Electrical Control Research Articles

Electric-field manipulation of magnetization in an insulating dilute ferromagnet through piezoelectromagnetic coupling

The electric field control of magnetization is of significant interest in materials science due to potential applications in many devices such as sensors, actuators, and magnetic memories. Here, we report magnetization changes generated by an electric field in ferromagnetic Ga1−xMnxN grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Two classes of phenomena have been revealed. First, over a wide range of magnetic fields, the magnetoelectric signal is odd in the electric field and reversible. Employing a macroscopic spin model and atomistic Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert theory with Langevin dynamics, we demonstrate that the magnetoelectric response results from the inverse piezoelectric effect that changes the trigonal single-ion magnetocrystalline anisotropy. Second, in the metastable regime of ferromagnetic hystereses, the magnetoelectric effect becomes non-linear and irreversible in response to a time-dependent electric field, which can reorient the magnetization direction. Interestingly, our observations are similar to those reported for another dilute ferromagnetic semiconductor Crx(Bi1−ySby)1−xTe3, in which magnetization was monitored as a function of the gate electric field. Those results constitute experimental support for theories describing the effects of time-dependent perturbation upon glasses far from thermal equilibrium in terms of an enhanced effective temperature.

Transformasi Energi Rumah Tangga: Otomatisasi Beban Listrik dengan IoT

This study aims to develop an Internet of Things (IoT)-based electrical load control system that can improve energy consumption efficiency in households. The system utilizes the Blynk application connected to relays and current sensors to monitor and control electricity usage in real-time. The research compares the system with and without the use of a repeater to assess its impact on response time. The results show that the use of a repeater reduced the communication response time between the devices and the application from 4.2 seconds to 2.8 seconds. This reduction in response time allows the system to optimize load management more quickly and efficiently. Additionally, the system has the potential to reduce energy waste, lower electricity costs, and support efforts to reduce carbon emissions through better energy management. However, challenges include the initial investment costs, device compatibility, and data security issues, which need to be addressed for wider implementation in Indonesia. With further development, this system holds great potential in supporting energy sustainability and household efficiency.

Electric Control of Quasiparticle Band Gap and Electron–Hole Excitation in the Bilayer of Janus Structure MoSeS

Electric Control of Quasiparticle Band Gap and Electron–Hole Excitation in the Bilayer of Janus Structure MoSeS

Electrical Control of Photoluminescence in 2D Semiconductors Coupled to Plasmonic Lattices.

Integrating two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors into nanophotonic structures provides a versatile platform for advanced optoelectronic devices. A key challenge in realizing these systems is to achieve control over light emission from these materials. In this work, we demonstrate the modulation of photoluminescence (PL) in transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) coupled to surface lattice resonances in metal nanoparticle arrays. We show that both the intensity and the emission angle of light can be tuned by adjusting the lattice parameters. By applying gate electrodes to electrostatically dope the TMDs coupled to plasmonic lattices, we achieve PL intensity switching over 2 orders of magnitude with a low applied voltage. Our results represent an important step toward electrically powered and electrically tunable light sources based on 2D semiconductors.

Direct Electrical Access to the Spin Manifolds of Individual Lanthanide Atoms.

Lanthanide atoms show long magnetic lifetimes because of their strongly localized 4f electrons, but electrical control of their spins has been difficult because of their closed valence shell configurations. We achieved electron spin resonance of individual lanthanide atoms using a scanning tunneling microscope to probe the atoms bound to a protective insulating film. The atoms on this surface formed a singly charged cation state having an unpaired 6s electron, enabling tunnel current to access their 4f electrons. Europium spectra display a rich array of transitions among the 54 combined electron and nuclear spin states. In contrast, samarium's ground state is a Kramers doublet with a very large g-factor of 5. These results demonstrate that all-electronic sensing and control of individual lanthanide spins is possible for quantum devices and spin-based electronics by using their rarely observed monovalent cation state.

Nonvolatile Magnonics in Bilayer Magnetic Insulators.

Nonvolatile control of spin order or spin excitations offers a promising avenue for advancing spintronics; however, practical implementation remains challenging. In this Letter, we propose a general framework to realize electrical control of magnons in 2D magnetic insulators. We demonstrate that in bilayer ferromagnetic insulators with strong spin-layer coupling, the electric field Ez can effectively manipulate the spin exchange interactions between the layers, enabling nonvolatile control of the corresponding magnons. Notably, in this bilayer, Ez can induce nonzero Berry curvature and orbital moments of magnons, the chirality of which are coupled to the direction of Ez. This coupling facilitates Ez manipulation of the corresponding magnon valley and orbital Hall currents. Furthermore, such bilayers can be easily engineered, as demonstrated by our density-functional-theory calculations on Janus bilayer Cr-based ferromagnets. Our work provides an important step toward realizing nonvolatile magnonics and paves a promising way for future magnetoelectric coupling devices.

Circular Dichroism and Interlayer Exciton Hall Effect in Transition Metal Dichalcogenides Homobilayers.

In van der Waals (vdW) architectures of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), the coupling between interlayer exciton and quantum degrees of freedom opens unprecedented opportunities for excitonic physics. Taking the MoSe2 homobilayer as representative, we identify that the interlayer registry defines the nature and dynamics of the lowest-energy interlayer exciton. The large layer polarization (Pn) is proved, which ensures the formation of layer-resolved interlayer excitons. In particular, sliding ferroelectric polarization couples to the dipole orientation of the interlayer exciton, thus achieving the long-sought electric control of excitonic states. In line with the phase winding of the Bloch states under C3 rotational symmetry, we clarify the valley optical circular dichroism, enriching the exciton valleytronics. We also elucidate the Hall effect of the layer- and valley-polarized interlayer excitons, which advances our understanding of the spatial transport properties of the composite particles and provides new insights into the exciton-based applications.

Conductive Hydrogel Systems Enabling Rapid and Controllable Release of Guests at Low-Voltage Region.

Smart delivery materials that respond to electric fields attract interest across various fields, whereas systems enabling rapid, controllable, and safe delivery capabilities remain essential. Based on the hypothesis of utilizing electric field to manipulate inter-component noncovalent bonds in delivery materials, a hydrogel system is hereby reported that is capable of achieving rapid guest release at low-voltage region. This system harnesses the synergistic regulation of electric field-induced host-guest electrostatic repulsion, alongside the dynamic modulation of H-bond interactions within the conductive hydrogel. Consequently, a voltage of 1.5V influences the multi-component non-covalent crosslinking, inducing reversible pore size enlargement, and achieving an accelerated yet controlled release of 39-48% within 120min at 1.5V, with a low-threshold release voltage of 0.5V. This conductive hydrogel system enables the rapid and controlled release of various guest molecules, including drugs, fluorescent probes, and luminophores, underscoring the universality of the strategy. Furthermore, an electrical control device constructed from such hydrogel blocks is demonstrated, which is capable of performing "time-specific" information encoding and access. The mechanism relies on physical processes, avoiding traditional redox reactions, thereby inspiring the development of safe and efficient electrically responsive materials and devices with diverse functionalities, leveraging the synergistic effect of multi-component non-covalent interactions.

Electric vehicle motor control principle and optimization analysis

Electric vehicle motor control principle and optimization analysis

Research on civil aircraft electrical thrust reverse control system verification tests

Research on civil aircraft electrical thrust reverse control system verification tests

Crucial Roles of Electricity in Virology.

Packaging of DNA into viruses in some cases involves remarkably sophisticated electrical control mechanisms. One example is how the T4 bacteriophage uses an electrostatically driven motor to pump DNA into the viral capsid.

Large switchable polarization and piezoelectricity in multiferroic BiFeO3-Bi0.5K0.5TiO3-based single crystals

We report the structural, ferroelectric (FE), piezoelectric, and converse magnetoelectric (ME) effects in a series of Cr/Mn doped BiFeO3-Bi0.5K0.5TiO3-based (BF-BKT) single crystals. The Cr and Mn co-doped BF-BKT crystal (i.e., CrMn04) shows a large switchable polarization of 12ΔP ∼ 59.4 μC/cm2 and large-signal piezoelectric coefficient d33* at room temperature, and nearly thermally stable piezoelectric coefficient of d33 ∼ 212 pC/N below depolarization temperature Td ∼ 358.7 °C. A high DC resistivity of ρ > ∼1.0 × 105 Ω cm for T < ∼346.5 °C was also observed in CrMn04 crystal. All samples exhibit coexistent antiferromagnetic and FE orders and evident electric control of magnetism. The simultaneous existence of good performance of ferroelectricity, piezoelectricity, and converse ME effects in especially the CrMn04 crystal suggests its potential application in multi-functional devices.

A high-temperature multiferroic Tb2(MoO4)3

Magnetoelectric mutual control in multiferroics, which is the electric control of magnetization, or reciprocally the magnetic control of polarization has attracted much attention because of its possible applications to spintronic devices, multi-bit memories, and so on. While the required working temperature for the practical application is much higher than room temperature, which ensures stable functionality at room temperature, the reported working temperatures were at most around room temperature. Here, we demonstrated magnetic control of ferroelectric polarization at 432 K in ferroelectric and ferroelastic Tb2(MoO4)3, in which the polarity of ferroelectric polarization is coupled to the orthorhombic strain below the transition temperature 432 K. The paramagnetic but strongly magnetoelastic Tb3+ magnetic moments enable the magnetic control of ferroelectric and ferroelastic domains; the ferroelectric polarization is controlled depending on whether the magnetic field is applied along [110] or [11¯0]. This result may pave a new avenue for designing high-temperature multiferroics.

Quantum state transfer in a magnetic atoms chain using a scanning tunneling microscope

Abstract The electric control of quantum spin chains has been an outstanding goal for the few last years due to its potential use in technologies related to quantum information processing. In this work, we show the feasibility of the different steps necessary to perform controlled quantum state transfer and excitation transmission in a S = 1 / 2 titanium atoms chain employing the electric field produced by a scanning tunneling microscope (STM). Our results show that the initialization and transmission of a single excitation state is achievable in short times, and with high fidelity. Our study uses spin Hamiltonians to model the magnetic atoms chain, the tip of the STM, the interaction between it and the atoms chain and the electronic response to the fields applied by the tip, employing sets of parameters compatible with the latest experiments and ab initio calculations. The time dynamical evolution is considered in the full Hilbert space and the control pulses frequencies exerted by the tip of the microscope are within the reach of present day technology.

Electrical Control System of Harvesting Robotic Arm Based on PLC and Particle Swarm Algorithm

Electrical Control System of Harvesting Robotic Arm Based on PLC and Particle Swarm Algorithm

Research on Intelligent Control Technology of Air Conditioning Systems for New Energy Vehicles

With the significant development of science and society at present, the relevant technologies of new energy vehicles are also constantly innovating. As an important component of vehicles, the air conditioning system should also keep up with its developing trend in terms of intelligent control technology, which can meet the reasonable requirements of users' environmentally friendly and comfortable sitting experience, as well as society's demand for energy conservation and efficiency improvement. This paper conducts research on key technologies of intelligent control systems for air conditioning of new energy vehicles. It covers four aspects: heat pump air conditioning technology; fuel cell waste heat utilization; electric compressor control technology; dedicated energy storage and system optimization. A new era of intelligent air conditioning control systems has been summarized to enhance the intelligence level of new energy vehicle air conditioning. The goal is to achieve energy conservation, and emission reduction and improve energy efficiency.

Energy-Efficient Three-Wheel Bleedless Electrical Environmental Control System for a Passenger Aircraft

Abstract The environmental control system (ECS) of an aircraft is designed to create a comfortable and suitable atmosphere for both passengers and crew, as well as the avionics. Additionally, the ECS represents the highest power consumers within nonpropulsive systems in an aircraft. With sustainable technology development for aircraft, secondary systems such as the ECS are evolving from conventional bleed air to electric-type to improve energy efficiency by reducing fuel consumption. This study introduces a novel electrically driven ECS (EECS) that is designed to replace the existing bleed-air-driven three-wheel air cycle system (ACS) and the high-pressure water separation subsystem (HPWS) of the Airbus 320 (A320) passenger aircraft's ECS during cruise conditions. matlab was used to construct the system component model of the ECS to verify the accuracy of the data from A320. The performance of the proposed EECS was compared with that of the existing bleed-air system in terms of cabin requirements. The conventional ECS's bleed-air off-take from the engine caused a 50% higher fuel mass penalty for missions lasting 5–15 h, which exceeds the shaft power off-take of the EECS. The energy required for the conventional ECS and EECSs was 3.59 MJ and 1.78 MJ, respectively.

Electrical Control of Electroluminescence in 2D Semiconductor Light Emitting Device through Synchronous Injection of Electrons and Holes

AbstractAchieving efficient electroluminescence (EL) in 2D materials requires precise control over the injection and recombination of charge carriers—electrons and holes. In this study, a method is introduced to improve charge carrier injection in using transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) based light emitting devices driven by alternating current (AC), achieved through dual pulse injection. The dual pulse device exhibits a notable enhancement in EL intensity, displaying a substantial increase as compared to the single pulse device, achieving an approximate sixfold improvement. The proposed dual pulse operated device configuration enables the independent control of electron and hole injection, facilitating the fine‐tuning of carrier recombination processes to improve the EL emission efficiency. Phase delay dependent EL characteristics are observed featuring a maximum integrated EL at a phase delay of 180° indicating an enhanced EL emission during out‐of‐phase pulse operation between the electrodes. Moreover, the dual pulse device exhibited a ≈3.5‐fold improvement in the device EL external efficiency (ηe) when compared to the device operated with a single pulse. Manipulating carrier recombination in TMDCs‐based LEDs opens up new opportunities to enhance their performance, enabling practical applications in display technology, lighting, optical communication, and electrically tunable light sources.

The mechanism of electric field control in the solidification of welding lines in magnesium alloy casting-rolling

According In this paper, two current loading methods are used to improve the solidification welding line of magnesium alloy casting-rolling from "Ɔ" to "1" shape. The results show that the Joule thermal effect can improve the temperature field distribution in the casting-rolling zone after the magnesium alloy melt is energized. Especially in the case of scheme 1, the temperature field distribution in the casting-rolling zone changes obviously. After the electric field is applied, the range of eddy current increases obviously, the accumulation of high temperature metal liquid appears at the eddy current, and the shape of solidification welding line is improved. When the current density is greater than 2.5 e7A /m2, the distance from the bonding point K to the outlet is less than the distance from K "to the outlet. The casting-rolling force on the edge of plate is small, which is conducive to inhibiting the edge crack of magnesium alloy cast-rolled sheet.

Reduction of torque ripples using the DTC-SVM method in PMSM with extended Kalman filter

A detailed analysis has been conducted on two motor control algorithms: direct torque control (DTC) and field-oriented control (FOC). There are two ways that a voltage source inverter (VSI) can regulate a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). When using the PMSM and voltage source inverter (VSI), dead time is employed to turn off both the upper and lower switches to prevent short circuits. However, by supplying the PMSM with unexpected polarity voltages at the VSI output voltage, this switching technique reduces distortion. It is challenging to utilize the sensor to directly detect the fault voltage that results in an open circuit. This work examines the nonlinearity of the electric power controller during dead time during PMSM operation using the DTC algorithm to increase control stability. The stress distribution is estimated using an extended Kalman filter (EKF). Ultimately, the model presented in this study verified the increase in stator current and torque output through simulations and testing.