Telecommunications Research Articles

Near‐IR Emissive B–N Lewis Pair‐Functionalized Anthracenes via Selective LUMO Extension in Conjugated Dimer and Polymer

AbstractAcenes are attractive as building blocks for low gap organic materials with applications, for example, in organic light emitting diodes, solar cells, bioimaging and diagnostics. Previously, we have shown that modification of dipyridylanthracene via B–N Lewis pair fusion (BDPA) strongly redshifts the emission, while facilitating self‐sensitized reactivity toward O2 to reversibly generate the corresponding endoperoxides. Herein, we report on the further expansion of the π‐system of BDPA to a vinyl‐substituted monomer, vinylene‐bridged dimer, and a polymer with an average of 20 chromophores. The extension of π‐conjugation results in largely reduced band gaps of 1.8 eV for the dimer and 1.7 eV for the polymer, the latter giving rise to NIR emission with a maximum at 731 nm and an appreciable quantum yield of 7 %. Electrochemical and computational studies reveal efficient delocalization of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) along the pyridyl‐anthracene‐pyridyl axis, which results in effective electronic communication between BDPA units, selectively lowers the LUMO, and ultimately narrows the band gap. Time‐resolved emission and transient absorption (TA) measurements offer insights into the pertinent photophysical processes. Extension of π‐conjugation also slows down the self‐sensitized formation of endoperoxides, while significantly accelerating the thermal release of singlet oxygen to regenerate the parent acenes.

The Impact of Technology on Testate Succession in South Africa

One advantage of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) era is the expedient exchange of goods and services via the Internet. The Electronic Communications and Transactions Act 25 of 2002 (ECTA) plays a critical role in regulating transactions and communications. However, ECTA excludes the provisions of the Wills Act 7 of 1953 from its ambit. Inevitably, this creates difficulties for the recognition and/or validity of electronic wills in South Africa. If technology is not acknowledged and applied in the space of testate succession, enhanced 4IR innovations threaten the Wills Act with obsolescence. We argue in this contribution that the rapid changes brought about by the 4IR and the exclusion of the Wills Act from the ambit of ECTA mean that testate succession is not responding to the current impact of technology on people. In this contribution we seek to create a synergy between the two statutes with a view to ensuring the relevance of the Wills Act in the 4IR. Ultimately we propose that both statutes be amended to cater for electronic wills. This can be achieved by combining the use of digital signatures and Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) technology. In reaching this conclusion we draw some lessons from the statutory changes in the United States of America (USA).

Understanding the machining mechanism in ultrasonic vibration-assisted nanogrinding of GaN

As a typical difficult-to-machine material, gallium nitride (GaN) crystals have the merits of excellent chemical stability and large bandwidth, which can be used in fields of space optical components, photoelectric devices, and electronic communication. The smooth surface of GaN is the basis of these applications. Grinding of GaN has thus drawn increasing attention. Furthermore, vibration-assisted nanogrinding has the potential to reduce grinding forces compared with conventional nanogrinding. In this study, ultrasonic-vibration-assisted nanogrinding of GaN with a single grit is conducted based on molecular dynamic (MD) simulations. The plastic deformation mechanism of GaN single crystals as well as the influence of grinding parameters, such as vibration period and amplitude, on the grinding outcomes are investigated. The MD simulations reveal that plastic deformation of GaN in the vibration-assisted nanogrinding process is dominated by amorphous transformation, dislocation, stacking faults, lattice distortion, and formation of nanocrystals. Furthermore, amorphous GaN atoms are mainly induced in front of the grit and at either side of the grinded groove. In the grinding process, the periodic fluctuation of grinding force components, which include the normal, tangential, and horizontal forces, are stable. A smaller grinding force is obtained when grinding with a small vibration period. Moreover, a small vibration period and large vibration amplitude lead to improved grinding efficiency, suppressing the grinding force and subsurface damage, and improving the grinding quality. The findings in this study facilitate an understanding of the plastic deformation mechanism of GaN single crystals and also provide guidance for parameter optimization during vibration-assisted nanogrinding.

ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT THROUGH COLLABORATION AND BUSINESS INNOVATION IN IMBI VILLAGE, JAYAPURA

This study aims to empower the economy of the community in Kelurahan Imbi, Jayapura, through collaboration and business innovation using the Participatory Action Research (PAR) method. The PAR approach involves active community participation in every stage of the research, from problem identification to solution implementation and evaluation. Problem identification was carried out through focus group discussions and in-depth interviews, revealing various challenges such as limited access to capital, low levels of education and skills, poor infrastructure, and a lack of collaboration among stakeholders. Based on these findings, an action plan was formulated, including business financing programs, skills training and business mentoring, infrastructure improvements, and strengthening collaboration. The program implementation was conducted with active community involvement. The research results showed an increase in business actors' access to capital through low-interest loan schemes and savings and loan cooperatives. Training and business mentoring successfully enhanced community knowledge and skills, and encouraged product innovation and digital marketing. Infrastructure improvements increased mobility and market access, while the collaborative forum among stakeholders strengthened synergy and the effectiveness of economic empowerment programs. In conclusion, the PAR approach is effective in empowering the economy of the Kelurahan Imbi community, creating targeted and sustainable solutions, and building community capacity to develop local economic potential. This success underscores the importance of community participation and stakeholder collaboration in creating sustainable socio-economic change.

On Development of a SIM-Based Prototype for Enhancing the Usability of Mobile Value-Added Services

The advent of Mobile Value-Added Services (VAS) has witnessed widespread adoption in developing regions, notably within East Africa. This surge is attributed to advancements in information and communication technology, 3G/4G proliferation, growth of mobile internet accessibility, and rising smartphone penetration. Despite this progress, a significant segment of the population continues to rely on basic phones. Studies have shown that the text-based applications used on these types of mobile phones still pose significant obstacles in delivering a user-friendly VAS experience. This paper explores the potential for improving the usability of mobile value-added services on basic phones. We employed an action research approach, utilizing quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. Questionnaires gathered feedback on end-user testing, while in-depth interviews with five industry experts provided insights into potential solutions. This multi-faceted approach ensures a comprehensive understanding of user feedback and expert insights, culminating in the design of an intuitive SIM-based user interface prototype. This highly customised prototype prioritises services and functionalities simplify the user experience through improved navigability and accessibility. The effectiveness of this prototype was quantitatively analysed using descriptive statistics, focusing on ease of use, efficiency, effectiveness, and user satisfaction. With an average ease of use score of 85.8%, a geometric mean time on task of 29.43 seconds, and a user satisfaction score of 79.5%, the prototype demonstrates impressive functionality and garners acclaim for improved navigation and information discovery from users and experts. Further, comparative analysis from expert interviews reveald a more nuanced understanding of technology preferences for basic phone usability, contrary to previous studies. Building upon these demonstrably positive results, the paper concludes by advocating for user interface standardisation and recommending user-generated content for a more inclusive VAS ecosystem.

Efficacy of Teleconsultation Versus Usual Care in Improving Quality of Life Among Geriatric Patients Aged 60 and Above: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Introduction The geriatric population, aged 60 years and older, is rapidly growing worldwide. This demographic shift has led to a higher prevalence of chronic diseases, comorbidities, and functional impairments, placing immense pressure on healthcare systems. Teleconsultation, which uses telecommunication technologies to deliver healthcare services remotely, offers a potential solution. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of teleconsultation versus usual care in improving the quality of life among the geriatric population aged 60 years and older. Methods A parallel, randomized controlled trial with a 1:1 allocation ratio was conducted. Eligible participants, aged 60 and above, were recruited at the triage emergency department (ED) following a baseline eligibility assessment. Inclusion criteria included the ability to communicate in English or Hindi, possession of International Organization for Standardization (ISO-certified) instruments for self-monitoring, and willingness to comply with study procedures and provide written consent. Participants were randomly assigned to experimental and control arms using a computer-generated sequence, with allocation concealment achieved through sequentially numbered opaque sealed envelopes (SNOSEs), which were opened in front of participants after obtaining baseline data. A total of 2,000 participants (1,000 per arm) were enrolled and randomly assigned to either the teleconsultation or usual care group. Results In the teleconsultation group (n=1,000), 36.5% of participants (365) were female and 63.5% of participants (635) were male. Similarly, in the usual care group (n=1,000), 37.1% of participants (371) were female and 62.9% of participants (629) were male. The teleconsultation group significantly outperformed the usual care group in several domains pre-intervention, with higher mean scores in the physical health domain (11.16 vs. 10.96, P = 0.009), psychological domain (11.74 vs. 11.62, P = 0.020), and environment domain (12.44 vs. 12.26, P = 0.0001). No significant difference was observed in the social relationships domain (P = 0.452). The teleconsultation group significantly outperformed the usual care group in all domains post-intervention, with higher mean scores in the physical health domain (14.49 vs. 12.74), psychological domain (13.75 vs. 12.35), social relationships domain (14.05 vs. 12.90), and environment domain (13.91 vs. 12.94) (P < 0.001 for all). Conclusion These findings suggest that teleconsultation significantly improves the quality of life for elderly patients by providing a more accessible and convenient means of healthcare delivery and addressing the physical, emotional, and social challenges associated with chronic illnesses.

Near-IR Emissive B-N Lewis Pair-Functionalized Anthracenes via Selective LUMO Extension in Conjugated Dimer and Polymer.

Acenes are attractive as building blocks for low gap organic materials with applications, for example, in organic light emitting diodes, solar cells, bioimaging and diagnostics. Previously, we have shown that modification of dipyridylanthracene via B-N Lewis pair fusion (BDPA) strongly redshifts the emission, while facilitating self-sensitized reactivity toward O2 to reversibly generate the corresponding endoperoxides. Herein, we report on the further expansion of the π-system of BDPA to a vinyl-substituted monomer, vinylene-bridged dimer, and a polymer with an average of 20 chromophores. The extension of π-conjugation results in largely reduced band gaps of 1.8 eV for the dimer and 1.7 eV for the polymer, the latter giving rise to NIR emission with a maximum at 731 nm and an appreciable quantum yield of 7 %. Electrochemical and computational studies reveal efficient delocalization of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) along the pyridyl-anthracene-pyridyl axis, which results in effective electronic communication between BDPA units, selectively lowers the LUMO, and ultimately narrows the band gap. Time-resolved emission and transient absorption (TA) measurements offer insights into the pertinent photophysical processes. Extension of π-conjugation also slows down the self-sensitized formation of endoperoxides, while significantly accelerating the thermal release of singlet oxygen to regenerate the parent acenes.

P163 EMPAGLIFLOZIN AND ITS CARDIOPROTECTIVE EFFECTS IN THE HEART DURING VOLUME OVERLOAD IN AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL INDUCED BY AORTOCAVAL FISTULA

Mitral regurgitation causes volume overload of the heart, and due to the deregulation of extracellular matrix proteins, the electrical communication between cardiomyocytes provided by connexin channels is disturbed. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cardiac volume overload (VO) on its functional parameters, structural remodeling, and connexin43 (Cx43), a protein ensuring electrical synchronization of the heart, and the cardioprotective effect of empagliflozin. Cardiac VO was induced by surgical aortocaval fistula (ACF) in adult, 6-month-old male Wistar rats. Mitral regurgitation and VO developed within four weeks. Subsequently, empagliflozin was administered daily for five weeks at a dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight. Echocardiographic examination showed increased cardiac output and increased Vmax of the aortic valve, decreased ejection fraction and fractional shortening due to ACF-VO. Echocardiographic parameters showed an increase in the diameter of the left ventricle in both systole and diastole, as well as an increase in the volume of the left ventricle at the end of systole and diastole. Empagliflozin normalized the negative parameters in the ACF-VO group. Myocardial protein Cx43 levels were reduced by ACF-VO but normalized by empagliflozin treatment. In addition, empagliflozin suppressed the ACF-VO-induced increase in interstitial collagen detected by van Gieson staining. These findings were consistent with increased protein expression of MMP-2, which is involved in structural remodeling of the extracellular matrix, and was normalized by empagliflozin. Protein kinase C epsilon levels associated with Cx43 and extracellular matrix modulation were reduced by ACF-VO and normalized by empagliflozin. However, protein levels of pro-apoptotic and pro-hypertrophic protein kinase C delta were increased by ACF-VO and normalized by empagliflozin. Protein expression of transforming growth factor beta as well as fibroblast growth factor 21 was increased by ACF-VO and normalized by empagliflozin. The results indicate a cardioprotective effect of empagliflozin due to suppression of myocardial structural remodeling and preservation of Cx43 in an experimental model simulating volume overload. The research was supported by grants APVV-21-0410,VEGA-2/0006/23,VEGA-2/0133/24,VEGA-2/0002/20

Classification and Communication of Critical Findings in Emergency Radiology: A Scoping Review

PurposeTo identify the published standards for the classification and communication of critical actionable findings in emergency radiology and the associated facilitators and barriers to communication and message management or dissemination of such findings. Materials and methodsSearch terms for resources pertaining to critical findings (CFs) in emergency radiology were applied to two databases (PubMed, Embase). Screening of hits using the following pre-established inclusion and exclusion criteria were performed by three analysts with subsequent consensus discussion for discrepancies: (1) the resources include any standards for the classification and communication of imaging findings as critical, or (2) the resource discusses any facilitators to the communication of CFs, or (3) the resource discusses any barriers to the communication of CFs. Resources with explicit focus on a pediatric population or predominant focus on artificial intelligence or natural language processing were omitted. Accompanying gray literature search was used to expand included resources. Data extraction included year, country, resource type, scope or purpose, participants, context, standards to identifying or communicating CFs, facilitators and barriers, method type, recommendations, applicability, and disclosures. ResultsSeventy-six resources were included in the final analysis, including 16 societal or commission guidelines. Among the guidelines, no standardized list of CFs was identified, with typical recommendations suggesting application of a local policy. Communication standards included direct closed-loop communication for high acuity findings, with more flexible communication channels for less acute findings. Applied interventions for CFs management most frequently fell into four categories: electronic (n = 10), hybrid (ie, electronic or administrative) (n = 3), feedback or education (n = 5), and administrative (n = 4). ConclusionThere are published standards, policies and interventions for the management of CFs in emergency radiology. Three-tier stratification (eg, critical, urgent, incidental) based on time sensitivity and severity is most common with most CFs necessitating closed-loop communication. Awareness of systemic facilitators and barriers should inform local policy development. Electronic and administrative communication pathways are useful adjuncts. Further research should offer comparative analyses of different CF interventions with regards to cost-effectiveness, notification time, and user feedback.

Synthesis, Photophysical, and Computational Studies of Mono‐Azo‐Bridged, Meso‐Tris(2‐Furyl/2‐Thienyl) Substituted Porphyrin‐Arene Hybrids

AbstractPorphyrins hybrids have been used as models to study various energy/electron transfer processes. The linkers connecting various subunits in such hybrids are vital in establishing good electronic communication between the subunits and the azo‐bridge can be one of the efficient linkers to do so. Despite of these, the mono azo‐bridged porphyrin‐arene hybrids reported in the literature are only handful and the methods used to create them are not that efficient. In addition, the porphyrins used in this field so far contains only six‐membered meso‐substituents. By keeping these points in mind, we have developed a mild, one‐pot, work‐up‐free, high‐yielding method to synthesize mono‐azo‐bridged, porphyrin‐arene hybrids which also features porphyrins containing three five‐membered substituents like 2‐furyl or 2‐thienyl on their meso‐positions. Along with the NMR and mass characterizations, the photophysical and computational studies of all the reported hybrids are presented. The hybrids containing meso‐tris(2‐furyl/thienyl) substituted porphyrins displayed red‐shifted absorption and emission bands compared to their all‐meso‐aryl‐containing counterparts. In general, all the hybrids displayed enhanced fluorescence quantum yields compared to their precursor porphyrins. Among the series, the meso‐tris(2‐furyl) substituted porphyrin‐arene hybrids exhibited the more significant Stokes shift and small bandgap. The computational studies were in good agreement with the experimental findings.

Aspects of mobile phone use and behavioural intentions for learning in rural South African schools

This paper focuses on a study conducted in two historically disadvantaged schools (deep-rural and semi-urban) in South Africa where the rising access to mobile technology implies that the long-standing promise of mobile learning is becoming accessible despite the lack of recent research. This research aims to investigate the relationship between the type of school and various aspects of mobile phone use as well as differences in behavioural intention constructs to use mobile phones for learning. After a literature review, several hypotheses were developed. Using non-probability sampling techniques and the survey method, data was obtained from 128 participants, 79 from the deep-rural school and 49 from the semi-urban school. The semi-urban school exhibited slightly higher percentages in all aspects of cell phone use. Outside of mobile phone ownership and Internet access, all associations were significant. Significant differences were reported in favour of the semi-urban school for all constructs regarding the behavioural intention to use mobile phones for learning. However, the future of m-learning appears to be more promising than reported in earlier research by reporting positive behaviour from students in both schools. Critical stakeholders in education should take note and move from the goals of improving broad access to explicit objectives to implement m-learning in rural schools.

Impact of composition of AlGaInAs confining barriers on emission of InAs quantum dots embedded in AlGaAs/GaAs dot-in-a-well heterostructures

The emission of InAs quantum dots (QDs) grown on Al0.30 Ga0.70As/GaAs heterostructures and integrated into additional capping/buffer quantum wells (QW), known as dot-in-a-well (DWELL) structures, has been investigated. Two different AlGaInAs confining barriers (CBs) and buffer layers (BLs) are compared. The first QD structure includes the Al0.30 Ga0.70As CB (#1) and the In0.15Ga0.85As BL. The second QD structure consists of the Al0.40Ga0.45In0.15As CB (#2) and the In0.25Ga0.75As BL. Comparison of photoluminescence (PL) spectra has revealed that the ground state (GS) emission band in the structure #2 with Al0.40Ga0.45In0.15As CB is characterized by the lower peak energy, smaller PL linewidth (more homogeneous QD sizes) and higher GS emission intensity compared to that parameters in the structure #1 with Al0.30 Ga0.70As CB. The smaller potential barriers at the Al0.40Ga0.45In0.15As CB/QD interfaces in #2 lead to faster thermal decrease in the GS PL intensity at high temperatures compared with that in #1. High-resolution X-ray diffraction (HR-XRD) method was used for the study of the QD structures with the aim of monitoring the sizes and compositions of QDs and QWs. Numerical simulation of HR-XRD scans has shown that the material compositions of QDs and QW in #2 with Al0.40Ga0.45In0.15As CB has not changed in the process of QD structure growth at high temperatures compared to those in #1. The obtained results are interesting for further improvement of InAs/GaAs QD structures for telecommunication technology and optoelectronic applications.

Уровни цифрового неравенства: особенности проявления в Уральском федеральном округе

Introduction. Access to information, digital products and services contributes to reducing barriers in individual’s interaction with state, organizations, and other individuals, also providing opportunities for human development. The author assesses the digital inequality level of the constituent entities of the Ural Federal District.Materials and methods. Theoretically, the research is based on the concept of three levels of digital inequality, according to which inequality can be manifested at the level of access to Internet and information and communication technologies; at the level of the users’ digital skills and competencies; at the level of benefits obtained from the use of digital technologies and impacting individual life chances. The materials used are: statistical data of the Russian information society development monitoring, research on the digital literacy of the Russian population, conducted by the Analytical Center of the National Agency for Financial Research, the Russian Association of Electronic Communications, the Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation and the National Research University “Higher School of Economics”, as well as the results of an expert survey conducted by the author in 2023 with state civil servants of the Sverdlovsk region and employees of “Electronic government operator”, the state budgetary institution of the Sverdlovsk region.Results. The article reveals the specific features of digital inequality of the entities of the Ural Federal District. The geographical features of the region paradoxically affects the digital inequality level. The more compactly located territories of the Sverdlovsk, Tyumen and Chelyabinsk regions provide for the appropriate infrastructure with better broadband Internet access. A social consequence of low Internet access in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is, in part, that not all medical organizations can be connected to the Integrated National Health Information System. In addition, there is no direct correlation between Internet access and digital skills development. On the contrary, remoteness and inaccessibility of territories act as drivers for the development of digital competencies of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and Yugra residents, who are more efficient in using digital technologies in e-commerce and public services.Discussions and conclusions. “Bridging the Digital Divide” federal program implementation will increase the information infrastructure availability. Conscious and focused effort is required to improve digital literacy and cyber hygiene of the population.

Electronic and Social Media Enhance Business Communication: A Literature Survey

Electronic and Social Media Enhance Business Communication: A Literature Survey

Size shrinkage and compressive behaviour of Al2O3 honeycomb structures fabricated via Digital Light Processing technology

Al2O3 ceramic have excellent chemical inertness, superior heat resistance, and excellent corrosion resistance, so they are considered ideal materials for manufacturing high-performance components such as thermal end devices in aerospace, heat dissipation panels in electronic communication, and exhaust filters in the automotive industry. Digital Light Processing (DLP) is a useful technology to fabricate complex Al2O3 ceramic components. However, the size shrinkage effect of DLP-fabricated components need to be investigated deeply before its further application. In this work, we utilized DLP technology to fabricate Al2O3 ceramic honeycomb structures and systematically investigated their microstructure, size shrinkage, and mechanical properties. Our findings revealed that the Al2O3 ceramic grains exhibit flake-like structures with an average diameter of 1–2 μm, and the ceramic particles are tightly bonded. The shrinkage rates in the X and Y axes were 7.54 % and 7.42 %, respectively, while the Z-axis exhibited a more significant shrinkage of 13.04 %. This anisotropic shrinkage in different direction was attributed to accumulation of the interlayer bonding under gravity action during debinding and sintering process. The compressive stress-strain curve of the honeycomb structures demonstrated a typical brittle compressive behavior, including elastic, stress plateau, and brittle fracture stages. The honeycomb structures exhibited an elastic modulus of 54.49 ± 1.22 MPa and a compressive strength of 10.22 ± 0.42 MPa. The fracture analysis indicated that the fractures region of honeycomb structures initiated at the corners of the honeycomb structures, indicating their easy-broken compared to the walls. These findings provide valuable guidance for the high-precision and high-performance manufacturing of complex Al2O3 ceramic components.

Social problems of the informatization of the society

The article is devoted to the problems of the impact of informatization on society. Some theories of the post-industrial information society are discussed. These theories are constructed on emphasizing the role of the influence of informatization on the social development of society. An attempt is made to trace the basic ideas of D. Bell's, Y. Masuda's, J. J. Servan-Schreiber's, and A. Toffler's theories of the information society. Some other empirical researches on the economic and social consequences of informatization are analyzed. The attention is paid to phenomena of the information industry, the social role of electronic communications, information technology and work, social limitations on the use, and political aspects of the new information technology, as well as the problems of the international transfer of information.

Simultaneous recordings from vestibular Type I hair cells and their calyceal afferents in mice.

The vestibular hair cell receptors of anamniotes, designated Type II, are presynaptic to bouton endings of vestibular nerve distal neurites. An additional flask-shaped hair cell receptor, Type I, is present in amniotes, and communicates with a chalice-shaped afferent neuritic ending that surrounds the entire hair cell except its apical neck. Since the full repertoire of afferent fiber dynamics and sensitivities observed throughout the vertebrate phyla can be accomplished through Type II hair cell-bouton synapses, the functional contribution(s) of Type I hair cells and their calyces to vestibular performance remains a topic of great interest. The goal of the present study was to investigate electrical coupling between the Type I hair cell and its enveloping calyx in the mouse semicircular canal crista ampullaris. Since there are no gap junctions between these two cells, evidence for electrical communication would necessarily involve other mechanisms. Simultaneous recordings from the two cells of the synaptic pair were used initially to verify the presence of orthodromic quantal synaptic transmission from the hair cell to the calyx, and then to demonstrate bi-directional communication due to the slow accumulation of potassium ions in the synaptic cleft. As a result of this potassium ion accretion, the equilibrium potentials of hair cell conductances facing the synaptic cleft become depolarized to an extent that is adequate for calcium influx into the hair cell, and the calyx inner face becomes depolarized to a level that is near the threshold for spike initiation. Following this, paired recordings were again employed to characterize fast bi-directional electrical coupling between the two cells. In this form of signaling, cleft-facing conductances in both the hair cell and calyx increase, which strengthens their coupling. Because this mechanism relies on the cleft resistance, we refer to it as resistive coupling. We conclude that the same three forms of hair cell-calyceal transmission previously demonstrated in the turtle are present in the mammalian periphery, providing a biophysical basis for the exceptional temporal fidelity of the vestibular system.

Development of national specialization in 5G technologies within the European Union

Nowadays the efforts of not only companies, but also governments in different countries are aimed at the development of 5G technologies. On the one hand, the introduction of 5G is an expensive process that requires investments in the development, deployment and maintenance of infrastructure, the involvement of a large number of market participants and service providers, the creation of a stimulating and regulatory legislative framework, the provision of radio frequencies of a more efficient spectrum, the solution of patenting issues. On the other hand, the introduction of 5G technologies will be aimed at developing the economy of many industries, creating social benefits, reducing energy intensity, and will create new opportunities for companies. Currently, the benefits of the digital economy can be most used by the United States, the Republic of Korea and China, which have the highest rates of 5G adoption in the world. The countries of the European Union are also interested in the development of 5G technologies. We analysed key 5G technologies for 74,940 related patents for 23 EU countries for the period 2012–2021. It is shown that the leaders in the number of 5G patents were Sweden, Germany, Finland, France, the Netherlands and Ireland. It is noteworthy that countries can either focus on developing a small number of technologies, or develop a wide range of them. Since 2018, France, Estonia and Germany demonstrate the greatest number of technological specializations primarily creating inventions related to 5G data processing. At the same time, the USA, the Republic of Korea and China still retain their competitive advantages in fields of basic electric elements and electric communication technique for fifth generation networks. To improve positions in the global technology market the EU countries need to specialize in rarer and more complex technologies and develop national policies in this area.

What Do Elementary Students Need to Excel in English Learning?

Integrating digital and interactive learning methods is crucial in enhancing English language acquisition among young learners. This study explores the preferences and attitudes of fifth-grade students toward these methods in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) education. The research aimed to identify the specific needs of young EFL learners and assess the effectiveness of technology-oriented learning models. A questionnaire was administered to 84 fifth-grade students, examining their engagement with various digital tools, including videos, audio materials, interactive games, digital modules, and mobile accessibility. The results indicate a strong preference for visually engaging and interactive methods, with students strongly inclined toward video-based learning and interactive activities, particularly enjoying interactive games. Digital modules with interactive exercises, quizzes, and simple, user-friendly layouts were highly favoured, and colourful transitions and animations further enhanced their experience. The study also highlights the demand for responsive, mobile-accessible modules and tools that provide progress tracking and feedback. These findings underscore the importance of incorporating multimedia and interactive elements in EFL resources to better cater to the needs of young learners, suggesting that digital methods can significantly improve language acquisition and student engagement.

The effect of electronic integrated marketing communication on consumers purchasing behavior of mobile service: A case study from Jordan

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of E-integrated marketing communication on consumers’ purchasing behavior of mobile services. The population for the study involves all orange telecom mobile service customers in Jordan. Three hundred ninety-five questionnaires were distributed to orange telecom customers in Jordan, however, 375 only returned, which has been used for analysis. structural equation modeling using programs such as AMOS was used to investigate the impact of E-integrated marketing communication on consumers’ purchasing behavior. Data was collected through questionnaires was sent to study sample. The results of the study showed that E-integrated marketing communication had a positive impact on consumers’ purchasing behavior. Based on the findings, the study recommended that Orange Telecom should focus more on e-public relations to create a favorable image of the company among different groups of consumers, which can potentially enhance their purchasing behavior towards its mobile services. It is imperative for Orange Telecom to prioritize its e-integrated marketing communication strategy to effectively reach out to its target audience and influence their purchase decisions.