Electrical Compensation Research Articles

Mitigation of electric field near overhead transmission lines using electromechanical compensation based on genetic algorithm

The electrical field is a function of both the voltage and the configuration of the overhead transmission line (OTL); thus, mitigation of the electrical field could be achieved by either electrical compensation or mechanical rearrangement of the line configuration. In the mechanical rearrangement method, the conductor positions are optimized under certain constraints so that the electrical field has the minimum possible value. In the proposed research, OTL mechanical rearrangement is improved using electrical compensation based on a genetic algorithm (GA). The electrical compensation is implemented by inserting a combination of passive series and shunt elements in each phase, creating an electric voltage imbalance. GA is an evolutionary optimization algorithm used to minimize the electric field near residences as a fitness function. The positions of conductors and passive-reactive elements are represented as genes. In addition, this paper includes a case study on a 500-kV high-voltage overhead transmission line. The results show that when passive-reactive compensation is combined with mechanical compensation, the lowest electric field can be obtained. Electrical compensation improves the mechanical rearrangement method by approximately 18.6% (the total reduction with mechanical compensation of only about 34% is increased to more than 52% with electromechanical compensation).

Investigations on the Recovery of the Electrical Properties of Smart Cut™-Transferred SiC Thin Film Using SiC-on-Insulator Structures

SiC-on-Insulator (SiCOI) structures fabricated using the Smart Cut™ technique can be of great interest in order to probe the properties of a silicon carbide (SiC) transferred layer, by electrically insulating it from the receiver substrate. In this study, we report the fabrication of such a SiCOI structure using a SiC receiver, as well as its electrical and TEM characterization after high temperature annealing. We highlight a decrease of the transferred layer electrical resistivity with increasing annealing temperature, due to doping reactivation and electron mobility enhancement. After low temperature annealing (1200°C to 1400°C), deep acceptor levels, possibly located in a damaged region near the substrate’s surface, might be responsible of a non negligible electrical compensation. Beyond 1400°C however, the transferred SiC crystal is healed and electron transport is only subjected to shallow nitrogen ionization.

Role of charge-compensation process on the structural, microstructure and electrical properties of pure and Nb-doped Sr2SnO4

This article explores the charge compensation method by synthesising Sr2SnO4, Sr2Sn0.99Nb0.01O4, and Sr1.995Sn0.99Nb0.01O4. The synthesis of a monophasic, tetragonal sample was achieved using a typical ceramic approach and high-temperature heat treatment. The XRD followed by Rietveld refinement, confirmed the crystallization of material under the space group I4/mmm. The crystallite sizes for all samples determined to be less than 50 nm, while the micro-strain falls within the range of (1.78–2.93) × 10–3. The microstructure exhibits a cuboidal shape for all samples, and the grain size is observed to decrease with the addition of Nb. The dielectric characteristics of the samples indicate the existence of Maxwell-Wagner and Orientational polarization in the sample. The sample Sr2Sn0.99Nb0.01O4 demonstrates a greater conductivity value compared to Sr1.995Sn0.99Nb0.01O4. This is attributed to the presence of excess electrons that compensate for the overall charge, as opposed to Sr1.995Sn0.99Nb0.01O4 where the extra charge is compensated by a cationic vacancy VSr″. The time-temperature-superposition principle (TTSP) is applicable to all compositions and indicates that similar sources are responsible for both conduction and relaxation processes. The dielectric permittivity and dissipation factor are found to be in the range of 150 to 175 and 0.2 to 0.5, respectively. This suggests that they have potential for future use in millimeter-wave communication with dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs). Due to the presence of oxygen ions and the ability to conduct both ions and electrons, at temperatures above 400 °C, it is a suitable choice for electrode materials in the application of intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell (IT-SOFCs). Exploring the manipulation of defects using electrical and ionic charge compensation methods shows potential for enhancing materials in semiconductor technology.

How to Refine Electric Utility Compensation for Increasing DER Market Participation

As the energy sector embraces the core principles of sustainability, North America's electricity markets are experiencing a paradigm shift. The proliferation and acceptance of distributed energy resources (DERs) have fundamentally altered the dynamics of electricity generation and distribution, and how we leverage energy storage and demand response.1 This is especially true for all utility types and DER owners/representatives, on the distribution system. While many consumers with DERs have successfully navigated the wholesale and retail energy markets, many challenges still exist with traditional utility models, sparking a reevaluation of compensation mechanisms for energy providers on the distribution system.

LEGAL OVERVIEW OF COMPENSATION FOR LAND IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PT. PLN'S SUTET TOWER NETWORK IN THE TAKTAKAN DISTRICT OF SERANG CITY, BANTEN PROVINCE

The implementation of land compensation to the community for the construction of the Extra High Voltage Transmission Network (SUTET) by PLN falls under the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM). The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources released Ministerial Regulation (Permen) ESDM number 13 of 2021 regarding Free Space and Minimum Clearance Distance for Electric Power Transmission Network and Compensation for Land, Buildings, and/or Plants Located in the Free Space of Electric Power Transmission Network. This regulation was enacted by Minister of ESDM Arifin Tasrif on June 17, 2021, and took effect upon its promulgation on June 17, 2021. With this regulation, the rights of the community whose land is traversed by the transmission will receive compensation. However, the regulation does not comprehensively address the impact of the development and compensation for the transmission lines of 500 kV or 150 kV, leading to injustice and legal uncertainty. PLN's responsibility for the land value of the community affected by the construction of the SUTET transmission network is limited. In providing compensation to the community whose land is traversed by the Extra High Voltage Transmission Line (SUTET), PT PLN follows existing regulations. PLN refers to Ministerial Regulation No. 01.P/47/MPE/1992 on SUTET Free Space and SUTET for Electricity Distribution Article 5 paragraph (3) concerning land for establishing support structures, including buildings and plants on that land, which must be cleared and compensated.

High temperature annealing of n-type bulk β-Ga2O3: Electrical compensation and defect analysis—The role of gallium vacancies

The effect of high temperature annealing under O2 and N2 atmospheres on the electrical properties and defect formation on Sn doped n-type β-Ga2O3 bulk samples was investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. EPR, being a volume sensitive technique, probes the entire sample volume. Our results show an electrical compensation being correlated with the formation of a negatively charged Ga vacancy defect VGa2−. This VGa center is different from the one observed after particle irradiation. The associated shift of the Fermi level reveals the presence of Fe3+, Cu2+, and Cr3+, which are residuals related to the growth conditions. The 1100 °C N2 annealed sample is fully compensated, and the neutral donor resonance is no longer observed. Our results directly confirm the thermal instability of Ga and Sn in n-type conducting samples. No oxygen vacancy related centers were detected. We discuss the various Ga vacancy centers reported previously.

Impacts of economic regulation on photovoltaic distributed generation with battery energy storage systems

Photovoltaic systems are largely involved in the process of decarbonization of the electricity production. Among the solutions of interest for deploying higher amounts of photovoltaic (PV) energy generation for reducing the electricity taken from the grid, the inclusion of local battery energy storage systems has been considered. Battery energy storage provides an energy buffer useful to better manage the fluctuations of PV energy production, or to serve the demand when the PV generation is absent or insufficient and the price of the electricity taken from the grid is high. While technically sound, the installation of a PV system with battery energy storage has to demonstrate its profitability in the specific context of application, also depending on the regulation in place in the relevant jurisdiction. This paper presents the stochastic economic feasibility analysis for the installation of distributed photovoltaic power plants facing the new Brazilian regulation of electric energy compensation system, and also considers the hourly tariff known as White Tariff. Three different sizes of distributed power plants are proposed, and the related models introduce battery banks to regulate the peak demand when tariffs are more expensive. In the absence of economic incentive policies to support this kind of renewable energy generation associated with battery energy storage systems, there is a lower probability of economic viability, especially for micro-plants up to 10 kW of installed power.

Operation Algorithm of Electrical Reconfiguration Device and Voltage Compensation Device for PV Module

Operation Algorithm of Electrical Reconfiguration Device and Voltage Compensation Device for PV Module

Investigations of the variable magnetic moment automatic compensation efficiency improving possibility of three-phase electrical equipment currents

An analysis and review of known parametric systems for automatic compensation of electrical equipment the external magnetic field was carried out. It was found that the known parametric electrical equipment automatic compensation systems of the external magnetic field do not take into account the change in the order of alternating power phases when the level of the external magnetic field changes, which reduces the effectiveness of the three-phase electrical equipment magnetic field compensation by two to three times. The parametric system of three-phase electrical equipment sinusoidal currents magnetic moment automatic compensation with the phase alternation order sensor was improved, the distinguishing features of which are the preliminary determination of the phases alternation order in the power circuit of three-phase electrical equipment and the formation electromagnets compensators currents taking into account this order, which allows to increase the efficiency of three-phase electrical equipment currents magnetic moment compensation and use such a system in a three-phase distribution device containing a plurality of three-phase feeders. The system parameters bench adjustment method of the sinusoidal currents magnetic moment automatic compensation of three-phase electrical equipment with the phase alternation order sensor has been improved, which differs from known methods in that the phases order in the power circuit is determined in advance and the currents of the electromagnets compensators are formed taking into account this order and only then the power is supplied in turn, in each independent circuit of the electrical equipment power circuit an electromagnet compensator oriented along the selected axis is simultaneously turned on, the component of the total magnetic moment along the same axis is measured, and depending on its value, the magnitude and phase of the compensation currents signals are adjusted, then the sequence of alternating phases is changed and the rest of the operations are repeated. It is recommended to improve the non-sinusoidal currents magnetic moment system automatic compensation of three-phase electrical equipment with the phases alternating order sensor to ensure high efficiency of the magnetic moment compensation and the external magnetic field regardless of the power supply phases alternating order of three-phase electrical equipment.

Preparation of a low-cost electric compensation photothermal evaporator for all-weather-available and efficient evaporation

Solar-driven evaporation is an ideal technology for freshwater production. However, in the actual production and application process, due to the fluctuation of solar radiant intensity, the limitation of solar lighting time and the generation of dirt, the solar evaporator can only work for a limited time. To realize the all-weather-available efficient application of the evaporator, we mixed slag, metakaolin, graphite, and potassium silicate evenly, added a certain amount of foaming agent, and adjusted its pore size and shape to prepare a low-cost electric compensation evaporator that can be used for all-weather-available efficient evaporation. The geopolymer in the evaporator acts as a support with good hydrophilicity, and graphite exhibits good photothermal performance. At 1 sun, the evaporation rate of the three-dimensional graphite/geopolymer composite (3D-GR/Geo) evaporator reaches up to 3.23 kg/m2/h, and its evaporation efficiency is 186.46%. When the solar-driven evaporation is assisted by an external electric field, the evaporation rate of the 3D-GR/Geo evaporator reaches up to 16.3 kg/m2/h. In addition, after 72 h of alternating tests at 1 sun and an applied current of 2A, no salt accumulates on the top of 3D-GR/Geo, and its quality change curve remains stable, showing excellent stability. This is also consistent with the simulation results, indicating that 3D-GR/Geo can be used effectively over a long period.

Electrical compensation for deformed antenna arrays and its experimental verification

In the service of antenna arrays, especially for the large-scale antenna arrays, the deformation of the antenna structure is inevitable due to the influence of many structural factors. Therefore, effective compensation for the electrical performance of the antenna is one of the important means to ensure its normal and stable operation. An electrical compensation method based on the genetic algorithm to change the phase of the radiating element is proposed, which also considers the quantization error of the phase shifter. Under the 0.46𝜆 deformation condition, the left side lobe level of the horizontal radiometer with the worst performance deterioration is compensated by 2.15 dB, reaching the ideal state before deformation. The objectives and constraints in the optimization model can be adjusted according to the actual work requirements. The correctness and feasibility of proposed method are verified by an antenna array with 8 × 32 radiating elements.

Structural-Electromagnetic-Thermal Coupling Technology for Active Phased Array Antenna

Active phased array antenna (APAA) is a representative of complex electronic equipment, and it plays significant roles in scenarios such as battlefield situation perception, aviation guidance, and communication. It has become the core equipment in land, navigation, and aeronautical applications. With the continuous improvement of technical changes and military requirements, the working frequency band, pointing accuracy, gain, and low sidelobe level of APAA increase, and the multi-disciplinary design contradiction between antenna electrical performance and structure and temperature becomes increasingly prominent. As a result, the electrical performance of APAA in service is prone to be affected by the external complex environments. The structural-electromagnetic-thermal (SET) coupling problem has become a key problem restricting the development of APAA. This paper has summarized the structural features and environmental loads of advanced APAA on different platforms and provided design basis and principle for antenna designer. And then the SET coupling theory of APAA has been introduced, which can be applied in both the design and manufacturing stage, as well as the performance control technology in service environment of APAA. This theory helps to analyze the impact of environmental factors, such as antenna structure deformation, radome high-temperature ablation, and feed errors, on the antenna's performance. For 128 × 768 spaceborne array antenna, in the range of 25∼85°C, the gain of antenna decreases with the increase of operating temperature and decreases by 0.015 dB with each increase of 1°C. The key design parameters in the fields of antenna manufacturing accuracy, efficient heat dissipation, and lightweight design are also analysed; for 32 × 32 rectangular planar phased array antenna, the gain of antenna decreases by 2.715 dB when the random error of installation position in x, y, and z direction reaches 1/10 of the wavelength. In addition, condition monitoring, displacement field reconstruction, and electrical performance compensation of APAA have also been touched to help engineers maintain and guarantee the antenna performance throughout its life cycle. Finally, the future research direction of SET technology of APAA has been discussed, and SET technology is extended to more fields such as antenna parameter uncertainty, high-frequency circuit electronics manufacturing, and electronic equipment performance guarantee.

Microwave frequency transfer over a 500-km cascaded fiber link using tracking filter

This paper demonstrates microwave frequency transfer over a 500-km cascaded fiber link that is composed of 5 spans of spooled fibers. The link noise of each span is actively compensated with an electrical phase compensation system. To ensure that the cascaded link operates continuously and reliably, a clean-up tracking filter is implemented before the fourth span, which suppresses the spurious signal caused by the accumulation of servo spikes span-by-span by at least 30 dB. In addition, the simple-architecture low-noise frequency conversion modules connecting adjacent spans are designed based on the harmonic of frequency divider. Thanks to these designs, frequency transfer instabilities of 1.8×10−14 at 1 s and 1.6×10−17 at 105 s are obtained over the 500-km cascaded link.

Electrocapacitive Deionization: Mechanisms, Electrodes, and Cell Designs

AbstractCapacitive deionization (CDI) is an emerging water desalination technology for removing different ionic species from water, which is based on electric charge compensation by these charged species. CDI is becoming popular because it is more energy‐efficient and cost‐effective than other technologies, such as reverse osmosis and distillation, specifically in dealing with brackish water having low or moderate salt concentrations. Over the past decade, the CDI research field has witnessed significant advances in the used electrode materials, cell architectures, and associated mechanisms for desalination applications. This review article first discusses ion storage/removal mechanisms in carbon and Faradaic materials aided by advanced in situ analysis techniques and computations. It then summarizes research progress toward electrode materials in terms of structure, surface chemistry, and composition. More still, it discusses CDI cell architectures by highlighting their different cell design concepts. Finally, current challenges and future research directions are summarized to provide guidelines for future CDI research.

Silver Anchored Polyaniline@Molybdenum Disulfide Nanocomposite (Ag/Pani@MoS2) for Highly Efficient Ammonia and Methanol Sensing under Ambient Conditions: A Mechanistic Approach.

We report the synthesis of silver anchored and para toluene sulfonic acid (pTSA) doped polyaniline/molybdenum disulfide nanocomposite (pTSA/Ag-Pani@MoS2) for highly reproducible room temperature detection of ammonia and methanol. Pani@MoS2 was synthesized by in situ polymerization of aniline in the presence of MoS2 nanosheets. The chemical reduction of AgNO3 in the presence of Pani@MoS2 led to the anchoring of Ag to Pani@MoS2 and finally doping with pTSA produced highly conductive pTSA/Ag-Pani@MoS2. Morphological analysis showed Pani-coated MoS2 along with the observation of Ag spheres and tubes well anchored to the surface. Structural characterization by X-ray diffraction and X-ray photon spectroscopy showed peaks corresponding to Pani, MoS2, and Ag. The DC electrical conductivity of annealed Pani was 11.2 and it increased to 14.4 in Pani@MoS2 and finally to 16.1 S/cm with the loading of Ag. The high conductivity of ternary pTSA/Ag-Pani@MoS2 is due to Pani and MoS2 π-π* interactions, conductive Ag, as well as the anionic dopant. The pTSA/Ag-Pani@MoS2 also showed better cyclic and isothermal electrical conductivity retention than Pani and Pani@MoS2, owing to the higher conductivity and stability of its constituents. The ammonia and methanol sensing response of pTSA/Ag-Pani@MoS2 showed better sensitivity and reproducibility than Pani@MoS2 owing to the higher conductivity and surface area of the former. Finally, a sensing mechanism involving chemisorption/desorption and electrical compensation is proposed.

Origins of Electrical Compensation in Si‐Doped HVPE GaN

Herein, the results of positron lifetime and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy obtained in Si‐doped GaN crystals, grown by the hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE), are reported. Pushing the Si doping to high concentrations leads to surprisingly strong compensation effects. Positron experiments show that the concentrations of Ga vacancies are not high enough to be efficient compensation centers. Other acceptor‐like impurities are present in concentrations orders of magnitude lower than the Si content in the samples. X‐ray absorption shows that the local environment of Si dopants in compensated samples is different from the fully activated case. Simulated spectra of X‐ray absorption near edge structure strongly suggest that in compensated spectra Si is likely to have more Si atoms in the nearest local environment. Hence, autocompensation of Si dopants appears as a likely compensation mechanism at high Si contents GaN samples grown by HVPE.

Impact and Mitigation of Human-Elephant Conflict Around Kaziranga National Park, Assam, India

In some areas, Human-elephant conflict (HEC) is a key issue for conservation and sustainable rural development due to increasing habitat loss and resource competition, resulting from the climate crisis and increasing human population. This study explored perceptions and experiences of HEC by smallholder farmers in villages near Kaziranga National Park, India. Interviews were conducted with 140 households in 29 villages using a semi-structured questionnaire. Participatory risk mapping was also conducted in three villages to identify perceived risks and their severity. Respondents considered crop-eating as a considerable challenge to efficient and productive farming. HEC scored a risk index of 0.986, greater than wild buffalo and one-horned rhinoceros combined. HEC around Kaziranga National Park is mainly nocturnal and seasonal, with peak activity in winter. Mitigation was primarily traditional 'drive-away' methods of shouting and burning tires. Villagers considered elephants an embodiment of the elephant God, Ganesha, which has conservation value. The government compensation policy was known to 40% of respondents, and 75% of them believed it complex and inadequate based on their experience. Tolerance for HEC was evident; 94% of respondents expressed a desire to remain in their village. Affected farmers recommended solar-powered electric fencing and efficient compensation to reduce HEC impacts. Mitigation measures should engage farmers, build trust, and address perceptions of successful outcomes. Effective HEC mitigation is essential to achieve UN Sustainable Development Goals in affected regions as well as elephant conservation.

Impact and Mitigation of Human-Elephant Conflict Around Kaziranga National Park, Assam, India

In some areas, Human-elephant conflict (HEC) is a key issue for conservation and sustainable rural development due to increasing habitat loss and resource competition, resulting from the climate crisis and increasing human population. This study explored perceptions and experiences of HEC by smallholder farmers in villages near Kaziranga National Park, India. Interviews were conducted with 140 households in 29 villages using a semi-structured questionnaire. Participatory risk mapping was also conducted in three villages to identify perceived risks and their severity. Respondents considered crop-eating as a considerable challenge to efficient and productive farming. HEC scored a risk index of 0.986, greater than wild buffalo and one-horned rhinoceros combined. HEC around Kaziranga National Park is mainly nocturnal and seasonal, with peak activity in winter. Mitigation was primarily traditional 'drive-away' methods of shouting and burning tires. Villagers considered elephants an embodiment of the elephant God, Ganesha, which has conservation value. The government compensation policy was known to 40% of respondents, and 75% of them believed it complex and inadequate based on their experience. Tolerance for HEC was evident; 94% of respondents expressed a desire to remain in their village. Affected farmers recommended solar-powered electric fencing and efficient compensation to reduce HEC impacts. Mitigation measures should engage farmers, build trust, and address perceptions of successful outcomes. Effective HEC mitigation is essential to achieve UN Sustainable Development Goals in affected regions as well as elephant conservation.

End-to-End Learning for Chromatic Dispersion Compensation in Optical Fiber Communication

In this Letter, we investigate the chromatic dispersion compensation problem in optical fiber communication. An end-to-end autoencoder (AE) is proposed to replace the transceiver of the traditional intensity modulation direct detection system. To deal with the obstructed gradient return problem in end-to-end transmission, we introduce a generative adversarial network to simulate the channel transmission process and employ a square-law detector for incoherent detection to reduce the complexity. Simulation results show that the BER of the proposed system can be significantly cut down compared with the conventional electric domain compensation algorithms.

Investigation of temperature correction methods for fine wire thermocouple losses in low‐pressure flat premixed laminar flames

Accurate temperature measurements in reactive combustion systems are crucial for kinetic and heat transfer studies. Intrusive temperature measurement methods, such as thermocouples, are still widely used in experimental combustion research applications. Thin wire customized type B thermocouples, (Pt Rh6%-Pt Rh30%), coated with BeO (Beryllium oxide) - Y2O3 (Yttrium oxide) anti-catalytic ceramic, are used in this study to measure the flame temperature at low pressure of three H2/CH4/CO-air flat flames at different equivalence ratios. In the range 500–1700 K, the measured flame temperatures are corrected for radiation losses with two different well-known approaches, the experimental electrical compensation method (ECM) and the numerical heat transfer correction method (HTM). Both methods are applied to the measured flame temperatures, and their performance and limits are assessed, highlighting the primary sources of uncertainties. This work aims to shed light on the crucial issues related to the temperature correction methods primarily used in the experimental combustion diagnostic. A strategy to reduce the uncertainties of the two methods is proposed and applied to the measured temperature flames. The propagation of the errors on the main parameters involved in the numerical correction method is carried out to estimate the final uncertainty of the corrected gas temperatures. Finally, a new approach is proposed to quantify the error incurred by neglecting conductive heat transfer between the thermocouple bead and the connecting thermocouple wires.