Production Of Electric Vehicles Research Articles

Burns Resulting from Electric Vehicle Manufacturing in Silicon Valley.

The development of electric vehicles (EVs) has introduced novel technologies and manufacturing processes that expose workers to new risks of burn injury. We identified six patients who were admitted to our burn center for injuries that occurred while working in EV manufacturing facilities. The burns fell into three categories: flash flame burns due to lithium-ion battery explosions, high-voltage electrical injuries, and burns caused by contact with molten metal. Recognizing these recurrent patterns of injury should inform future prevention efforts and prepare health systems to evaluate and treat patients burned in EV manufacturing.

Research on Product Positioning of New Energy Vehicles - Taking Tesla and Build Your Dream as Examples

This study focuses on the product positioning strategy of new energy vehicles, taking Tesla and Build Your Dream as examples. As a global leading electric vehicle manufacturer, Build Your Dream is committed to technological innovation and has launched a variety of new energy vehicle models, including pure electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles, and plug-in hybrid vehicles. Its product line covers multiple market segments, ranging from small city electric vehicles to large luxury electric vehicles, as well as special-purpose vehicles and commercial vehicles. In contrast, Tesla adopts a development model of first launching high-end models and then gradually expanding into the low-end market. From now on, Tesla's export volume is greater than Build Your Dream's, and it occupies a larger share of the global market. In terms of price, sales volume, sales channels, sales positioning, marketing strategies, imports, and exports, the two companies differ. Generally speaking, Tesla focuses on brand building and technological innovation, while Build Your Dream pays more attention to product cost-effectiveness and market share.

A Comparative Analysis of Product Positioning Strategies in the Global Electric Vehicle Market: Insights from Leading Brands and Emerging Markets

This paper conducts a comprehensive comparative analysis of product positioning strategies in the global electric vehicle (EV) market, focusing on insights from leading brands such as Tesla and emerging market players like Build Your Dream (BYD). Through an examination of technology innovation, product features, market penetration strategies, pricing models, sustainability, and environmental policies, the study highlights the diverse approaches companies adopt to navigate the rapidly evolving EV landscape. The analysis reveals that technological innovation, particularly in battery technology, drive systems, and autonomous driving capabilities, plays a crucial role in differentiating brands and shaping consumer preferences. Market penetration strategies and pricing models further illustrate how companies adapt to competitive and economic dynamics to maximize their global footprint. Additionally, the paper explores how sustainability and environmental policies reflect corporate responsibility and serve as key components of brand and product positioning strategies. The findings suggest that a deep understanding of these multifaceted aspects is essential for EV manufacturers to achieve long-term success in a market characterized by intense competition and high consumer expectations.

Vehicle pricing considering EVs promotion and public transportation investment under governmental policies on sustainable transportation development: The case of Norway

The present research investigates the advancement of sustainable transportation by promoting electric vehicles, expanding public transit, and implementing tax increases on fossil fuels and automobiles, via crucial strategies. The present study has examined a market with a fossil fuel vehicle (FFV) manufacturer, an electric vehicle manufacturer, and the government. The manufacturers' pricing strategies are geared towards optimizing profits, whereas the government's objectives for transportation are centered on attaining sustainability across economic, environmental, and social dimensions. The government has considered two strategies, one taxation-based and the other non-taxation-based, to achieve its objectives. In the taxation-based strategy, fixed taxes on fossil-fuel vehicles and fossil fuels are considered, while in the non-taxation-based strategy, subsidies for purchasing electric vehicles and the number of buses purchased for public transportation are predefined. Based on this, eight scenarios with different values for the predefined factors of each strategy have been defined to attain their respective objectives. Game theory has been utilized to determine an optimal solution based on Norwegian data, owing to the interconnected decision-making among stakeholders. By analyzing the findings, managers can enhance their decision-making capabilities. The results suggest that appropriately adjusting subsidies, taxes, and bus numbers within specific thresholds is crucial for mitigating air pollution and achieving other objectives. The assertion that electric cars are a definitive solution may not be accurate, as it depends on the source of the generated electricity. While excessive subsidies in non-renewable energy countries can lead to increased pollution, even in Norway, where most electricity is renewable, rising demand for electric vehicles contributes to air pollution due to increased production. In countries where electricity generation is not primarily from renewable resources, the growth of electric vehicles further exacerbates pollution.Simultaneous increases in fuel taxes and tariffs on fossil fuel vehicles negatively impact the demand for fossil fuel vehicles and government revenues. Therefore, it is recommended that an increase in fuel taxes be implemented to optimize both government revenues and social welfare. This approach safeguards public revenues, promotes societal well-being, and mitigates air pollution.

Efficiency Map Model for PMSM to Use in EV Simulation

As the automotive industry continues to transition towards sustainable solutions, Electric Vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a promising alternative. Central to the performance of EVs is the efficiency of their propulsion systems, particularly Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSM). This research paper presents the development and implementation of an Efficiency Map Model tailored for PMSMs, aiming to enhance the accuracy of EV simulation studies. The implications of this research extend beyond academia, providing valuable guidance for automotive engineers, electric vehicle manufacturers, and policymakers involved in the development and deployment of sustainable transportation solutions. The proposed Efficiency Map Model contributes to the ongoing efforts to enhance the accuracy of EV simulations, fostering the design and implementation of more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly transportation systems. Keywords— Motor Efficiency, Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSM), Design Parameters, Simulation, Efficiency Map Model

Condition monitoring of electric vehicle motor testing machine’s Vital components using bagged trees and quadratic SVM: a comparative study

The future of the automotive industry lies in the utilization of electric vehicles (EVs). A crucial component of these EVs is the drive motor. The verification of critical parameters for the electrical motor is considered to be of utmost importance, and this is achieved through the use of a motor testing machine. The motor testing machine is utilized frequently to determine characteristic curve points and the electromagnetic behavior of electric motors under various conditions. However, it has been observed that the presence of a fault in the helical gear setup of the testing machine leads to frequent breakdowns and suboptimal performance, thereby affecting the efficiency of the assembly line in the production of electric vehicles. In light of these observations, the main objective of this research endeavor is to improve the motor test bench apparatus by altering essential design parameters through the utilization of vibration signal analysis and machine learning techniques. Prior to extracting statistical features, vibration signals are obtained at different gear settings. These signals are subsequently categorized using classifiers such as Bagged Trees and Quadratic SVM. Machine learning techniques are utilized to classify the gathered signals as either normal or faulty, both with and without the inclusion of a 0.25 KW load for each condition. The performance of multiple algorithms is evaluated and scrutinized. The results have demonstrated that the Bagged Trees technique outperforms the other algorithm, achieving an impressive accuracy of 95.3%. Consequently, the proposed method presents an adept solution for augmenting the motor test bench’s capability by modifying crucial design parameters.

Greening the global battery chain? Critical reflections on the EU's 2023 battery regulations

The European Union's new battery regulations represent an ambitious effort to regulate the full lifecycle of global battery production. However, questions have been raised about their ability to regulate the social and environmental performance of mining and battery manufacturers. This article provides a critical reflection on the new EU legislation, focusing primarily on the “upstream” end of extraction for global battery and electric vehicle production. We make three claims: first that the EU's battery regulations represent a partial “hardening” of transnational supply chain governance that allows companies to undertake their own due diligence by outsourcing reporting and verification obligations to third-party auditors; second that the regulations prioritize issues that reflect EU interests, as opposed to communities affected by the recent surge in demand for battery metals; and third, that the regulations are embedded in a wider economic and geopolitical conflict that tends to disfavour producer states.

Gear up for safety: Investing in a new automotive future in China

China's electric vehicle (EVs) sector has experienced rapid growth over the past five years, driven by the country's ambition to lead in EV technology globally. As the automotive industry evolves, safety measures become increasingly important for manufacturers and consumers alike. The shift towards EVs is reshaping the automotive industry, posing challenges to traditional industry leaders and raising geopolitical concerns. China's emergence as a hub for EV production has supported this change. Evaluating strategies to mitigate the impact of Chinese-made automobiles, considering their cost-effectiveness and competitive advantage, is crucial as China's cars become more affordable and high-quality. Understanding the potential outcomes of investing in safety is crucial for navigating the complexities of the Chinese automotive market and establishing a sustainable presence in the industry. This study examines the potential outcomes of investing in safety in the Chinese automotive landscape, taking into account factors such as the business environment, regulatory landscape, cultural nuances, and market dynamics. It aims to provide direction for new investors and insights for new automotive companies entering the Chinese market, while emphasizing safety standards and innovation. Keywords: Electric Vehicle, Investment Safety, Business Environment, Regulatory Landscape, Cultural Nuances, Market Dynamics.

A Just Transition for Auto Workers? Negotiating the Electric Vehicle Transition in Germany and North America

Reducing human-made greenhouse gas emissions is crucially important for life on earth, but it requires restructuring industries in ways that could disrupt millions of workers’ lives globally. Whether this transition is “just” from the perspective of workers depends on the magnitude of job losses, the quality of new jobs, and the transitions workers experience from their current jobs to new ones. Using the example of the German automotive industry, where the shift to electric vehicle production has recently accelerated, the authors identify recommendations for unions and policymakers in North America and beyond. This article provides an overview of the tools for workers and trade unions in Germany to steer the transition and shows how analogous tools could be strengthened or created elsewhere.

Legal Cooperation of Kazakhstan with the BRICS Countries on the Production and Operation of Medical Electric Vehicles with Artificial Intelligence Technologies

This scientific article is devoted to the study and analysis of legal relations between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the BRICS countries in the field of the production and operation of medical electric vehicles with artificial intelligence technologies. Particular attention is paid to legislative measures that promote the formation and development of a new industrial sector, such as the production of medical electric vehicles with artificial intelligence technologies. The research uses a number of methods, including studying empirical data, comparative legal analysis, synthesis, generalization, and scientific forecasting. The article proposes legislative measures to solve the problems facing the medical electrical machinebuilding industry and the unmanned medical electric vehicle industry, as well as the difficulties of integrating automation and digitalization into the production process of transportation plants in Kazakhstan and the BRICS countries. In the order of forecasting, the authors propose the adoption of several laws that are relevant to the issue under consideration. These proposals include the signing of new international cooperation agreements between Kazakhstan and the BRICS countries aimed at the introduction of digitalization at machine-building plants in Kazakhstan for the production of medical electric vehicles equipped with artificial intelligence technologies.

Battery recycling Models Selection and Contractual Incentives: from an Information Sharing Perspective

As the battery recycling market in China is still in its early stages of development, the mechanisms, channels, pricing, and efficiency of battery recycling are shrouded in opacity. Battery recycling in China is currently dominated by electric vehicle manufacturer, supplemented by other market players such as battery producers and electric vehicle retailers. Due to the lack of information, battery recycling lacks cooperation and communication, and the whole market is dealing with "Information Island." Therefore, based on information sharing and channel competition, this paper designs a Stackelberg game model with an electric vehicle manufacturer, an electric vehicle retailer, and a third-party recycler as the primary participants. This paper finds effective information sharing can reduce intensified market competition and promote the transformation of market players into “collaboration state”. To promote partnership in the battery recycling market, this paper proposes a revenue-sharing contract incentive for the electric vehicle retailer to share demand information about battery recycling. This paper finds a revenue-sharing contract based on information sharing can help companies and competitors make appropriate behavioral choices in the battery recycling market. This study demonstrates that information sharing benefits the electric vehicle manufacturer and the third-party recycler while offering no advantages to the electric vehicle retailer. The decreasing accuracy of demand signals results in the diminishing value of information sharing for the electric vehicle manufacturer and the third-party recycler. The revenue-sharing contract can incentivize the electric vehicle retailer to share information to a certain extent.

Deciphering Stakeholder Strategies in Electric Vehicle Battery Recycling: Insights from a Tripartite Evolutionary Game and System Dynamics

Given that the global fleet of electric vehicles is expanding rapidly, leading to a surge in demand for power batteries, the significance of battery recycling has come sharply into focus. In this paper, we develop a tripartite evolutionary game model coupled with a system dynamics simulation approach to analyze the behavioral mechanisms of stakeholders in electric vehicle battery recycling and to identify the key factors influencing their strategic transformations. The model involves three key stakeholders: local governments, battery cathode manufacturers, and battery pack manufacturers. Through profit analysis and the formulation of a replicator dynamics system, coupled with the application of Vensim for system dynamics modeling, we analyze the effects of ten crucial exogenous variables on stakeholder strategies. Our research highlights the crucial role of government actions, such as subsidies and penalties, in directing corporate strategies. Notably, excessively high subsidies (over 2.1 million Chinese Yuan) may lead to dependency among cathode manufacturers. Market factors, including increased battery sales and the preference for low-carbon procurement by electric vehicle manufacturers, are shown to significantly motivate cathode manufacturers to adopt recycling strategies and encourage pack manufacturers to develop recyclable designs. Additionally, the introduction of EU battery regulations and the integration of cathode manufacturers into carbon trading schemes have been identified as positive catalysts for strategic shifts, especially for cathode manufacturers, while exerting minimal influence on pack manufacturers. This paper elucidates the intricate interaction of the behavioral patterns and key motivators affecting stakeholder strategies in electric vehicle battery recycling.

A strategy to assess the use-phase carbon footprint from energy losses in electric vehicle battery

The electric vehicles are not completely emission-free. The vehicles consume power and the power generation processes involve carbon emissions, resulting in indirect vehicle usage carbon emissions. A use-phase carbon emissions assessment can help electric vehicle designers and manufacturers analyze the onboard carbon footprint and mitigate vehicle-related carbon emissions through energy consumption optimization. In this article, we focus on the use-phase carbon footprint based on the energy losses in electric vehicle battery packs. A battery pack energy loss model is established to examine the carbon footprint of four main subsystems of the battery pack, including the energy storage system, thermal management system, and battery junction box. We use the proposed method to evaluate the battery pack use-phase carbon emissions in four different cities from four main continents. The results show that the highest emissions appear in Tokyo (436.2 kgCO2) due to the relatively high greenhouse gas factor on the grid, the London has the lowest 207.5 kgCO2 emissions due to the massive adoption of sustainable energy during power generation. With a similar high greenhouse gas factor, but Sydney shows lower emissions (347.5 kgCO2) compared to Tokyo, which illustrates the closer the annual average temperature to the battery suitable operation range, the lower energy loss happens inside the battery pack due to the low thermal management load and resistance energy loss in the cells. This electric vehicle has the highest energy loss rate (20.8%) in New York, 343.6 kgCO2 emissions, and the highest thermal management system energy losses show the high seasonal temperature difference causing the high thermal management load to maintain the battery temperature. The proposed method can be used for different battery pack configurations and vehicle uses, providing researchers with a robust and versatile use-phase carbon emissions assessment strategy.

Sustainable Painting Facility for Electric Vehicle Manufacturer

Sustainable Painting Facility for Electric Vehicle Manufacturer

Progress, Challenges and Opportunities of Electromobility in Mexico

This paper highlights the attempts made by the government to integrate electromobility in Mexico, despite not having a well-defined National Electric Mobility Strategy, and compares the advances, challenges and future opportunities of electromobility with other countries with similar conditions in terms of the public policy, the evolution of the electric vehicles market, the charging infrastructure, incentives and legal framework, and diffusion channels. The results showed that Mexico has made partial advances in the infrastructure, production and exportation of electric vehicles, consumer incentives and project implementation. However, the country requires strengthening strategies on the economic incentives for the user and industry, homologation of chargers, training of personnel specialised in electric vehicles, handling and destination of batteries, and defining its National Electric Mobility Strategy. As a way forward, our study suggests comparing the electromobility strategies of other countries and understanding the key aspects that might enable the successful introduction of electric vehicles.

A Study on the Preference of Electric Vehicle Front Design Elements

In order to invigorate Korea’s pure electric vehicle market, innovative changes are imperative in both technological advancements and exterior design aesthetics. The front fascia, being the nucleus of car design, profoundly influences not only brand perception but also consumer preferences and purchasing decisions. Hence, the significance of front-end design in pure electric vehicle engineering is becoming increasingly evident. This study aims to assess the front-end design of electric vehicles and delineate the design aesthetics favored by consumers. Focusing on the exterior design aspects of electric vehicles, the study participants were limited to adults aged 20 or above. Utilizing Maximum Difference Scaling, a questionnaire was formulated, and preferences for front-end elements (headlamps, bonnet, bumper, grille, and side mirrors) were scrutinized through cross-tabulation analysis. The findings revealed the bonnet as the most preferred element, with a preference towards simplistic designs observed across all elements, including the bumper, grille, and side mirrors. Headlamps ranked as the second most preferred element, with a tendency towards emotionally evocative designs. This study offers insights into consumer preferences regarding the front-end elements of electric vehicles and is poised to contribute to the revitalization of Korea’s pure electric vehicle market by providing pertinent information to future electric vehicle manufacturers.

Identification of electric vehicle adoption and production factors based on an ecosystem perspective in Indonesia

Identification of electric vehicle adoption and production factors based on an ecosystem perspective in Indonesia

Identifying and minimizing critical driving range thresholds for electric vehicles in intercity networks

It is well known that range anxiety faced by electric vehicle (EV) drivers nowadays can be effectively mitigated by either increasing the driving range of vehicles or increasing the distribution density of charging stations. To enact an effective research and development plan, vehicle manufacturers should understand well the relationship between the EV adoption and usage rates and the performance level of battery and energy management technologies. On the other hand, the underlying relationship between EV adoption and usage rates and the number and distribution of charging stations is also critical for charging infrastructure investors in determining their construction plans. This paper is dedicated to analytically identifying two critical driving range thresholds and further reducing these driving range thresholds as much as possible by optimally deploying charging station locations in intercity highway networks. These critical thresholds represent the turning points of individual routing convenience conditions or satisfaction levels for long-distance trips, implying that the inconvenient travel restrictions may be largely overcome if the driving range of EVs goes beyond these thresholds. For this purpose, we develop two integer programming models and dynamic programming algorithms for the driving range threshold identification problems, and extend the modeling framework to accommodate two relevant driving range threshold minimization problems as well, which are solved by a branching algorithm encapsulating the aforementioned dynamic programming procedures. The output of this research offers a set of new analytical tools for EV manufacturers to make strategic decisions on extending the driving range of their products and for charging infrastructure investors to make planning decisions on selecting charging station locations.

Assessing the supply risks of critical metals in China's low-carbon energy transition

The unprecedented low-carbon energy transition has heightened concerns about the security of critical metals (CMs) supplies that are essential for clean energy technologies. As the world's largest consumer and importer, China’s CMs supply may face significant challenges due to geopolitical uncertainties, price volatility, and other dynamics. Here, we introduce a risk-modeling framework to holistically gauge the multifaceted supply risks for 30 CMs embedded in clean energy technology spanning from 2008 to 2020. Our analysis indicates that approximately one-third of CMs supplies grapple with elevated risk, and half of these CMs are associated with electric vehicle manufacturing. These risks stem mainly from significant disruption potential (e.g., lithium and palladium) and substantial import reliance (e.g., nickel and niobium). Although China's overall CMs supply risk has remained relatively stable, the nation has grown increasingly susceptible to disruptions, especially with the surge in clean energy initiatives and associated price hikes. Our detailed analysis of the risk comparison reveals that China's supply risk for nine metals (e.g., copper and chromium) exceeds that of other countries that consume large amounts of CMs. Therefore, by adopting focused strategies related to metals, both governments and industries could benefit from global partnerships, strategic stockpiling, early warning mechanisms and sustainable supply chain management, paving the way for a smooth low-carbon energy transition for China.

Inline failure detection in laser beam welding of battery cells: Acoustic and spectral emission analysis for quality monitoring

The mobility sector is considered a major contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. As a result, many countries have initiated the transition from fossil fuel-powered to electrified powertrains. This transformation of the powertrain concept will lead to a rapid increase in the production of electric vehicles and, therefore, to a high demand for so-called traction batteries. As a production step of the traction batteries, a connection between the cell connector and the terminal of the battery cell has to be manufactured. For this purpose, laser beam welding is a reliable and efficient joining technique. In order to ensure continuous quality of the welding process during production and to detect defects in real time, reliable process monitoring is required. In this study, spectral and acoustic emissions during laser beam welding were recorded using a laser welding monitor and an optical microphone. For determining possible correlations between the signals and weld defects, various failure cases were generated by the systematic placement of disturbance elements. These elements included a contaminated surface, a gap between the cell connector and the battery cell, and a misalignment of the cell connector. Based on the recorded signals, statistical metrics were calculated. Finally, weld seams with and without defects were compared to assess the capability of both sensor systems for detecting the weld defects.