Electric Power Usage Research Articles

Altitude dependent failure rate calculation for high power semiconductor devices in aviation electronics

The electric power usage in aircraft has reached 1 MW. Therefore, use of high power semiconductor devices expected to increase in avionics. Single event burnout failure happens when power devices operating in blocking condition interact with the cosmic radiation. The failure rate in power devices is more in airplane altitude compare to terrestrial operation. In this paper, the failure rate of high power silicon PiN diode is evaluated when operating in airplane altitude due to the interaction of cosmic ray neutrons. The proposed formula has the unique feature of decoupling between failure cross section and cosmic ray neutron flux. This makes it possible to calculate the failure rate under any cosmic radiation environment using the proposed failure rate formulation.

Clusterization of customer energy usage to detect power shrinkage in an effort to increase the efficiency of electric energy consumption

<span>Automatic meter reading (AMR) is a reading system result the measurement of electrical energy consumen, both locally and remotely. The problems faced is the high non-technical shrinkage of AMR customers due to installation, maintenance errors as well as dishonest actions some consumers, this has a major influence on electrical power losses. PT. PLN Disjaya currently faces difficulties having to choose which customers should be checked first, so the field can only find a little damage. The K-means method based on historical electric power usage and determine the most optimal number of groups the davies-bouldin index (DBI) method. Based on the results of testing with 2-6 sets of clusters, the cluster set results are the most optimal is set cluster 4 because it has the smallest DBI value 0.893. The set of 4 clusters has the best performance in data grouping of historical power usage of AMR customers the business class, each centroid of each cluster is used as an attribute and value of the AMR customer power usage business chart. The testing phase is customers who categorized as customers with un-normal usage electricity power. The test is, by determining the distance data testing each centroid in the cluster 4 set.</span>

Sistem Monitoring Konsumsi Daya Listrik Dengan Mengimplementasikan Bluetooth Low Energy

Electricity becomes a major need for human in this era. PLN's electricity payment system in residential areas is divided into two ways, postpaid electricity and prepaid electricity. Prepaid electricity using digital kWh meter that shows the use of current, electric power, etc on LCD. The usage of current and electric power can be monitored using Android application using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) as communication media. BLE has many advantages module compared to classic bluetooth, for example having a wider range, data transfer speeds up to 1 Mbps, and low power consumption. Therefore the writer researched by implementing Bluetooth Low Energy in the electric power monitoring system. The results of this research showed that the electric power monitoring system and the BLE module could send the result of sensor measurement to android applications. From the testing that has been done showed that the BLE send module can be up to 25 meters distance for unhindered conditions and 8 meters with hindered conditions. And the BLE module energy consumption is more efficient than HC-05 energy comparison BLE module 5,728 mW and the HC-05 module 13.47 mW.

IoT-Based portable modules for energy consumption monitoring in smart home system

Energy consumption has become one of the major problems in Indonesia. The use of recent technology is highly beneficial since various automation could be done even in simple devices. In this research, portable smart home modules based on the internet of things (IoT) technology to monitor the power consumption in household electrical devices were built. The module consisted of current sensors, voltage sensors, and IoT Wi-Fi Development Board. It communicated with the server, built using the Raspberry Pi, using the MQTT protocol. The server was equipped with web pages that allowed users to monitor the devices’ electrical power usage. Therefore, all of the connected modules could be monitored to provide information regarding an electric household device’s defect. The results had shown that the prototypes of the modules had been successfully built. It was shown that very slight differences were found between the system measurements compared to the manual one using the 60 seconds interval measurements. The power consumed by the module was very low, where the current sensor uses 0.125 Watt while the voltage sensor uses 0.001 Watt. The portable devices were developed in the shape of small boxes; therefore, it could be easy to move and install.

Research on Value Perception Models and Strategies of Electric Power Users

Energy management business is to provide a “management nature” business for the user’s energy use process, focusing on the management of the user’s energy system, improving the efficiency of energy use, and reducing the user’s energy cost. The key factor that affects the transformation of consumer psychology into consumer behaviour is the value of electricity value-added services. This article constructs a quantitative model for the perceived value of energy management business, which is based on the definition of user value perception and value-added service value perception function, so as to serve electricity sales companies to develop integrated energy business.

Evaluation of Thermoelectric Properties of Doped β-Iron Disilicide Prepared by the Powder Metallurgy Technique

Thermoelectric generator (TEG) offers a potential application in harvesting waste-heat energy into usable electrical power. β-iron disilicide (β-FeSi2) thermoelectric is applicable in elevated temperature systems such as hydrogen plants, copper reverberatory furnace and copper refining furnace. In this work, high TE performance Mn doped p-type and Co doped n-type thermoelectric (TE) β-iron disilicide compacts were fabricated for TEG using powder metallurgy route. The effects of variation in type and quantity of dopants [p-type dopant: Mn: stoichiometry Fe1−xMnxSi2 (x = 0.04 − 0.12) or n-type dopant: Co: stoichiometry Fe1−yCoySi2 (y = 0.01 − 0.05)] on thermoelectric properties were studied. Significant improvement in ZT was observed compared to earlier research works for this material system. This result is a positive indication for the potential use of β-FeSi2 in the high temperature TEG. In this work, the working efficiency was also evaluated which was not mentioned in the earlier research works.

Speed PID controller simulation of a reaction wheel for CubeSat orientation applications

CubeSat technology is a low-cost alternative for space research in universities worldwide, promoting research areas in tele-detection, Earth and space observation, telecommunications, meteorology, etc. In this sense, Attitude and Determination Control Subsystem (ADCS) plays a key role in order to achieve a fast and precise orientation of the satellite, aiding the system by acquiring the specific and critical angles they require to accomplish the space mission. Therefore, choosing adequate actuators is key for the correct manipulation of the CubeSat, and it must consider size, weight and electrical power usage limitations of the CubeSat Standard. ADCS actuators must generate a quick response to generate an active momentum that modifies the satellite attitude. This work proposes a speed PID controller for a reaction wheel using low-cost materials for its implementation in 1U CubeSats.

Design of Evaluation Index System of Electric Power Multilateral Trading Market Operation

With the deepening of the reform of the electric power system and the continuous improvement of the demand level of electric power users, the psychological expectations of the market subjects have also undergone profound changes, and it is necessary to gradually strengthen and expand the key indicators and analysis dimensions that can reflect the operation situation of the electric power market, so as to adapt to the existing statistical analysis business needs. According to the current business content and demand of electricity market, this paper establishes a scientific and comprehensive evaluation index system of electricity market from the perspectives of market supply and demand, market structure, market behavior and market discipline. The system can reflect the development of power market comprehensively and objectively.

Power User Taging System Based on Micro-service

With the rapid development of the electronic channel of State Grid Corporation of China, the electric power user taging system, one of the back-end support systems of the electronic channel, is also expanding. In this paper, a micro-service-based power user taging system is proposed, and the micro-service function requirement analysis is introduced. The micro-service of the electric power user taging system designed in this paper run independently to meet the needs of daily operation, update and expansion of the application.

THE POTENTIAL ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF SOLAR HOME SYSTEM WITH SWITCHING METHOD ON HOUSEHOLD ELECTRICITY SCALE

This study aims to design a Solar Home System with an Arduino-based Smart Switching system so that the use of electrical energy generated by solar panels can be adjusted without adding power from other electricity sources, such as PLN. Calculation of Leveled Cost of Energy (LCOE) is used as the basis for the switching process that will be carried out to regulate the use of household appliances that are routinely used, regulate electricity consumption automatically, minimize usage, and calculate the effectiveness of electric power usage. The way SHS works is to collect electrical energy from sunlight, then convert DC voltage to AC so that it can be used to run household electronic equipment. To accommodate the adequacy of electrical power, an automatic adjustment is made for household appliances that are routinely used, namely house lights, which includes setting the lights on and off and the number of lights that can be activated. The advantage of this research is that the SHS system is integrated with the automatic setting of the lights installed in the house so that the number of lights on will adjust the availability of electrical energy in the battery. In addition, with the LCOE method, the level of usage can be calculated so that users can save electricity. From the results of usage testing, it is found that the application of this switching technology provides benefits for users because it is no longer dependent on PLN supply. From an economic point of view, based on the calculation of Leveled Cost of Energy (LCOE), there is a kWh value savings of Rp. 77, - for each kWh price or about 4.53% compared to purchasing electricity with prepaid mode.

Optimal placement of shunt capacitor with VCPI to improve voltage profile using Mi power

ABSTRACTDay to day the importance and usage of electric power is increasing, in order to reach this power demand, generation of power is being increased. But the transmission grid fails to meet the developments in generation, as construction of new transmission lines involve more time than building new generation facilities. So, updating or upgrading the existing facilities will be more beneficial than building new ones. This is achieved by providing proper reactive compensation. This main objective of the paper is placement of shunt capacitor for voltage profile improvement and reactive power compensation. The voltage stability index, called voltage collapse prediction index (VCPI), decides the shunt capacitor placement. This paper deals with placement of shunt capacitor banks to improve voltage at weakest buses. The shunt capacitor banks connected to the system to prevent the low voltages during the high loading conditions. The reactive compensation and reduction of losses and power transfer capability can be increased by placing of shunt capacitor. The proposed technique is validated with load flow analysis on IEEE 14 bus system carry out by Mi-power software. From the results obtained it is verified that the load flow analysis can be easily done with Mi-power which is a fast and robust tool with a powerful GUI to solve. Finally, the voltage profile improvement is verified with the placement of shunt capacitor.

Pyroelectric catalysis

Thermal energy derived from temperature fluctuation is one of the most clean natural energy sources in our living environment. Pyroelectric materials that feature for temperature oscillation dependent spontaneous polarization can generate usable electrical power and polarized charge carriers with a high energy conversion efficiency. Thus, pyroelectrics emerge as catalysts, which provide a promising approach to alleviating severe environmental contamination, energy crisis and biomedical issues. In this review, a comprehensive summary with first insight on the research progress of pyroelectric catalysis was provided. It starts with the introduction of some typical pyroelectric materials and pyroelectric effects. Then the fundamentals and mechanisms of pyroelectric catalysis were proposed. Highlighted are the pyroelectric catalytic applications, including disinfection and dynamic therapy, decomposition of pollutants and water splitting, and the strategies for enhancing pyroelectric catalytic efficiency put forward from diverse perspectives. Finally, the current challenges and future prospects in pyroelectric catalysis are discussed as a conclusion. This review provides a timely and comprehensive summary on pyroelectric catalysis. The typical materials, fundamentals, mechanisms and diverse applications of pyroelectric catalysis, including disinfection and dynamic therapy, decomposition of pollutants and water splitting, were demonstrated. The strategies for enhancing pyroelectric catalytic efficiency were summarized from diverse perspectives. • Some typical pyroelectric materials and pyroelectric effects were introduced. • The fundamentals and mechanisms of pyroelectric catalysis were proposed. • Diverse pyroelectric catalytic applications are highlighted. • Strategies for enhancing pyroelectric catalytic efficiency were proposed.

Event Effects Estimation on Electricity Demand Forecasting

We consider the problem of short-term electricity demand forecasting in a small-scale area. Electric power usage depends heavily on irregular daily events. Event information must be incorporated into the forecasting model to obtain high forecast accuracy. The electricity fluctuation due to daily events is considered to be a basis function of time period in a regression model. We present several basis functions that extract the characteristics of the event effect. When the basis function cannot be specified, we employ the fused lasso for automatic construction of the basis function. With the fused lasso, some coefficients of neighboring time periods take exactly the same values, leading to stable basis function estimation and enhancement of interpretation. Our proposed method is applied to the electricity demand data of a research facility in Japan. The results show that our proposed model yields better forecast accuracy than a model that omits event information; our proposed method resulted in roughly 12% and 20% improvements in mean absolute percentage error and root mean squared error, respectively.

A Matlab/Simulink Simulation Small Signal Stability of Single-Machine Infinite Bus Using Optimal Control Based on Load Cluster Patterns

Matlab/Simulink is sophisticated software that has been facilitated by MathWorks Inc. This device is increasingly being used in various fields of research. Likewise, it has great potential in the field of power system simulation. This paper presents a simulation of the optimal performance of the power generation system due to changes in load consumption. Small signal stability due to changes in electrical power usage at the load center is overcome by applying a load cluster pattern. The main objective of this research is to achieve control in a power generation system that is responsive and able to maintain stability in all operating conditions at the load center. Simulation results show the performance of optimal control of the power generation system in each load cluster. Contributions to improve the stability of the power plant system performance by 28.03 percent for frequency (F), 23.03 percent for voltage (V), and 29.5 percent for electric power (P).

Broad-spectrum contaminant removal from water using sustainable pressure assisted osmosis

A novel, single-stage Pressure Assisted Osmosis system capable of broad-spectrum removal of anionic and cationic contaminants from water is described in this article. The system has demonstrated a high removal efficiency of over 95 % for anions such as sulfate and cations such as calcium and magnesium. It has also demonstrated a removal efficiency of over 90 % for monovalent anions such as carbonate and chloride. The modular system is characterized by a high degree of process intensification. The portable set-up attempts to merge several parts like feed cells, membrane assembly, and external force media into one compact unit. Another design feature was the operational flexibility of mechanical force addition. The portable device demonstrated sustained solvent flux without the usage of electric power. The proof of the concept of experimental studies with real-time operational aspects like reverse salt diffusion is described in this work.

Towards the Design of P2P Energy Trading Scheme Based on Optimal Energy Scheduling for Prosumers

The peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading is anchored in more efficient usage of electric power by allowing excess electric power from energy prosumers to be harnessed by other end-users. To boost the P2P energy trading, it is of pivotal significance to call on energy prosumers and end-users to actively participate in the trading while sharing information with a greater degree of freedom. In this perspective, this paper purports to implement the P2P energy trading scheme with an optimization model to assist in energy prosumers’ decisions by reckoning on hourly electric power available in the trading via the optimal energy scheduling of the energy trading and sharing system (ETS). On a purely practical level, it is assumed that all trading participants neither join the separate bidding processes nor are forced to comply with the predetermined optimal schedules for a trading period. Furthermore, this paper will be logically elaborated with reference to not only the determination of transaction price for maximizing the benefits of consumers under the different electricity rates but the establishment of additional settlement standards for bridging an imperative gap between optimally planned and actually transacted quantities of the P2P energy trading.

A Cost-Effective Electric Vehicle Intelligent Charge Scheduling Method for Commercial Smart Parking Lots Using a Simplified Convex Relaxation Technique.

Deployment of efficient and cost-effective parking lots is a known bottleneck for the electric vehicles (EVs) sector. A comprehensive solution incorporating the requirements of all key stakeholders is required. Taking up the challenge, we propose a real-time EV smart parking lot model to attain the following objectives: (a) maximize the smart parking lot revenue by accommodating maximum number of EVs and (b) minimize the cost of power consumption by participating in a demand response (DR) program offered by the utility since it is a tool to answer and handle the electric power usage requirements for charging the EV in the smart parking lot. With a view to achieving these objectives, a linear programming-based binary/cyclic (0/1) optimization technique is developed for the EV charge scheduling process. It is difficult to solve the problems of binary optimization in real-time given that the complexity of the problem increases with the increase in number of EV. We deploy a simplified convex relaxation technique integrated with the linear programming solution to overcome this problem. The algorithm achieves: minimum power consumption cost of the EV smart parking lot; efficient utilization of available power; maximization of the number of the EV to be charged; and minimum impact on the EV battery lifecycle. DR participation provide benefits by offering time-based and incentive-based hourly intelligent charging schedules for the EV. A thorough comparison is drawn with existing variable charging rate-based techniques in order to demonstrate the comparative validity of our proposed technique. The simulation results show that even under no DR event, the proposed scheme results in 2.9% decrease in overall power consumption cost for a 500 EV scenario when compared to variable charging rate method. Moreover, in similar conditions, such as no DR event and for 500 EV arrived per day, there is a 2.8% increase in number of EV charged per day, 3.2% improvement in the average state-of-charge (SoC) of the EV, 12.47% reduction in the average time intervals required to achieve final SoC.

Controllable single-phase smart synchronous generator towards solar-pneumatic power generation

This paper presents the development of a controllable single-phase surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous generator (SPSMPMSG) for low speed applications. Presently, the world is faced with degrading climatic conditions that may be worsen if energy need is met by fossil fuel and other conventional means of generation. On the other hand, renewable alternatives are not always of constant speed, and are usually not high enough to turn conventional alternators. There is therefore a need for the development of alternators that can generate electricity from low speed sources. The development of permanent magnet from rare-earth materials has revolutionized the electrical generator development. Permanent magnet machines are characterized by high torque, low noise, high efficiency and high power factor. The use of these magnets also made it possible to add computer based controllability making the generator a smart machine. This paper presents a CAD design of smart generator at an input speed of 500rpm to a turbine to produce a constant output of 220V. Simulation and physical test results produce an output of 220V ± 1% and give a clear indication that low speed renewable energy sources can produce usable electrical power.
 Keywords: Smart generator, Permanent magnet generator, stator, rotor, Computer-aided design.

Supercritical CO2Heat Recovery System Finds Application in Oil and Gas Operations

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Judy Feder, contains highlights of paper SPE 197965, “Transforming Waste Heat to Electric Power in Oil and Gas Compression Systems Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide,” by Thomas Soulas, Siemens, prepared for the 2019 Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, Abu Dhabi, 11-14 November. The paper has not been peer reviewed. The complete paper describes an advanced Rankine cycle process-based system that converts waste heat into usable electrical power to improve the efficiency of gas-compression stations on gas-production platforms and pipelines. Instead of steam, this system uses industrial-grade carbon dioxide (CO2) in the supercritical state as the working fluid. Introduction Globally, rejected heat is estimated to correspond to approximately 65% of net energy input across the industrial infrastructure, with numbers varying from 60 to 70% depending on the region. Considerable waste heat is ejected from equipment such as the gas turbines commonly used in mechanical drive applications found in the compression processes of gas-production platforms and transmission pipelines. Recently, a technology that supports energy recovery from heat rejected from a broad range of industrial processes has become available to the oil and gas industry. The system recovers usable, but often wasted, heat and converts it into higher-value, usable electrical power. While most gas turbine heat-recovery systems use a bottoming steam cycle to improve thermal efficiency, the system described in the complete paper is based on an advanced Rankine cycle process. With revenue and cost predictability, the technology generates power at a competitive installed cost and delivers an estimated 10% increase in baseline efficiency for a gas-compression station to reduce effectively the overall cost of electricity. The main innovation of the technology lies in the selection of CO2 as the working fluid. Advantages of CO2 in Heat-Recovery Cycles CO2 has relatively moderate conditions for the supercritical state, with a critical pressure of 1,071 psi and a critical temperature of just above 88°F. With an approximately 50% increase in specific heat capacity at approximately the critical point and likely cycle conditions, and a reduced compressibility factor near the critical point, CO2 is ideally suited to recover heat energy across a broad range of temperatures and sources such as those found in exhaust gas streams.

N‐Type Quinoidal Oligothiophene‐Based Semiconductors for Thin‐Film Transistors and Thermoelectrics

AbstractOrganic electronic devices have gained immense popularity in the last 30 years owing to their increasing performance. Organic thin‐film transistors (OTFTs) are one of the basic organic electronic devices with potential industrial applications. Another class of devices called organic thermoelectric (OTE) materials can directly transform waste heat into usable electrical power without causing any pollution. p‐Type transistors outperform n‐type transistors because the latter requires a lower orbital energy level for efficient electron injection and stable electron transport under ambient conditions. Aromatic building blocks can be utilized in constructing n‐type semiconductors. Quinoidal compounds are another promising platform for optoelectronic applications because of their unique properties. Since their discovery in 1970s, quinoidal oligothiophene‐based n‐type semiconductors have drawn considerable attention as candidates for high‐performance n‐type semiconductors in OTFTs and OTEs. Herein, the development history of quinoidal oligothiophene‐based semiconductors is summarized, with a focus on the molecular design and the influence of structural modification on molecular packing and thus the device performance of the corresponding quinoidal oligothiophene‐based semiconductors. Insights on the potential of quinoidal oligothiophenes for high‐performance n‐type OTFTs and OTEs are also provided.