Electric Tram Research Articles

Energy Cost Minimization Based on Decentralized Reinforcement Learning With Feedback for Stable Operation of Wireless Charging Electric Tram Network

The convenience and energy efficiency of electric trams have resulted in their rapid adoption in many areas of the world. Despite trams’ many advantages, overhead lines installed along the track cause severe problems, such as safety issues, maintenance problems, and difficulty in renovating the urban road system. To solve these problems, a wireless charging electric tram system has been developed to replace the overhead lines, catenary, and pantograph. With wireless charging segments installed underground, a tram can operate freely without any support from overhead lines. In order to successfully commercialize a wireless charging tram system, it is essential to minimize the energy cost of the wireless charging tram system. In this article, a model of a wireless charging electric tram system and an energy cost minimization algorithm are proposed. The Manchester Metrolink tram network is modeled using the Google Maps API, the Google Transit API, and the Metrolink API to simulate the wireless charging system under massive public transportation network. To determine the minimum energy cost, an energy cost minimization algorithm for the wireless charging tram system is proposed based on decentralized multiagent reinforcement learning with feedback. The numerical results show that the proposed algorithm can reduce costs while ensuring stable operation.

Death Is All around Us: Corpses, Chaos, and Public Health in Porfirian Mexico City

Death Is All around Us: Corpses, Chaos, and Public Health in Porfirian Mexico City

Post Memory Violence

Post Memory Violence

Efficient Deployment Design of Wireless Charging Electric Tram System with Battery Management Policy

As an alternative to the environmental pollution problem of transportation means, the application of electric tram is considered in urban areas. However, due to the aesthetic problems occurs by the electric supply line for an electric tram, the wireless charging electric tram may be regarded as an alternative. It can be supplied electricity wirelessly from the wireless charging infrastructure installed on the railways even while moving. For a successful application, it is important to install and operate the overall systems with minimum investment cost. In this study, a mathematical model-based optimization technique, one of the methods of operations research, is adopted to derive the decision-making elements such as capacity and management of battery and allocation of the wireless charging infrastructure. Numerical example shows the optimal capacity and management of battery for a wireless charging electric tram and the ideal installation locations of the wireless charging infrastructures.

Contribution of Ukrainian Scientists to the Development of Electrodynamics

The aim of the paper is to prove the importance of the works performed by Ukrainian scientists for the development of electrodynamics. Some examples of achievements made by Ukrainian scientists in this scientific area include physical theories in such directions as the electrical conductivity, domain structure of ferromagnets, photoelectromotive force in semiconductors, microscopic theory of superconductivity, Shubnikov–de Haas effect, magneto-acoustic resonance, invention of an electric tram, live broadcast of the moving-image signal, distant control of objects by means of radio signals, and arc welding of metals. Most Ukrainian scientists have founded their own scientific schools, which works are recognized throughout the world. They were not only engaged in the scientific and lecturing activities, but also in the popularization of science, reformation of the education system, and social activity.

A Praça da República enquanto espaço de sociabilidade de uma cidade moderna (Pelotas, 1912-1930)

Na virada do século XIX para o XX, o Brasil experimentou uma série de transformações urbanas que implicaram na iluminação e pavimentação das ruas, ajardinamento das praças e vias públicas, instalação de bondes elétricos, tratamento da água e do esgoto e na edificação de residências salutares, bem como em medidas de higienização. Nesse sentido, o presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar as modificações sofridas na Praça da República, no contexto das reformas urbanas, bem como, a sua efetivação como espaço de sociabilidade para as elites locais.

Automobile public transport in Kharkiv at the beginning of the twentieth century: projects and first attempts at implementation (based on materials from the local press)

Research aim is to establish the history of the first projects and attempts to organize bus passenger transportation in Kharkov at the beginning of the twentieth century. Research methodology. The article discusses the emergence and development of bus traffic in Kharkiv at the beginning of the twentieth century from the point of view of the concept of modernization of urban space. Scientific novelty. For the first time in the historiography the history of bus traffic in Kharkiv at the beginning of the 20th century became a topic of a special scientific study. The basic facts of the organization of regular bus traffic in the city in the context of the state of transport communication at that time have been established. Conclusions. The publications of the newspapers «Yuzhnyj Kraj» («South Land») and «Utro» («Morning») make it possible to identify the causes and content of the first projects of automobile passenger transportation in the city, as well as to find out that the beginning of bus traffic was closely connected with the solution of the so-called «tram issue» horse-drawn railways, which belonged to Belgian owners. Certain projects for road transport of passengers in Kharkiv - suburban bus service along the route Kharkov Measurements and delivery of the public to the hippodrome from Teatralnaya Square during the days of equestrian competitions - were carried out already in 1908-1909, but for the first time an official bus service in the city was opened along a regular route from Veterinarnaya Street to the railway station on June 6, 1910. Bus traffic existed in Kharkov during the summer-autumn of 1910, was resumed in the spring of the following year and probably lasted no longer than until the autumn of 1911. The first experience of organizing bus passenger transportation in Kharkiv was not very successful and could not compete properly with other types of urban public transport of that time - horse and electric trams. The cost of bus transportation was too high compared to the cost of horse tram and city electric trams.

Development of Infrastructure and Changes in the Social Space of Kharkiv at the Turn of the 19th – 20th Centuries

The article explored the impact of urban infrastructure on the social space of Kharkov in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. Kharkiv municipality began to implement large-scale infrastructure projects that contributed to solving urgent sanitary-epidemiological and social problems from the 1870s. The first significant technological component of the infrastructure was water supply. Telephone communications, electric lighting, sewage, horse and electric trams started to function in Kharkiv at that time. Networks of medical, educational and cultural institutions were widely developed. The publication clarified the role of certain actors in the creation and maintenance of infrastructure elements. In particular, thanks to Kharkiv municipality declared the basics of collective safety, occupational health, social ecology and formed communicative relations of infrastructure institutions with consumers. Attention is also focused on the role of Kharkiv philanthropic organizations and expert groups, which contributed to the awareness of citizens of such an ethical principle as social responsibility. In the article considered changes in the material substrate of the social space of Kharkiv. It is noted that although the center of the city was the zone of “prestige”, however, the localization of the components of the city infrastructure gradually expanded, which became one of the important features of the modernization of the social space of the city. Networks of hospitals and educational institutions covered remote Kharkiv areas. Public transport and stationary trading establishments become part of the everyday practices of residents of the city's environs. It is concluded that the development of infrastructure not only changed the physical appearance of the city, but also transformed social practices and the symbolic coding of social space.

"Why Not Live There?" Two 1908 houses in Addington and Hataitai

In 1908 two houses were erected. They were both long and narrow. They both featured "stick" style half-timbered decoration. They both featured typical joinery of the era - double-sash windows, four-panel doors and elegantly profiled skirtings. And both were the product of speculative builders capitalising on an expanding housing market. One house was built in Hataitai, Wellington. The other was built in Addington, Christchurch. In the early twentieth century, the introduction of electric trams and an associated tunnel through Mt Victoria led to out-lying settlements like Hataitai becoming densely populated suburbs. In 1908 Addington was already an established inner suburb, but intensification was underway as remaining pockets of farmland were subdivided for housing. This paper will compare and contrast the respective careers of the developers of these two homes: J. W. Easson – an ambitious builder and joinery factory owner who oversaw the construction of 600 houses in the capital between 1905 and 1914, and Frederick Crawford, a smaller-scale speculator who built 50 houses in Christchurch in the same period.

Eco‐driving control for hybrid electric trams on a signalised route

This study proposes an integrated eco-driving controller, in which speed profile and power split optimisation are simultaneously treated. A speed profile controller is designed based on a multi-phase dynamic programming (DP) algorithm, which is utilised to optimise speed trajectories with the detailed model of the traction power system, vehicle dynamics system, and signal constraints at intersections. The optimised speed and demand power profiles are designed as the reference of the power split optimal controller. A DP algorithm is presented to determine voltage trajectories of supercapacitors with power plant voltage limitations and dynamic power losses. The performance of the proposed integrated method is evaluated by numerical simulation based on an actual route of Chengdu Tramway Line 2. The energy reduction can be achieved by the speed profiles controller, compared to the eco-cruising benchmark strategies. Energy efficiency can be further improved by the integrated eco-driving controller. Moreover, the influences of green signal time windows and trip time on the shape of the optimised solution are investigated. For a given journey, the trip time with minimum energy consumption can be obtained. The integrated eco-driving control method can be implemented by driver assistant systems or automatic train operation systems.

The future is urbanised

Summary The human population is shaping the planet like never before. Although this transformation started with agriculture, the focus is now switching to cities as humanity is rapidly becoming more urbanised. Thus, the environmental and sustainability challenges of this century will all have to be addressed in the context of more than 4 billion people living in cities. Michael Gross reports.

A City at the Front of Change: Technology and Urban Life in Lemberg during the First World War

Abstract This examination of Lemberg during the First World War uses newspapers, diaries, memoirs, official proclamations, and contemporary published statistical data to explore how the relationships between the citizens of Lemberg and modern technologies changed during the war years. The citizens of the city experienced two kinds of modern technology during the war. The first, titled here mundane, involved technologies that had only recently come to the city, but that had become essential to everyday life. These included electric trams, lighting (both electric and gas), and items such as cash registers, battery powered flashlights, and sewing machines. The second type of technology, the extraordinary, consisted of technologies that provided some level of spectacle prior to the war. These included motorized transportation, airplanes, and the cinema. This article argues that the relationship between both of these categories of technology and the populace changed during the war years. Mundane technologies became even more important in the daily lives of the citizenry, while the extraordinary technologies of cars, motorcycles, and airplanes became machines of war, while the cinema became both an escape from, and a transmitter of, the realities of the war happening nearby. The article also serves as a contrast to the experiences of citizens in other Polish-speaking cities during the war.

Implementation of transportation modes in universitas indonesia campus based on fueled gas and electricity to reduce emission load

The emission load at the University of Indonesia, with a population data of 44,113 people, consists of 85.11% of students and 14.89% of lecturers and employees of 30,864 tons CO2 / year, where the highest emissivity rate is generated by the electricity sector of 25,564 tons CO2 / year and public transportation 582,000 tons CO2 / year. The assessment was carried out on various indoor facilities for CO2 emissions generated by the public transportation sector, namely gas procurement with CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) technology, hybrid electric-powered bus (PHEV), and electric tram (Transit Light Rail). Calculation is done with primary data base and secondary data with purpose. The calculation results of emission load for each mode of transportation in sequence namely; LRT of 0,000071 tCO2e / year, PHEV of 0.00028 tCO2e / year and CNG of 0.012958 tCO2e / year. CO2 emission load generated by a gas engine as a scenario 2 (PHEV) electricity feeder facility is 2.030995 tCO2e / MWh.

Optimal Energy Management and Control in Multimode Equivalent Energy Consumption of Fuel Cell/Supercapacitor of Hybrid Electric Tram

For low energy consumption and operational stability, multimode equivalent energy consumption, an optimal energy management and control method, is proposed in this paper. This method effectively solves the problem of energy distribution between the primary power—a high-power fuel cell and an auxiliary power—and a supercapacitor, in complex operating conditions. In all four states of the hybrid electric tram, i.e., traction, coasting, braking, and station parking, the optimal energy distribution method, with the highest energy efficiency of the tram, is obtained through the whole system modeling and the equivalent energy consumption calculation. In order to verify the responding speed, this method gets the analytical solution and is tested on the RT-LAB hardware-in-the-loop simulation platform. The results show that compared to the power following method the new method can reduce the overall tram energy consumption by 2.5% in complex operating conditions. What is more, when this method is successfully applied to the world's first commercial fuel cell/supercapacitor LF-LRV hybrid tram, its energy consumption and fuel cell system (FCS) output fluctuation rate are effectively reduced according to the operational data, which indicates a good chance of extending the life of the FCS as well.

Hierarchical Management Control Based on Equivalent Fitting Circle and Equivalent Energy Consumption Method for Multiple Fuel Cells Hybrid Power System

In order to reduce the operating cost of hydrogen fuel cell hybrid electric tram, this paper proposes a hierarchical control method, which includes a control layer and a management layer. In the control layer, through three-dimensional efficiency, modeling, and geometric solution of fuel cell system (FCS), the equivalent fitting circle method is adopted to realize the optimal allocation among sets of multiple fuel cells with different parameters. Meanwhile, in management layer, according to the operation states of tram, the supercapacitor dynamic energy consumption coefficient is proposed and applies in the tram efficiency model for the equivalent energy consumption (EEC) method, and the improved EEC method can accurately provide the optimal power distribution of the hybrid system under different operating conditions. According to RT-LAB platform tests, compared with other online methods under the same operating conditions, the proposed method has the apparent satisfactory results in reducing hydrogen consumption. What is more, the actual tram operation test also shows that the proposed method ensures the output stability of the FCS so as to prolong its life and reduce its operation and maintenance costs.

An efficient integration of the genetic algorithm and the reinforcement learning for optimal deployment of the wireless charging electric tram system

To solve the two main issues such as long charging down time and expensive battery price of the electric vehicle systems, lots of researchers have studied about advanced charging and battery technology. In same time, the new electric vehicle system which applying the wireless charging technology is also regarded as alternative means of transportation because it can reduce both the long charging down time and the battery capacity. It is called as the wireless charging electric vehicle system and it can be supplied the electricity wirelessly from the wireless charging infrastructure buried under the road. In the similar reason, the wireless charging electric tram system is received lots of interests as the alternative mass transportation in urban and suburb area. To derive the optimal decision-making elements such as the required minimum battery capacity and the allocation of the wireless charging infrastructure, which have a trade-off relationship, a mathematical model is developed. In addition, the genetic algorithm integrated with the reinforcement learning are proposed to generate an optimal solution. By assuming the several integration situations of them, an efficient integration level of the genetic algorithm and the reinforcement learning are examined.

Comparative Analysis of Biological Effects Induced on Different Cell Types by Magnetic Fields with Magnetic Flux Densities in the Range of 1–60 mT and Frequencies up to 50 Hz

Moderate static magnetic fields (SMFs) are generated from sources such as new-generation electric trams and trains, electric arc welding, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) devices, as well as during the industrial production of aluminium, while extremely low frequency pulsed magnetic fields (ELF-PMFs) are produced by house power installations, household appliances, and high voltages transmission lines. Moderate SMFs and ELF-PMFs with magnetic flux densities (B) in the range of 1–60 mT and frequencies (f) up to 50 Hz are common MF exposure sources for the population. Even though humans are continually exposed to these MFs, to date no definitive endpoint has been drawn about their safety. In this review, the state of knowledge about the biological effects induced by these MFs on different cell types will be addressed. In our own observation, the putative modulation of Ca2+/H+ and Na+/H+ plasma membrane antiporters of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) was found to occur after a 24 h exposure to a 6 mT SMF, and the bystander effect observed on U937 cells cultivated for up to 6 h in the conditioned medium harvested from human PBLs previously exposed for 24 h to the same MF (secondary necrosis induction) will be also herein discussed.

Efficient design of an operation profile for wireless charging electric tram systems

Abstract Recently, electric trams have been used as an eco-friendly mode of transport in urban areas. Of the various types of electric trams, this study deals with wireless charging electric trams. A wireless charging electric tram can draw electricity wirelessly from a wireless charging infrastructure installed on a railway line and store any excess electricity in its battery. Therefore, we can eliminate the power supply line of conventional electric trams and use smaller batteries than those necessary for battery-powered electric trams. Even when two wireless charging electric trams are operated for the same amount of time, their electricity consumption rates may differ depending on their speed, acceleration, and time spent at stations. Therefore, this study deals with the efficient design of an operation profile (velocity) for wireless charging electric trams that can minimize variations in the battery charge according to electricity consumption, considering the installed wireless charging infrastructure. Mathematical model–based optimization is adopted to derive an efficient design for the operation profile, and an appropriate solution procedure is proposed considering the features of the developed mathematical model. The proposed model and solution procedure are tested using data from Pangyo, Gyeonggi Province, Korea.

GENESIS OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN KIEV

The paper is devoted to the early history of public transport in Kiev. Special attention is paid to the circumstances characteristic of this city, which (i) dictated the specific shape of the future transportation network, and (ii) caused major delays with finding a contractor. The main transport corridor in Kiev at the time was the “north-south” axis, approximately parallel to the Dnieper river. First, we describe the early, rather sporadic attempts at setting up passenger transport routes, mostly (but not only) along that corridor. Then we show how, during almost two decades, projects of a horse-tram network submitted by different entrepreneurs fizzled, for the most part because of a specific reason: The city had put forward a condition that any contractor who wished to build a horse-tram line along Kreschatik, the main street, had to also build the main sewer line under that street. The situation only got resolved after the city lifted that condition and made an independent arrangement for the sewer line construction. Finally, we describe the successful project, by engineer Amand Struve, who initially built a number of horse-tram lines but quickly moved on to electrify them; the electric tram in Kiev came to be the first of its kind in the Russian Empire.

DEVELOPMENT OF TRAM TRAFFIC IN THE CITY OF OSIJEK

The need for the introduction of trams in Osijek in the late 19th century was largely due to the poor connectivity between the areas of the city and the growing development of the city. Tram transport was an extremely important step in connecting and modernizing the city and a key step in the integration of the still unconnected areas of the city, a role it has played throughout history. From its beginnings, the residents of Osijek have been intricately connected to the tram, which has had a role in the modernization of the city and is today regarded as a symbol of the city. As a means of public transport, in Croatia, the tram is now used only in Zagreb and Osijek. Today, many cities around the world have reintroduced trams as a public transport system, and Osijek is one of the few “small” cities that can boast of its continuous existence and expansion. This paper describes the development and current state of tram traffic in Osijek as a contribution to the celebrations of the anniversary of the introduction of the electric tram in the city.