10.8977ºN; longitude: 76.9528ºE), Tamil Nadu. It has been discovered that the average photovoltaic efficiency of PV1, PV2 and PV3 was 8.5%, 9.7%, and 9.2%, respectively.

Optimal design and performance assessment for a solar powered electricity, heating and hydrogen integrated energy system

Incorporating solar energy technologies into integrated energy systems (IES) plays an increasingly important role to mitigate energy supply shortages and climate challenges. However, the low efficiency of solar energy utilization and land limitation for system deployment greatly restrict the development of the solar powered IESs. In this paper, a solar powered electricity, heating and hydrogen IES based on photovoltaic (PV), photothermal (PT) and photocatalysis of hydrogen production (PH) is proposed and investigated. The system comprises solar radiation spectrum splitting technology, PV, PT, PH, electric heating device, compressive heat pump, solid oxide fuel cell, absorption heat pump and energy storage components. A component sizing method based on a region contraction algorithm is employed to find the system optimal design with minimizing the cost of energy. Two scenarios of the solar powered IES based on solar spectrum splitting unit and independent energy supply unit are analyzed and compared. The results show that the solar powered IES can completely meet the electricity, heating and hydrogen energy demands and achieve cost savings for consumers. Compared to independent energy supply unit-based IES, the use of solar spectrum splitting unit can significantly improve the total energy efficiency by 21.74% and reduce the land area for solar capture by 52.5%, but increase the cost of energy by 27.3%.

Detection of microcracks in silicon solar cells using Otsu-Canny edge detection algorithm

The necessity for photovoltaic (PV) arrays has expanded due to the rising demand for solar electrical energy. The demand for solar cells has grown as they are a key component of the PV array. Recent years have seen a rise in solar cell production as a result of this demand. The quality of a silicon panel affects its lifespan and effectiveness in the production of solar power. The picture edge-detection method is regularly employed to identify silicon solar panel flaws. On the other hand, defect identification is impacted by the panel's grid shadow. The most modern defect detection technique uses artificial neural networks, and pre-training the model requires a large number of potential samples from picture data sets. This paper offers the innovative Otsu-Canny operator method as a fault discovery strategy to address this problem. Rapid and accurate identification of microcracks enhances the effectiveness of fault detection. The Otsu algorithm is used in this method to improve edge detection performance for microcracks by modifying the canny operator with a double threshold and eliminating the impact of grids on detection. The process was finished by performing noise removal with morphological operation, picture segmentation, and image binarization. The experimental findings demonstrate a significant improvement in purity and integrity of the image processing algorithm used in this research. The Otsu-Canny edge detection technique is more accurate than other conventional edge detection algorithms for detecting microcracks, with a 92.83 % detection rate.

Climate action: Prospects of solar energy in Africa

Solar energy has become crucial in providing the world with an opportunity to reduce its carbon footprint, as well as fighting the consequences of climate change. Furthermore, Africa is at the forefront of the regions affected by climate change with a future expectancy of worsening consequences, in addition to being a region with various electricity complications, energy demands, and global greenhouse emissions contributions. Therefore, not only is Africa in major need of adopting efficient renewable energy technologies for their apparent future concerns but also Africa is already considered a region that has significant solar energy potential due to its abundant natural and renewable resources. Solar energy’s potential in Africa could not only be a solution to many of the continent’s complications, but it could also help the continent’s economy thrive The potential of solar energy in Africa as well as techniques to efficiently implement it has piqued literary interest a lot recently however, this paper aims to highlight through literature not only the potential and the technologies available for adoption but also the challenges complicating the implementation. This paper is split into four literary sections, first section puts forward the challenges facing Africa in the uptake of solar energy technologies including financial, technological, human resources, and environmental challenges. Then, in-depth discussions of the various solar energy technologies for potential adoption. Third, the biggest solar energy projects implemented in Africa are put forward. Finally, a thorough study of the aforementioned challenges, their current state, and the actions required to overcome them is presented in order to fully realize the potential of solar energy deployment across the continent.

Application of poly aluminum chloride and alum as catalyst in catalytic ozonation process after coagulation for the treatment of textile wastewater

Textile wastewater is ranked highly contaminated among all industrial waste. During textile processing, the consumption of dyes and complex chemicals at various stages makes textile industrial wastewater highly challenging. Therefore, conventional processes based on single-unit treatment may not be sufficient to comply with the environmental quality discharge standards and more stringent guidelines for zero discharge of hazardous chemicals (ZDHC). In this study, a novel approach was followed by recycling Poly aluminum chloride (PACl) and Alum as a catalyst for the first time in the catalytic ozonation treatment process leading to a nascent method after using them as a coagulant in Coagulation/Flocculation. In the current investigation, six different combinations were studied to remove turbidity, TSS, COD, BOD5, color, and biodegradability (BOD5/COD ratios) of wastewater. Moreover, Central Composite Design was implied using RSM in Minitab software. During the combination of treatment processes, it was found that the pre-coagulation/flocculation with coagulant PACl followed by post-catalytic ozonation with recycled PACl, a more effective treatment than others. The optimum R.E of turbidity, TSS, COD, and color were 84%, 86%, 89%, and 98%, respectively. Moreover, a decrease in toxicity and increase in biodegradability (BOD5/COD ratio from 0.29 to 0.54) was observed as well. The electrical energy demand and operational costs of treatment processes were estimated and compared with other treatment processes.

Prediction Method of Electric Energy Metering Device Based on Software-Defined Networking

The energy storage or management system is becoming more important as electrical energy demand globally grows. In the first step of the energy management plan, energy forecasting is an essential element. Software-defined network (SDN) seeks to change network architecture and processes to be agile and effectively enhance the functionality of fundamental system components such as switches and routers. Predicting electric energy is crucial to support demand-side management in the building business. The total power load of the individual building services systems management is becoming a challenging process to be predicted for buildings with electricity metering systems. Conventional model energy prediction focuses on predictive accuracy, and energy consumption must be predicted according to different conditions to build an efficient system. Novel deep learning-based smart energy metering prediction (DL-SEMP) technique is considered to overthrow such accuracy lack in prediction. Blockchain-based SDN has emerged a new architect for obtaining a distributed network in blockchain technology.

Performance analysis of Arduino processor based hybrid power generation system (HPGS)

Due to speedy industrialization and urbanization, the demand for electrical energy is rising very hastily. Non-conventional power sources being accessible plentifully in the environment can be measured as a superior alternative to conventional power resources. Solar and wind power are offered in bulky quantities and can be considered as dependable sources of power production. Hybrid solar and wind power systems can be utilised for rustic electrification and rejuvenation of remote locations. However, a significant challenge in remote areas is the intermittent power supply due to high transmission costs and a lack of smooth road connectivity. The uninterrupted power supply can be mitigated by using the hybrid power generation system (HPGS). The energy management of the proposed HPGS was developed based on the Arduino processor. The study also evaluates the techno-economical performance of a similar PV-WT-BAT hybrid system using the HOMER simulation tool. The cost of electricity from the simulation model is found to be $0.617/kWh, while the renewable share of the total electricity share is obtained to be 100%. The proposed HPGS generates electricity by using a combination of two power resources (i.e., solar and wind) in addition to a battery bank, which leads to the production of electricity without harming the natural equilibrium.

Reliability Assessment of Power System Network: A Detailed Review

Due to an increase in technological advancement and population, there is also a corresponding increase in the demand of electrical energy within Nigeria. Utility is presently characterized by suppressed demand due to the poor reliability inherent in the system. Utility, therefore, considers load shedding as a way out to ensure that the available power from each of the feeders from a network gets to its respective customers at any giving time they choose for the customer while the time the customers choose for themselves remains immaterial. However, in recent times, increased in downtime has been observed as a result of various faults and failures noticeable on the network and this has led to outrage by the customers who only considered protests as the only way out in expressing their dis-satisfaction with the system. This anomaly, therefore, arouses the interest for this study to carry out a detailed approach to carry out a review on the state of the reliability of the power system network in Nigeria and juxtaposing it with what is tenable outside the country with a view to determine the present state of the network and how it has fared with respect to time.

Maximum power point tracking controller implementation in multiple input converter for effective solar energy harvesting using maximum power point resistance method

AbstractSolar energy is widely acknowledged as one of the most promising renewable energy sources for addressing future electrical energy demands. Photovoltaic modules (PVms) convert solar energy into electrical energy and are highly sensitive to nonlinear changes in environmental circumstances, which in turn affect the generation of electricity from the PVms. The module‐level maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of PVms using multiple input converters (MICs) is the effective and cost‐efficient method among all the methodologies and techniques. MICs, on the other hand, suffer from a cross power‐sharing difficulty due to their modular design, which implies that the individual cells that make up the device impact on each other's power‐sharing operation. The solution to which have been ignored in the literature. The objective of this paper is to employ the maximum power point resistance (MPPR) approach to determine an appropriate duty ratio range for the proposed MIC while taking into consideration the cross effect of different cells. Steady‐state, power loss, and efficiency analysis of the proposed MIC structure with less component count have been included. The proposed approach has been validated experimentally and further, a comparative analysis with recently reported various approaches has also been included to prove the suitability of the proposed approach.

Multi-Energy Microgrids Incorporating EV Integration: Optimal Design and Resilient Operation

There are numerous opportunities and challenges in integrating multiple energy sources, for example, electrical, heat, and electrified transportation. The operation of multi-energy sources needs to be coordinated and optimized to achieve maximum benefits and reliability. To address the electrical, thermal, and transportation electrification energy demands in a sustainable and environmentally friendly multi-energy microgrid, this paper presents a mixed integer linear optimization model that determines an optimized blend of energy sources (battery, combined heat and power units, thermal energy storage, gas boiler, and photovoltaic generators), size, and associated dispatch. The proposed energy management system seeks to minimize total annual expenses while simultaneously boosting system resilience during extended grid outages, based on an hourly electrical and thermal load profile. This approach has been tested in a hospital equipped with an EV charging station in Okinawa, Japan through several case studies. Following a M1/M2/c queuing model, the proposed grid-tied microgrid successfully integrates EVs into the system and assures continued and economic power supply even during grid failures in different weather conditions.

An Electric Vehicle Battery-Swapping System: Concept, Architectures, and Implementations

Over the years, electric vehicles (EVs) have gained extensive attention and popularity worldwide. The ownership of EVs has been rapidly growing globally. The increasing EV charging (EVC) demand creates growth of electric energy demand and imposes additional stress on the power grid. To meet the required EVC demand, it is necessary to construct sufficient EV supply equipment (EVSE). The construction of EVSE is a key prerequisite for the wider deployment of EVs. Although EVC stations (CSs) have gained a default position for EV infrastructure, battery-swapping systems (BSSs) have also drawn considerable attention. In this article, we first introduce the system architectural design of BSSs. Then we present four kinds of BSS designs. The lessons learned from the practice of BSS implementation and operation in China are provided. BSS standardization is a determining issue in BSS development. State-of-the-art BSS standardization development is summarized, while key technical challenges and opportunities of BSSs are listed.

Optimization of a renewable energy plant with seasonal energy storage for the transition towards 100% renewable energy supply

The exploitation and utilisation of solar energy is challenging because of both diurnal and seasonal variation. Seasonal thermal energy storage is a prominent solution to solve the problem of seasonal variation of solar production. This paper investigates both the optimal design and energy management of a renewable energy plant with seasonal thermal energy storage. As a case study, the thermal, cooling and electrical energy demands of a university campus during one year are considered. Three scenarios, characterized by a different available area (20,555 m2, area covered at present; 50,000 m2, potentially available area by exploiting the entire rooftop and parking area; unlimited area) for solar thermal collectors and photovoltaic panels are investigated. In the first two scenarios, the exploitation of solar energy allows a primary energy saving of 31% and 57%, respectively compared to the use of a conventional plant. The seasonal storage reaches an overall efficiency (thus considering both charging and discharging) up to 84%. Finally, the analysis of the third scenario shows that the feasibility of meeting the energy demands by only exploiting solar energy is technically challenging because a large area equal to about 100,293 m2 is needed for solar thermal collectors and photovoltaic panels.