Electric Vehicle Supply Chain Research Articles

Identification of Supply Chain Disruption Risks and Strategies in the Electric Vehicle Industry Based on Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP)

In recent years, the electric vehicle industry has witnessed unprecedented development opportunities. However, with rapid technological iterations and fluctuating market demands, the vulnerability and complexity of the electric vehicle supply chain have significantly increased the potential risk of supply chain disruptions. Against this backdrop, this study adopts the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) to systematically analyze the risks of supply chain disruptions in the electric vehicle industry. By constructing a judgment matrix through industry data surveys and expert scoring, and conducting consistency checks, the weights of various risk factors are determined. The study finds that technological quality risk, demand forecast deviation, and logistics disruption are the primary factors affecting the stability of the electric vehicle supply chain. Additionally, although the probability is relatively low, the potential destructiveness of exogenous risks is equally undeniable. Accordingly, the study will propose targeted management strategies to enhance the resilience of the new energy vehicle supply chain at both the enterprise and industry levels in response to these risks.

Resilience evaluation and enhancing for China’s electric vehicle supply chain in the presence of attacks: A complex network analysis approach

Over the past decade, the electric vehicle (EV) industry has experienced rapid growth, necessitating a deeper understanding of its supply chain network’s structure and resilience. This study presents an analysis into China’s EV supply chain network through a two-tier network, employing complex network approach to explore its topological characteristics and network’s resilience. The results reveal that the nodes within China’s EV network follow a power-law distribution, with shorter average path lengths compared to other automobile networks, indicating a concentration of connections upstream. The resilience assessment shows that while the network is resilient against random attacks, it is significantly vulnerable to targeted attacks. Importantly, the High-Betweenness Addition (HBA) strategy is identified as a better strategy for improving the network’s overall resilience. This strategy of reinforcing the centrality of core nodes within the supply chain is highlighted as a crucial approach for enhancing the network’s resilience. Our findings underscore the importance of developing strategic connections among high-betweenness nodes to distribute these enhancements evenly, aiming to add one or two edges for enhancing network resilience. This study offers a lucid roadmap for enhancing the resilience of China’s EV supply chain network in the face of emerging challenges.

Research on Vertical Cooperation and Pricing Strategy of Electric Vehicle Supply Chain

To determine a vertical cooperation strategy and address the optimal pricing problem of the electric vehicle (EV) supply chain, a supply chain system consisting of two competing EV manufacturers (M1 and M2) and a battery supplier is studied. Firstly, three cooperation strategy models were constructed for the battery supplier and the EV manufacturers, namely: Strategy N (neither the battery supplier nor the two manufacturers cooperate with each other); Strategy I (M1 cooperates with the battery supplier); and Strategy II (M2 cooperates with the battery supplier). Then, the Stackelberg solution method was used to obtain the optimal equilibrium decisions under the three strategic models. Finally, the effect of the preference coefficient of consumers for leasing EVs per unit on the optimal equilibrium decision was analyzed. We found that: (1) The wholesale price of batteries provided by the battery supplier to M1 is always greater than to M2. (2) Strategies I and II prompt M1 and M2 to reduce the unit and fixed rental prices of EVs to some extent, while intensifying the competition between the two manufacturers in terms of EV lease prices. (3) When the consumer preference coefficient (θ) for leasing EVs per unit provided by manufacturer M1 is relatively small, the cooperation alliance S2 and the supply chain achieve the maximum profit under Strategy II; however, while θ is large, M1, cooperative alliance S1, and the entire supply chain could benefit the most under Strategy I.

Future of Global Electric Vehicle Supply Chain: Exploring the Impact of Global Trade on Electric Vehicle Production and Battery Requirements

Future of Global Electric Vehicle Supply Chain: Exploring the Impact of Global Trade on Electric Vehicle Production and Battery Requirements

A supply chain finance risk management model for the electric vehicle supply chain: a data-driven analysis

ABSTRACT Government policies and financial regulations, supply chain risk assessments, and technology have made electric vehicle (EV) supply chain challenging for Thailand to adopt and implement (SCF) effectively. This study aims to perform a data-driven analysis that provides insight into SCF risk management and inputs for an EV supply chain. Prior studies are lacking to propose a data driven SCF risk management model and present the model in the EV supply chain. This study proposed a hybrid approach to validate the attributes and formed the hierarchical structure. This study contributes insights into a valid SCF risk management hierarchical structure, identifies the causal interdependent relationships among the attributes, and determines the attributes for the model. The results show that financing risk control and global SCF strategies are needed for improvement. The bullwhip effect, decision-making processes, bank credit, corporate social responsibility, and reverse factoring are important for practices.

Electric Vehicle Supply Chain Risk Assessment Based on Combined Weights and an Improved Matter-Element Extension Model: The Chinese Case

In order to meet energy and environmental challenges, many countries will implement the replacement of fuel vehicles for the future clean energy transition; so, the number of electric vehicles (EVs) operating in cities will grow significantly. It is crucial to assess the risks of the electric vehicle supply chain (EVSC) and prevent them. Based on this, this paper proposes an EVSC risk research framework with combined weights and an improved matter-element extension model: (i) Firstly, the EVSC evaluation index system is constructed from the six stages of supply chain planning, sales, procurement, manufacturing, distribution, after-sales, and external risks. (ii) The subjective and objective weights are calculated by the decision laboratory method and entropy weight method, respectively, and then the minimum deviation method is used for a combined design to overcome the defects of a single method. (iii) An improved matter-element extension model (MEEM) is constructed by introducing asymmetric proximity degree and risk bias. (iv) The model is applied to a case study and its feasibility and superiority are verified through sensitivity analysis and comparative analysis. The final results show that the method and framework proposed in this paper are in line with EVSC risk assessment standards and superior to other models, which can help EVSC managers to identify potential risks, formulate appropriate risk prevention measures, promote the stable development of electric vehicles, and provide a reference for the development of energy and environment.

Driving forward together: The common intention of Indonesians in different residential areas to use autonomous vehicles

Despite the significant benefits of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) for global transportation, Indonesia's diverse geographical landscape encounter unique adoption challenges due to infrastructural shortcomings and economic limitations. This study explores the adoption of AVs in Indonesia, considering its potential market and crucial role in AV and Electric Vehicle supply chains. Drawing upon the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), we assessed AV acceptance across Indonesia's Metropolitan Cities, frontier regions (“3T”), and the New National Capital City (IKN) areas. Using a cross-sectional study design, we distributed an online questionnaire, focusing on demographics, perceived safety, transport mode changes, and behavioral intention towards AVs, based on TAM and UTAUT factors. From 1,255 valid responses, we found significant influences of gender (t (1253) = 4.22), safety perceptions (F (2,1252) = 52.373), and transport mode frequency (F (4, 1250) = 6.662) on AVs adoption intentions. Both TAM and UTAUT models were moderately effective in explaining willingness to use AVs (R2 = 34% and 48%, respectively). TAM highlighted perceived usefulness (β = 0.421) and ease of use (β = 0.540), while UTAUT emphasized effort expectancy (β = 0.317) and social influence (β = 0.240). However, the findings from the multigroup analysis did not corroborate the role of residential areas in determining the intention to use AVs. These findings offer crucial insights for developing AV promotion strategies, creating user-friendly designs, and formulating supportive policies for AV adoption in diverse Indonesian regions.

The Electric Vehicle Supply Chain Ecosystem: Changing Roles of Automotive Suppliers

The automotive industry is evolving due to the increasing adoption of Electric Vehicles (EVs). This transition has impacted automotive vehicles and led to profound changes in the supply chain ecosystem. Through a comprehensive review of the available literature and industry reports, this research investigates the automotive industry’s transition towards EVs and subsequent supply chain transformation, focusing on the changing roles of automotive suppliers. In this paper, we assess these transformations from economic, environmental, and strategic viewpoints. We examine the impact of these changes on supplier relationships, supplier OEM collaboration, and new entrants’ potential for disruption, as well as propose strategies for suppliers to effectively navigate this transformation, ensuring competitiveness in the evolving EV landscape. Finally, we discuss opportunities and challenges in EV supply chain research.

Tesla: route to India, route in India

Research methodology The case has been developed by using secondary sources of information. Case overview/synopsis Tesla’s much-awaited foray into the burgeoning Indian electric vehicle (EV) marketplace had hit the “high import tariff” roadblock. Discussions ensued and finally, Elon Musk, the CEO of Tesla and the Indian Government found common ground. The moot point of Tesla’s entry mode was resolved. Musk announced Tesla’s plan to set up an EV supply chain and manufacturing facility in the host country. This case discusses factors affecting location decision, market entry modes and international corporate-level strategies. Tata Motors sold affordable cars and was miles ahead in the EV race in India. Musk had to align Tesla’s India strategy with the company’s global strategy to woo the price-sensitive Indian consumers. What were the options available to him? This case examines different business-level strategic options that could help Tesla drive in the fast lane in India. Complexity academic level The case can be used in international strategy course at graduate level. It can also be used in a session on international marketing in marketing management course.

Spatial and Cross-Sectoral Transfer of Air Pollutant Emissions from the Fleet Electrification in China by 2030.

Fleet electrification shifts emission sources from the tailpipe to electricity generation and automotive supply chains subsequently, with emission transfer among regions. Such a spatial and cross-sectoral transfer of air pollutant emissions might embody uncertain environmental benefits spatially, which has not been comprehensively quantified, mainly due to the complexity of manufacturing processes of electric vehicle (EV) components (e.g., battery). We developed a hybrid life cycle assessment by combining inventory data of major processes and cross-sectoral input-output information and identified how China's EV deployment would influence the spatial redistribution of air pollutant emissions currently (2017) and in the future (2030). The results indicate that fleet electrification could readily reduce life cycle nitrogen oxides (NOx) and nonmethane volatile organic compound (NMVOC) emissions by 12-93%, and the reductions are estimated to be concentrated in major cities and urban agglomerations. However, increased demand for electricity and power battery production could increase PM2.5 and SO2 emissions in 17-55% of grids under all the scenarios, which emerge in coal-rich (e.g., Inner Mongolia, Shanxi) and industrial (e.g., Shandong, Henan, Jiangsu) provinces. By tracing the upstream, 31-55% of vehicle-cycle emissions are from deep supply chains but exhibit diverse sources. It suggests the necessity to relieve emissions leakage of fleet electrification by synchronizing effective environmental management across multiple sectors through EV supply chains.

The Effect of Economic and Infrastructure Factors on the Formation of Electric Vehicle Supply Chain and Optimal Location Selection: Korea-US FDI

Purpose - This study aims to present the changes and directions in the automotive supply chain in the face of changes in the global supply chain caused by external factors and the integration of industries resulting from internal factors. Assuming FDI in the Korean automotive industry in the US, this study analyzed the influential factors over the long term and derived the optimal location.
 Design/methodology - For this analysis, the characteristics and current status of the automotive industry are presented. Additionally, the study emphasizes the necessity and direction of change. The factors influencing Korea-US FDI in the automotive industry and the electric vehicle industry were analyzed through panel analysis. The optimal location from the perspective of distribution costs was selected using linear programming under the assumption that local demand will be replaced by local production in the future.
 Findings - This study found that the electric vehicle supply chain will change with the characteristics of the electric and electronic industries rather than with the traditional automotive industry. Additionally, in deriving the optimal location, the study emphasized the proximity to the consumption market.
 Originality/value - The analysis method and conclusions of this study not only present the influential factors and direction of FDI in the automotive industry but also can be applied to other industries. Moreover, the study provides practical and policy implications for industries and governments considering FDI in the US.

Supplier development or supplier integration? Equilibrium analysis in competing electric vehicle supply chains with power battery recycling

This paper explores the interaction of supplier development and supplier integration in competing electric vehicle (EV) supply chains with power battery recycling, each composing of one electric vehicle manufacturer (EVM) and one power battery supplier (PBS) who recycles the retired batteries. Each EVM purchases batteries from the PBS of itself and determines whether to integrate with its PBS as well as how much to invest in its PBS to cut battery cost, while the PBS decides the recycling rate. It is shown that after integration the EVM with less capability would reduce investment on supplier development and its PBS would decrease the recycling rate when the heterogeneity of EVMs’ supplier development capabilities (HSDCs) is large enough and EVM with more capability integrates its PBS; otherwise, an EVM would increase investment on supplier development and its PBS would raise the recycling rate after integrating with its PBS. It is also shown that the EVM with more capability always integrates with its PBS, while whether the EVM with less capability integrates with its PBS depends on the HSDCs and the value of echelon use of the retired batteries. Finally, it is shown that (1) the higher the value of echelon use is, the better the environment is; (2) if both EVMs do not integrate with their PBSs, the environment would become better.

Assessing the environmental footprint of the electric vehicle supply chain

The transition to electric vehicles (EVs) represents a crucial step towards reducing global carbon emissions and fostering sustainable transportation. However, the environmental footprint of the EV supply chain poses significant challenges that need to be addressed. This review paper assesses the environmental impacts associated with the EV supply chain, focusing on key stages such as raw material extraction, component manufacturing, and vehicle assembly. It highlights the substantial environmental costs, including land degradation, water pollution, and carbon emissions, particularly from the extraction of critical raw materials like lithium, cobalt, and nickel. The paper also explores the lifecycle carbon footprint of EVs, comparing it with that of conventional vehicles, and underscores the importance of sustainable practices in mitigating these impacts. Furthermore, it discusses regulatory frameworks, industry collaboration, and innovation as essential strategies for promoting sustainability in the EV supply chain. The paper concludes with a call to action for continued efforts in research, policy development, and industry practices to minimize the environmental footprint of EVs and advance sustainable mobility solutions.

RANTAI PASOKAN GLOBAL DAN NASIONALISME SUMBER DAYA ALAM: KAJIAN TERKAIT HILIRISASI NIKEL DI INDONESIA

This research explains the progress of Indonesia’s nickel down streaming despite in climate of resource nationalism. The concepts of global supply chain and hybrid resource nationalism are applied using descriptive qualitative methods with literature-based research as data collection. The research found that convergence between global business and the Indonesian government’s interest creates a favourable condition for the progress of nickel downstream. Global businesses are trying to diversify from the domination of the Chinese electric vehicle supply chain and Indonesia has become the ideal alternative. On the other hand, the Indonesian government needs foreign investment to sustain its resource nationalism project. As a result, resource nationalism that emerges in the nickel sector is moderate and not against foreign participation while foreign companies and governments are looking for new locations to lower the dependence on China. The combination of the two situations forms the main argument of this research as to how Indonesia’s nickel down streaming has been sustained

Pricing and green investment strategies for electric vehicle supply chain in a competitive market under different channel leadership

Pricing and green investment strategies for electric vehicle supply chain in a competitive market under different channel leadership

Unleashing the circular economy in the electric vehicle battery supply chain: A case study on data sharing and blockchain potential

Electric vehicles are perceived as a key technology to make mobility more sustainable, leading to a sharp rise in electric battery production and use. However, electric vehicle batteries are only a sustainable solution if they support decreasing the total impact of the supply chain, which makes circularity initiatives a key element in this transition. Currently, this is limited by the data sharing among actors in the supply chain on critical information needed to support a circular economy approach. In this study we explore how data sharing and information technology support the development of circularity in electric vehicle supply chains and examine the role of blockchain technology to address the circularity needs of battery tracking and capability sharing. To allow a comprehensive analysis, we conduct a case study in the electric vehicle battery supply chain, including companies from multiple tiers to capture all relevant perspectives. The results show that data sharing supports extended value chain activities, evolving from a linear to a circular supply chain perspective. It also indicates that blockchain technology supports removing existing barriers for a circular economy by facilitating transparency and traceability, especially for second-life applications beyond the dominant players in this industry.

Electric Vehicle Supply Chain Management: A Bibliometric and Systematic Review

With the advancement of electric mobility, critical materials that are used in the batteries and electronic equipment of electric vehicles tend to become scarce. This work aims to analyse the state-of-art of the electric vehicle supply chain through bibliometric and systematic reviews, using quantitative and qualitative indicators, to find critical points that represent risks to the supply chain and that should be focused on and to identify trends for further studies. The bibliometric review was carried out with the support of the Bibliometrix software. The systematic review was performed using the PRISMA method. The bibliometric analysis showed the importance of the costs associated with electric vehicles, as well as trends in studies related to sustainability and transparency in the supply chain. Although risk management in the supply chain appears to be relatively little studied when considering the authors’ keyword analysis, the systematic review showed that this process was the most studied topic. Even so, raw materials supply appeared as the topic most focused on, followed by an environmental impact assessment and cost analysis. There were also studies aiming to achieve competitiveness and analyse ecologically correct practices. The battery was the most studied component, but other components must be analysed in search of greater competitiveness in relation to conventional vehicles.

The establishment of electric vehicle supply chain and its resilience to supply chain interruptions

The establishment of electric vehicle supply chain and its resilience to supply chain interruptions

Industrial Policy for Electric Vehicle Supply Chains and the Us-Eu Fight Over the Inflation Reduction Act

Industrial Policy for Electric Vehicle Supply Chains and the Us-Eu Fight Over the Inflation Reduction Act

The Establishment of Electric Vehicle Supply Chain and Its Resilience to Supply Chain Interruptions

The Establishment of Electric Vehicle Supply Chain and Its Resilience to Supply Chain Interruptions