Electrical Conductivity Of Polyaniline Research Articles

Effect of Morphology on the Electrical Conductivity of Polyaniline as Potential Photocatalyst

Effect of Morphology on the Electrical Conductivity of Polyaniline as Potential Photocatalyst

Characterization of the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of camphorsulfonic acid protonated polyaniline/poly(vinyl acetate) composite films

In this study, the electrical conductivity of polyaniline (PANI)/polyvinyl acetate (PVAc)/camphorsulfonic acid (HCSA) composite films was investigated. The films were prepared via spin coating. Intrinsic insulating PVAc was thought to decrease the conductivity of the composites, however, the presence of PVAc led to an unusual increase in conductivity when the HCSA/PANI weight ratio was lower than 1.50 within certain PVAc concentration range. PANI/PVAc/HCSA films exhibited a maximum electrical conductivity of 1.65 S/cm at a PVAc concentration of 40 wt % along with the HCSA/PANI weight ratio of 1.25 compared to 0.5 S/cm of PANI-ES films at the same HCSA/PANI weight ratio. The chemical structure was analyzed by FTIR and XPS to investigate the unusual phenomenon. Hydrogen bonding interactions between the –NH groups of PANI and the –OOCCH3 groups of PVAc were found to have an impact on the charge density transfer and polarization of N atoms in PANI, thus affecting the protonation level and improving the conductivity of composite films. Moreover, PANI/PVAc composite films exhibited porous and amorphous structures. Therefore, PANI/PVAc composite films with high electrical conductivity and porous structures may be promising candidates for applications in biosensing.

Heat resistance and electrical conductivity of polyaniline and polymethacrylic acid composites

Heat resistance and electrical conductivity of polyaniline and polymethacrylic acid composites

Preparation and Performance Study of Carboxy-Functionalized Graphene Oxide Composite Polyaniline Modified Water-Based Epoxy Zinc-Rich Coatings

Graphene oxide is obtained by oxidation of graphite followed by ultrasonic exfoliation. It is a two-dimensional layered material with a large number of oxygen-containing functional groups on its surface. Polyaniline is a conductive polymer and has a unique corrosion protection mechanism. In this study, carboxy-functionalized graphene oxide/polyaniline (CGO/PANI) composites with a lamellar structure were prepared by in situ polymerization. The lamellar layer was used to form a labyrinthine structure in the coating to effectively retard the penetration of corrosive media. The electrical conductivity of polyaniline can promote the formation of conductive pathways between zinc particles and improve the utilization of zinc powder. Polyaniline is also able to passivate the substrate, further improving the coating’s ability to protect steel substrates against corrosion. In this paper, the in situ polymerization of aniline on carboxy-functionalized graphene oxide flakes was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the improvement of the corrosion resistance of the prepared composites on the epoxy zinc-rich coatings was evaluated by SEM, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and salt spray resistance tests. The results showed that aniline was successfully polymerized in situ on carboxy-functionalized graphene oxide, and the modified coating had significantly improved anticorrosive properties, where the best anticorrosive improvement was achieved when CGO: PANI = 0.03.

Nanoparticles improving polyaniline electrical conductivity: A meta-analysis study

Polyaniline is a conductive polymer that attracts the attention of many researchers around the world. The history of this polymer begins in 1862 when Letheby first reported this material. Since then, a myriad of studies has been conducted onthis material, and new works continue to investigate the potential of this material. Polyaniline has been improved with the help of Nanotechnology. The use of nanofillers has been seen as a quick and economical way to modify materials, drivinginnovations based on new physical and chemical properties from the conductive polymer materials and nanoparticles joining. Several works address the use of different nanoparticles, which leads to the practical impossibility of sifting through all this information. Thus, this work proposes to systematically collect data in the literature and investigate which nanoparticles can increase the electrical conductivity of Polyaniline (PAni). The results obtained demonstrate that among the possiblenanofillers, graphene and carbon nanotubes have great prominence. Furthermore, the results of the meta-analysis prove that PAni's conductivity increases when this polymer is modified with the aforementioned nanofillers.

Electrical Conductivity of SDBS-Assisted Polyaniline Doped with HCl

In this study, polyaniline (PANI) was synthesized through oxidative polymerization assisted by sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) in hydrochloric acid (HCl) concentration solution to investigate the effect of dopants in the electrical conductivity of polyaniline. The polyaniline obtained from the oxidative polymerization was confirmed with FTIR. The x-ray diffraction pattern showed that polyaniline is semi-crystalline. SDBS does not only act as a template for oxidative polymerization but also acts as a dopant. The dielectric constant, the dielectric loss, and the ac conductivity increase as polyaniline is doped with SDBS, HCl, or with both SDBS and HCl.

Polyaniline-CuO nanocomposite: Electrical, structural and sensor properties

This research paper presents the synthesis and characterization of polyaniline (PANI) and PANI/Copper oxide (PANI/CuO) nanocomposites. PANI was synthesized using chemical a route and PANI/CuO Nanocomposite was prepared using mechanical mixing method. The prepared samples were characterized for FTIR, XRD, SEM, Electrical conductivity using four probe method and methanol gas sensing properties. FTIR spectra confirm the presence of characteristics peaks of PANI. XRD spectrum indicates the presence of copper oxide nanoparticles in PANI and SEM micrographs indicate the distribution of copper oxide nanoparticles in PANI matrix. Electrical conductivity of PANI has been decreased in the presence of different weight percent of CuO. Gas sensing of the response of PANI-CuO was observed higher compared to pure PANI.

Synthesis and thermal analysis of polyaniline (PANI)

An attempt was taken to prepare polyaniline (PANI) using chemical oxidative polymerization method with surfactant i.e sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) followed by treating with HCI and NH4OH dopants. Raman spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) techniques were used for the characterization studies. The electrical conductivity of polyaniline was measured using two probe method. Raman spectroscopy results confirm the formation of an emeraldine oxidation state of PANI. Thermal analysis of polyaniline up to 700°C was investigated using thermo gravimetric analysis technique.

Effect of Inorganic Doping on the Thermoelectric Behavior of Polyaniline Nanocomposites

Polyaniline (PANI) has been considered for thermoelectric (T.E) applications due to its facile preparation methods, easy doping-dedoping processes and its environmental stability. Like other conducting polymers (CPs), it has low thermal conductivity (usually below 1 Wm-1K-1) which is favorable for T.E applications, however studies have shown that it still suffers from low power factors as a result of low electrical conductivity. For this reason, PANI has been compounded with other materials such as polymers, inorganic nanoparticles and carbon nanoparticles to enhance its electrical conductivity, power factors (PF) and ultimately zT value.This work is focused on the synthesis and characterization of n-type polyaniline nanocomposites doped with reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The rGO was prepared through oxidation of graphite and subsequent reduction and incorporated into polyaniline through in situ polymerization and the resulting nanocomposites were characterized. Addition of rGO resulted in enhancement of the electrical conductivity of polyaniline from 10-3 S/cm to 10-1 S/cm which is two orders of magnitude higher. This contributed to the enhanced PF, an indication that thermoelectric behavior of conducting polymers can be boosted through compounding with inorganic materials.

Synthesis of polyaniline by chemical oxidative polymerization and characteristic of conductivity and reflection for various strong acid dopants

Herein, polyaniline (PANI) is synthesized via chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline monomer with ammonium persulfate as initiator by maintaining the flow rate and stirring for 8 h at room temperature. Particle sizes up to 54.716 μm are obtained, with a viscosity reaching 1.87 mPa-s at 270 min. The highest temperature during polymerization was 32 °C at 210 min. Thus, the polymer molecules undergo propagating process to form polymer chains. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirms the presence of the PANI molecule, which reveals a complete reaction when the double-bond peak at 3442 cm−1 disappears from the spectrum and new peaks appear corresponding to benzoic and quinoid molecules at 1300-1600 cm−1. This ensures that all aniline molecules are converted to PANI with no residual. We conclude that PANI is synthesized via oxidative polymerization. The electrical conductivity of PANI is driven by protonic acids. The conductivity increases upon adding protonic acids as a strong acid-doping agent. Thus, PANI-HClO4 exhibits best conductivity. The best material candidate for a microwave-absorbing material is thus PANI-EB because it has the highest reflection loss at -29.69 dB at 11.812 GHz, whereas PANI-HClO4 has only -2.74 dB reflection loss at 12.400 GHz.

Investigation of Thermoelectric Performance of MoS<sub>2</sub>-Templated Polyaniline Nanocomposites

Polyaniline has attracted a lot of attention for thermoelectric (T.E) applications, however their drawback materials is that they possess low power factors than the state-of-the-art materials such as BiTe-based, BiSb-based, PbTe-based, etc. [1-4]. Currently, in order to enhance the T.E properties, hybrids between the polymer and other components such as carbon materials, other polymers, and even inorganic materials are being investigated. In this work, the effect of MoS2 addition on the T.E properties of polyaniline was investigated. The MoS2 nanoflowers were first synthesized via hydrothermal process at 200 °C for 24 hrs after which they were used for templated in situ polymerization of polyaniline. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) image showed that the MoS2 nanoflowers were covered with the polyaniline during the polymerization process and this was confirmed from the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis which showed existence of both the polyaniline and MoS2 in the synthesized material. The electrical conductivity of polyaniline was reported to be 10-3 S cm-1 and it was noticed that addition of minute amounts of MoS2 into polyaniline resulted in an enhancement of the electrical conductivities of up to two orders of magnitude. Nanocomposite with 5 % MoS2 (PMX-5) showed optimized power factor values ranging from 6.30 x 10-2 - 1.12 x 10-3 μW m-1 K-2 for the temperature range studied. This study therefore provides a facile approach for synthesis of polyaniline-molybdenum disulphide nanocomposites and the results obtained confirm that transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have a potential for the enhancement of T.E properties of polyaniline.

Template synthesis of fibrillar polyaniline complex using a degradable polyelectrolyte

Abstract Functionalized poly(butylene succinate) (PBSS), prepared via sulfonation of poly(butylene fumarate) (PBF), was successfully applied as a novel polymeric dopant for polyaniline (PANI). To obtain a conductive and degradable PANI:PBSS complex, the aniline monomers were polymerized in the presence of a negatively charged polyelectrolyte template (PBSS). The prepared polymers were characterized through proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–visible spectroscopy), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electrical conductivity measurements. The hydrolytic degradation of PANI:PBSS was also investigated based on FT-IR analysis and weight loss. Based on the results, the semi-crystalline structure of PBF was changed to an amorphous structure in PBSS and PANI:PBSS. The PANI morphology in the presence of the small dopant (HCl) was granular, while it changed into a fibrillar shape in the presence of the macromolecular dopant. The electrical conductivity of PANI:PBSS (28.6 S/m) was slightly smaller than that of the HCl-doped PANI (48.4 S/m). The alkaline solution could hydrolytically degrade PANI:PBSS and after 10 days, a weight loss of 45% was observed.

Electrical conductivity of polyaniline (PANI) assisted by anionic surfactant through emulsion polymerization technique

In this work, Polyaniline (PANI) was synthesized through emulsion polymerization assisted by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant to investigate effects of surfactant to the electrical conductivity. The amount of SDS used has mol to the total quantity ratio of respectively 0.25%, 0.67%, 1.00%, and 2%. The emulsion aniline polymer obtained from the reaction was confirmed by FTIR. The addition of SDS surfactant as an additional component in the reaction solution, led to the chemical reaction run with a relatively slow rate. It indicated by a relatively long reaction time for an increase in the temperature of reaction solution. The viscosity of the emulsion aniline polymer increased with the addition of SDS. The higher amount of SDS is added, the higher the initial viscosity value of the emulsion. Electrical conductivity value evaluated by Four Point Probe (FPP) showed that the emulsion polymers of aniline doped with 80 ml Perchloric Acid (HQO4) have an ohmic relationship between current and voltage from which the conductivity was derived. It was found that the electrical conductivity value of doped PANI assisted by surfactant reached two times higher than that of surfactant-free synthesized PANI. The highest electrical conductivity value obtained is 3.97 S/cm.

Effect of gamma irradiation and ZnO nano particles on the A.C electrical conductivity of polyaniline

Conducting polyaniline / ZnO nano composites are synthesizedusing a simplified cheap method with one step in –situ chemicalpolymerization, and AC conductivity (σac) of the prepared samples isstudied in the range of frequency from 50 Hz to 15MHz.). Thepresence of polarons in the conjugated polymer chain are responsiblefor the ac conductivity is reliance on the frequency in thesecomposites. The effect of increasing the ZnO nano particleconcentration irradiation and gamma radiation on the electricconductivity was analyzed. The result showed that thenanocomposite prepared has the highest conductivity, from purepolyaniline and the exponential factor S was found increasing withZnO content it was 0.739 for PANI pure and for 0.02 ZnO it was1.415.

Preparation and Electrical Conductivity of PANI Coated Nickel Fiber

In order to improve the conductivity of the nickel fiber, polyaniline (PANI) of synthesis by chemical oxidative polymerization was coated. The influences of dopant type and content, reaction time, reaction temperature and stirring rate on the conductivity of the PANI coated nickel fiber were investigated. SEM and NMR were used to characterize morphology of products. The conductive of the PANI coated nickel fiber was tested by four-point probe conductivity tester. The results showed that the PANI coated layer was uniform and stabilized when the p-toluene sulfonic acid (PTS) used as dopant, the PANI coated nickel fiber has the highest conductivity of 5×10-5 s∙cm−1when was coated at parameters of the C (PTS) of 0.1 mol/L, the reaction time of 5 hours, the reaction temperature of 5 °C, as well as the stirring rate of 60 r/min.

The stimulation of the differentiation of pheochromocytoma (PC12-L) cells into neuron-like cells by electrically conductive nanofibre mesh

This study reports a novel method in which polycaprolactone(PCL)/polyaniline(PANi) nanofibre mesh is used to promote the differentiation of pheochromocytoma (PC12-L) cells into neuron-like cells. Stainless steel wire mesh (304) was used as a collector in the rapid fabrication of alignment-patterned PCL/PANi nanofibre mesh. Successful incorporation of PANi improved the electrical conductivity of the nanofibre mesh. Culturing low-differentiated rat pheochromocytoma (PC12-L) cells on the electrically conductive nanofibre mesh significantly promoted the differentiation of PC12-L cells into neuron-like cells by the synergetic effect of the alignment patterns and the electrical conductivity of PANi. The electrically conductive nanofibre mesh described in this study may provide a promising platform for the study of nerve regeneration.

Micro-Nanostructured Polyaniline Assembled in Cellulose Matrix via Interfacial Polymerization for Applications in Nerve Regeneration.

Conducting polymers have emerged as frontrunners to be alternatives for nerve regeneration, showing a possibility of the application of polyaniline (PANI) as the nerve guidance conduit. In the present work, the cellulose hydrogel was used as template to in situ synthesize PANI via the limited interfacial polymerization method, leading to one conductive side in the polymer. PANI sub-micrometer dendritic particles with mean diameter of ∼300 nm consisting of the PANI nanofibers and nanoparticles were uniformly assembled into the cellulose matrix. The hydrophobic PANI nanoparticles were immobilized in the hydrophilic cellulose via the phytic acid as "bridge" at presence of water through hydrogen bonding interaction. The PANI/cellulose composite hydrogels exhibited good mechanical properties and biocompatibility as well as excellent guiding capacity for the sciatic nerve regeneration of adult Sprague-Dawley rats without any extra treatment. On the basis of the fact that the pure cellulose hydrogel was an inert material for the neural repair, PANI played an indispensable role on the peripheral nerve regeneration. The hierarchical micro-nanostructure and electrical conductivity of PANI could remarkably induce the adhesion and guiding extension of neurons, showing its great potential in biomedical materials.

Controllable Synthesis of Functional Polyaniline Nanotubes via a Complex Template

Functional Polyaniline (PANI) nanotubes are easily synthesized in high yield by an in situ polymerization using a fibrillar complex of acid orange II (AO II) and FeCl3as a template. During the process, the complex templates help direct the growth of fibrillar PANI on their surfaces, resulting in the formation of composite micro/nanofibers of PANI. After polymerization, by the post-treatment of removing templates in 1.0 M hydrochloric acid solution, PANI nanotubes with azo function and high electric conductivity of PANI are readily fabricated. The PANI nanotubes have about 150nm-300nm in diameter and several microns in length. At room temperature, the electric conductivity of PANI nanotubes is up to 10-1S/cm order of magnitude. The characterizations, including FTIR, UV-visible, XRD and TG, are presented.

Structural, morphological, and electrical properties of polyaniline-Fe2O3 nanocomposites

Nanocomposites of polyaniline with Fe2O3 particles have been synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization method by increasing the weight percentage of Fe2O3. The powder X-ray diffraction technique was employed to study the structure and crystallinity of the synthesized nanocomposites. The strong interaction of polyaniline with Fe2O3 particles was confirmed using FTIR technique. It was shown that polyaniline is dispersed into Fe2O3 particles successfully by in situ polymerization and therefore the degree of crystallinity increased due to crystalline structure of Fe2O3 particles. According to SEM and TEM data, most of Fe2O3 particles were coated with polyaniline and those nanocomposites have formed a network during the polymerization process as well. Electrical conductivity of polyaniline containing 5 wt % of Fe2O3 was higher among all other composites and even than PANI.

Part-A: Synthesis of polyaniline and carboxylic acid functionalized SWCNT composites for electromagnetic interference shielding coatings

Polyaniline (PANI) was synthesized by chemical oxidation process by using Ammonium persulphate (APS) as an oxidizer and HCl as a dopant. The effects of altering the stoichiometric ratio of monomer to oxidizer, addition time, reaction temperature and dopant concentration on the electrical conductivity of PANI were studied in detail. The synthesis procedure was optimized to yield the PANI with maximum electrical conductivity. The pure PANI thus synthesized exhibited the maximum electrical conductivity 5.6 Scm−1. Different PANI–cSWCNT composites were prepared by ex-situ and in-situ methods and a comparative evaluation of electrical conductivity was carried out. From the electrical conductivity measurements, it was seen that maximum conductivity 27.12 Scm−1 was achieved for 20% cSWCNT loaded PANI composite prepared by in-situ method and 12 Scm−1 for the same composite prepared by ex-situ method. The efficacy of in-situ method, for conductivity enhancement was attributed to the formation of PANI coating over cSWCNT during the synthesis. This coating formation was further substantiated by FTIR, XRD, DSC, TGA, FESEM, and HRTEM analysis. The results of these studies confirmed that the in-situ prepared 20% cSWCNT loaded PANI composite is the most preferred filler for developing polyurethane based EMI shielding coatings.