Electric Propulsion Motor Research Articles

Modelling of Brushless DC Motor Drive for Electric Vehicle Application

In Electric vehicle, motor plays a significant role. In wheel, motor improves the efficiency and safety of high-performance Electric vehicle. There are a lot of motors available in market, out of all considering their advantages and disadvantages Brushless DC motor is chosen as an efficient motor for Electric vehicle propulsion. The reason behind to choose BLDC motor is because of its desired torque vs speed characteristics, cost of maintenance is low, efficiency is high and has high power density. In this model simulation of an accurate and precise BLDC drive for Electric vehicle application is done and Simulation results such as speed, Electromechanical torque, and various phase voltages graphs are obtained.

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Combined propulsion plants get wide spread on modern ships of foreign construction, while in the domestic shipbuilding industry there is practically no experience in the design and testing of these vessels. A distinctive feature of the combined propulsion plants is that the energy for the vessel movement is generated in them in two (or more) different types of ship engines - thermal and electric, working on a common propulsion unit - a propeller. Combined propulsion plants are complex electromechanical systems designed to ensure the movement of the vessel and the production of electricity in the various modes of operation. Combined propulsion plants conjoin the advantages of traditional propulsion systems with heat main engines and electric propulsion plants. A unified electric power system with a combined plant of a work boat is discussed in the paper. The work boat is the first vessel built in the Russian Federation with this type of propulsion system. The feature the combined propulsion plant installed on the work boat is the ability to operate the propeller electric motor in both propulsion and generator modes. The ship uses diesel generators, storage batteries and electric propulsion motor in the generator mode as the sources of electricity. The main modes of the vessel operation, the results of dock and sea trials of the unified electric power system and combined propulsion plant are briefly discussed in the paper. During the trials, the autonomous mode of operation of each electric power source on the auxiliary electric propulsion plant and ship consumers has been checked successfully. New method of synchronization of diesel-generator and autonomous inverter has been realized; it has high speed and accuracy that excludes appearance of current shot when power source connects to the main switchboard.

Loss characteristics of HTS coated conductors in field windings of electric aircraft propulsion motors

High-temperature superconducting (HTS) coated conductors (CCs) are widely regarded as a promising candidate to enable very high power density motors. These machines operate at high rotational speeds, with some designs going up to 12 000 rpm. HTS CCs are applied to the field windings of these motors to increase the magnetic loading and hence the power density. Even though the superconducting field windings operate with a DC current, due to the magnetic field environment, losses are present. This paper examines the dynamic and total loss characteristics of YBCO-coated conductors in the frequency range relevant to high-speed motors for electric aircraft propulsion. A multi-layer model was created using the H-formulation and the losses for each layer were highlighted. For the first time, it was shown that the DC transport current region in the HTS layer shrinks as the frequency of the applied field increases due to the increased magnetisation current around the edges of the CC, which reduces the dynamic loss per cycle as the frequency increases. To fully understand the loss distribution in the HTS CC, the total loss in the conductor was investigated. For an applied magnetic field of 100 mT and 800 Hz, more than 30% of the total loss occurs in the copper layer due to the decreased penetration depth of the magnetic field and the skin effect. Results show that to accurately model and understand the losses in superconducting field windings, a multi-layer model should be used, since a significant proportion of loss shifts towards the copper stabilizers. Over all, it was shown that both the dynamic loss as well as magnetisation loss play a crucial role in the estimation of the loss in superconducting field windings.

A New Outer Rotor Permanent Magnet Flux Switching Machine using Segmental Rotor for Electric Scooter

The use of brushes electric motors for propulsion of electric vehicles have come to stay not because of its impressive innovation but mainly due to economic and environmental imperatives. Internal Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (IPMSMs) and Flux Switching Machines are being employed in electric vehicles to improve vehicles torque and speed and their performances have proved excellent for gas emission reduction or no fuel usage at all. This paper presents a new outer rotor permanent magnet flux switching machine enveloped by eternal non-ferromagnetic segmental rotor to secure the structure while rotating at very high speed. The segmental rotor is simple and easy to manufacture at low cost employing less material. The geometric topology of this outer rotor is introduced using Eclimo electric scooter parameters. Two dimensional finite element analysis (2D-FEA) models is used to investigate four machine performances namely flux distribution, cogging torque, induced back-EMF, torque and speed versus power characteristics. Results proved high torque and high power sustainability for long distance travel.

Control of MW-Scale High-Frequency “SiC+Si” Multilevel ANPC Inverter in Pump-Back Test for Aircraft Hybrid-Electric Propulsion Applications

High-power-density high-speed electric motors for aircraft hybrid-electric propulsion (HEP) applications require high fundamental output frequency from power inverters. Conventional silicon (Si)-based megawatt (MW)-scale power inverters typically have low switching frequency that is not sufficient to meet the dynamic and harmonic requirements for such applications. An MW-scale medium-voltage three-level active neutral-point-clamped (ANPC) inverter based on a hybrid utilization of silicon carbide (SiC) and Si power devices (i.e., “SiC+Si”) has been developed for high-speed HEP drive applications, which has a rated output frequency of 1.4 kHz at 1-MW active power. To evaluate the power capability and efficiency of this ANPC inverter in the laboratory, power pump-back tests need to be carried out. In this article, control methods for single- and three-phase inverter pump-back tests have been developed to evaluate the performance of such high-frequency propulsion drives. The implementation and experimental results are presented to verify the efficacy of the control methods and the performance of the MW-scale “SiC+Si” ANPC inverters.

Random Asymmetric Carrier PWM Method for PMSM Vibration Reduction

The underwater noise can be caused by the radial electromagnetic vibration of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) for electric propulsion. The difficulty in decreasing the underwater noise is not only the high-frequency but also low-frequency vibration reduction. This paper proposes a novel random asymmetric carrier pulse width modulation (RACPWM) method for PMSM vibration reduction in the whole frequency range. Instead of the conventional symmetric triangular carrier PWM, the asymmetric carrier PWM (ACPWM) is used to decrease the low-frequency phase current harmonics and the associated low-frequency vibration. Meanwhile, in order to suppress the high-frequency vibration, the RACPWM control based on the amplitude randomization of the sawtooth carrier is further presented to reduce the high-frequency phase current harmonics. Moreover, the RACPWM is equivalent to the random slope ACPWM in view of the output signals. Furthermore, without the need of any additional circuits in the drive, the presented method is simple to implement by software. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed RACPWM method can effectively reduce both the low-frequency and the high-frequency vibration.

Wireless Power Transfer and Vehicle Theft Detection using Block Chaining

An Electric Vehicle (EV) uses one or more traction motors or electric motors for propulsion. Nowadays the Electric Vehicle charging process is grim. An Electric Vehicle employs the concept of getting charged every time the vehicle is done travelling till a certain distance. The abate cost, alluring userfriendly method to maintain and its environment friendly nature makes the EV populous among many people. Yet, there pertains an issue to charge the vehicle as there are not many charging stations installed at every place. In this paper, we provide, block chain based vehicle charging system with reliable transaction. The vehicle has an inbuilt RFID tag, that is read by the RFID reader in the charging station. The RFID Number is transmitted to the server. The block chain technology is used in the server. If the vehicle goes missing the owner can report the theft to the server if the ID is matched the report is sent to the owner by Short Message Service(SMS) and the charging process will not be initiated. If the ID is not matched then the EV charging starts automatically.

Design and Characteristic Analysis of a 1 MW Superconducting Motor for Ship Propulsions

Electric motors tend to be large in size because they have low speed and high torque characteristics. A superconducting motor (SCM) can be a key technology used to solve these problems. Using the characteristics of a superconductor, the SCM can reduce the volume and weight. This paper deals with the design and characteristic analysis of a 1 MW SCM for ship propulsion. An effective design of the SCM was suggested considering the electromagnetic, thermal, and mechanical properties of the motor. The SCM was designed using Y-Ba-Cu-O (YBCO) wires focusing on size, operating filed current, magnetic flux density, heat load, and mechanical stress. The current leads were also designed to minimize the heat loss in the motor, and the thermal contraction and mechanical force were calculated to design the torque tube. Electromagnetic, mechanical, and thermal characteristics were analyzed using a 3D finite element method program. As a result, the size of SCM was minimized, and the heat loss was also reduced by an effective current lead design. The designed torque tube was structurally stable with a 70% stress margin. These results will help to expand the electric propulsion motor capacity and improve the efficiency of the ship propulsion system.

Feasibility of a new ironless-stator axial flux permanent magnet machine for aircraft electric propulsion application

With the development of aviation electrification, higher demands for electrical machines are put forward in aircraft electric propulsion systems. The aircraft electric propulsion requirements and propulsion motor features are analyzed in this paper. Comparing with conventional PM machines, ironless stator axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) machine topologies with Litz wire windings allow designs with higher compactness, lightness and efficiency, which are suitable for high-frequency and high-power density applications. Based on the motor requirements and constraints of aircraft electric propulsion systems, this paper investigates a high-power 1 MW multi-stack ironless stator AFPM machine, which is composed of four 250kW modular motors by stacking in axial. The design guidelines and special attentions are presented, in term of electromagnetic, thermal, and mechanical performance for the high-frequency coils and Halbach-array PM rotor. Finally, an ironless stator AFPM motor is manufactured, tested and evaluated with the consideration of cost and processing cycle. The results show that the output power is up to 53.8kW with 95% efficiency at 9000r/min at this stage. The proposed ironless stator AFPM machine with oil immersed forced cooling proves to be a favorable candidate for application in electric aircraft as propulsion motors.

Comparative analysis for selection of electric propulsion motors for small-sized ships with DC distribution

Comparative analysis for selection of electric propulsion motors for small-sized ships with DC distribution

A scalable life cycle inventory of an automotive power electronic inverter unit\u2014part I: design and composition

PurposeA scalable life cycle inventory (LCI) model, which provides mass composition and manufacturing data for a power electronic inverter unit intended for controlling electric vehicle propulsion motors, was developed. The purpose is to fill existing data gaps for life cycle assessment (LCA) of electric vehicles. The model comprises new and easy-to-use data with sufficient level of detail to enable proper component scaling and more in-depth analysis of inverter units. It represents a stand-alone three-phase inverter with insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs), typical in electric vehicles. This article (part I) explains the modeling of the inverter design including the principles for scaling, exemplifies results, and evaluates the models’ mass estimations.MethodsData for the design of power electronic inverter units was compiled from material content declarations, textbooks, technology benchmarking literature, experts in industry, and product descriptions. Detailed technical documentation for two electrically and electronically complete inverter units were used as a baseline and were supplemented with data for casings, connectors, and bus bars suitable for automotive applications. Data, theory, and design rules were combined to establish a complete model, which calculates the mass of all subparts from an input of nominal power and DC system voltage. The validity of the mass estimates was evaluated through comparison with data for real automotive inverter units.Results and discussionThe results of the LCI model exemplifies how the composition of the inverter unit varies within the model range of 20–200 kW and 250–700 V, from small passenger car applications up to distribution trucks or city buses. The models’ mass estimations deviate up to 14% from the specified mass for ten examples of real inverter units. Despite the many challenges of creating a generic model of a vehicle powertrain part, including expected variability in design, all results of the model validation fall within the targeted goal for accuracy.ConclusionsThe LCI model combines different principles for the scaling of subparts into one model that capture important design implications of different power demands and voltage ratings. The model can be used for a generic estimation of the mass and material composition of a power electronic inverter unit controlling electric propulsion motors, for LCA, when specific data is lacking.

A scalable life cycle inventory of an automotive power electronic inverter unit\u2014part II: manufacturing processes

PurposeA scalable life cycle inventory (LCI) model, which provides mass composition and gate-to-gate manufacturing data for a power electronic inverter unit intended for controlling electric vehicle propulsion motors, was developed. The purpose is to fill existing data gaps for life cycle assessment (LCA) of electric vehicles. The model comprises new and easy-to-use data with sufficient level of detail to enable proper component scaling and in-depth analysis of inverter units. The aim of this article (part II) is to describe the modeling of all production steps and present new datasets. Another objective is to explain the strategies for data collection, system boundaries, and how unit process datasets were made to interact properly with the scalable design model (part I).MethodsData for the manufacturing of the inverter unit was collected from a variety of literature, technical specifications, factory data, site visits, and expert interviews. The model represents current levels of technology and modern industrial scale production. Industry data dates back to 2012. Some older literature is referred to, but only if it was found to remain relevant. Upstream, new data has been gathered to the point where the Ecoinvent database can be used to model a full cradle-to-gate inventory. To make the LCI model easy to use, each flow crossing the system boundary is reported with a recommended linked flow to this database.Results and discussionThe screening and modeling of manufacturing inverter units resulted in a substantial compilation of new inventory data. In close integration with the design model, which is scalable in size over a range of 20–200 kW in nominal power and 250–700 V in DC system voltage (part I), it forms a comprehensive scalable LCI model of a typical automotive power electronic inverter unit intended for traction motor control. New production data covers electroplating of gold, electro-galvanization, machining and anodizing of aluminum, ceramic substrate fabrication, direct copper bonding, photoimaging and regenerative etching, power module assembly with a two-step soldering process, and the assembly of automotive printed circuit boards.ConclusionsInterviews with experts were found to be vital for effective data collection and the reporting of details a key to maintaining data usability over time, for reuse, rework, and criticism by other LCA practitioners.

POSITIONAL ACCURACY OF AEROPHOTOGRAMMETRIC SURVEY IN THE PANTANAL DERIVED FROM UAV

The objective of this work was to analyze the geometric distortions of aerial photographs mosaic derived from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) generated with data from a GPS navigation engaged in remotely piloted aircraft in relation to the field collected control points with an RTK . The imaging was performed on August 9, 2014, at UFMS research base in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul, with a fixed-wing aircraft and electric propulsion motor. The flight was conducted at an altitude of 150 m, planned in such a way to obtain pixels with about 4 cm spatial resolution. To check the accuracy of the mosaic were collected control points from a GNSS HIPER receiver. To ease the location of points on aerial photographs were made markings on the ground. Mosaic without control point presented displacement ranging from 6.30 m to 8,83m. Previously the tiles with 1, 2 and 3 control points had low errors, given the legislation for the georeferencing of rural properties. Products generated from controls points have high planialtimetric accuracy and are likely to use in jobs that require high positional accuracy, such as expertise services, registration and georeferencing of rural properties, crops analysis and flora and fauna quantification.

A Superconducting Vernier Motor for Electric Ship Propulsion

A megawatts (MW)-class direct-drive vernier motor for electric ship propulsion is proposed in this paper. The proposed vernier motor adopts the homopolar structure and utilizes the high-temperature superconducting wire for electrical excitation. The stator houses the superconducting field winding and the copper armature winding. The rotor consists of an iron core without excitation sources. Thus, no cryo-moving components are required. A dual-body Dewar for cooling the pancake high-temperature superconducting field winding is proposed. The motor performance is analyzed and evaluated using three-dimensional finite-element analysis. Both the brushless ac and brushless dc operation modes for the proposed motor are assessed and compared.

High Torque Flux Switching Permanent Magnet Machine in Segmented Outer Rotor using Appropriate Split Ratio for Electric Scooter Propulsion

<span>Recently, permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) having the diameter of 11inches was successfully developed and installed in electric scooter vehicle (ESV) for propulsion. It consists of segmented stators of 24 armature slots and 100 pieces of permanent magnet of 2 kg weight mounted on rotating rotor. Upon the huge amount of materials and permanent magnet used, PMSM produced 110Nm only. Looking at the size, this torque is low and could not sustain acceleration for long distance travels. To overcome the challenge of low torque, this paper presents a new machine type, flux switching motor (FSM) with 1 kg weight of permanent magnet flux source employing segmented outer rotor. Six ranges of split ratio of 0.80-0.85 for outer rotor 24slot-14pole FSPM motor configurations were designed and compared. The 2D-FEA by JMAG software version 14 is used to examine its performance in term of flux linkage, cogging torque, back-emf and average torque which the structure with split ratio of 0.85 took lead by securing highest torque profile of 209Nm. It also achieved low cogging torque to operate in safe region. In conclusion, appropriate split ratio significantly enhances high torque capability of permanent magnet flux switching motor for electric scooter propulsion.</span>

Energy savings for ship propulsion in waves based on real-time optimal control of propeller pitch and electric propulsion

To reduce greenhouse gas emissions from ships as required by international environmental regulations, we propose herein an energy-saving method for ships sailing on wavy seas. The effect of applying this method is investigated by a numerical study of a bulk carrier self-propelled in regular head and following waves. The method requires that the ship be equipped with a controllable-pitch propeller (CPP) and an electric propulsion motor, which are controlled in an optimal manner to anticipate impending waves, thereby minimizing energy consumption. Optimal control is implemented using a nonlinear model predictive control method that uses information within a receding horizon to calculate the adjustments, which in turn control actuators that vary the propeller-pitch angle and the drive frequency of the motor. To implement this real-time application, we use a fast algorithm for solving the model predictive control problem. As a result, for a wave steepness of 0.01 and a unity ratio of wavelength to ship length, the energy required to propel a bulk carrier without optimal control is reduced by about 10% with the optimal-control system proposed herein.

Design features of the frequency converter for the electric propulsion motor of an underwater vehicle

Design features of the frequency converter for the electric propulsion motor of an underwater vehicle

이상상태 발생 시 선박용 추진전동기 및 추진축의 과도상태 해석

Recently, electric propulsion systems are been increasingly used in large cruise ships and merchant vessels. When abnormal electrical conditions occur in the motor of an electric propulsion ship, they can cause serious damage to the motor and propeller shaft. Research on abnormal conditions of propulsion motors used in electric propulsion vessels and electric ships difficult to find. In this study, a mathematical model of the electric propulsion system is proposed to analyze transient phenomena that occur in the case of electric propulsion motor or propeller shaft malfunction. A synchronous motor was used in the MATLAB computer simulation of this study. In the event of electrical malfunction of the electric propulsion motor at rated operation, over current occurs in the condition of 1 phase ground, over torque occurs at 3 and 2 phases ground and over current and torque occur when exciting power fails at rated operation.

Electric Propulsion Motor Development for Commercial Ships in Japan

Three motors that were developed for icebreakers epitomize the history of electric propulsion motor development in Japan. Direct current (dc) motors were developed for Fuji, commissioned in 1965, and Shirase I, commissioned in 1982, and induction motors were developed for Shirase II, commissioned in 2009. Three separate groups in Japan are actively developing superconducting motors for marine propulsion. The Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology group developed the world's first axial-gap coreless high-temperature superconducting motor (HTS) with a 100-kW output for a liquid neon thermosiphon cooled superconducting machine over a period from 2004 to 2007. The IHI Corporation group has developed four types of axial-type HTS motors since 2004. Using a cooling system based on liquid nitrogen, they achieved the world's highest output at 365 kW in 2007. The Kawasaki Heavy Industries group has been developing radial-type HTS motors since 2007. In 2010, the group developed a 1-MW motor that achieved an output of 450 kW. In 2013, the group also developed a 3-MW motor that achieved an output of 3 MW. Furthermore, the group has developed key hardware technologies for a 20-MW motor.

High-Power Dense Electric Propulsion Motor

This paper describes the results of design and analysis studies performed by the authors for the comparison of predicted performance of an electric propulsion motor using conventional and emerging technologies. Specifically, a modern squirrel-cage-induction-motor design is compared to both a permanent-magnet motor with high energy magnets and a high-temperature superconducting (HTS) motor using a second generation (2G) superconductor. The selected baseline design is a ship propulsion motor in operation rated at 5000 hp and 1800 r/min. The results of the calculated performance and comparative studies among the various technologies show great potential for increasing the power density using the 2G HTS technology. Using the currently available 2G superconductor current capabilities, the achieved power density of the propulsion motor is twice that of the induction motor. Further investigations are being carried out to improve the superconductor performance for future designs for an ongoing project sponsored by the United States Department of Energy to reduce the cost of the superconductor for future commercial applications of the HTS technology.