Electric Power Transmission Lines Research Articles

Analysis of Electric Power Transmission Lines Through Graph Theory: Protecting Environmental Preservation Areas Through Strategic Planning

Analysis of Electric Power Transmission Lines Through Graph Theory: Protecting Environmental Preservation Areas Through Strategic Planning

Optimizing 2D path planning for unmanned aerial vehicle inspection of electric transmission lines

The inspection of electric power transmission lines using unmanned aerial vehicles represents an innovative maintenance approach that several countries, including Morocco, are considering adopting. The primary aim is to enhance existing procedures, capitalize on their advantages, and address challenges associated with traditional methods. Given the precision, efficiency, and safety required for this application to ensure reliable results, we propose a functional architecture for unmanned aerial vehicle-based electric power transmission line inspection. This architecture encompasses key phases such as data collection, planning, and inspection, while identifying electromagnetic interferences and minimum approach distances as major constraints. To streamline mission planning, we introduce a trajectory optimization algorithm integrated into a mission planning assistance application for transmission line inspection. This algorithm presents a novel approach by hybridizing three algorithms: genetic algorithm, ant colony optimization and particle swarm optimization. Consequently, our work represents a significant contribution to the integration of unmanned aerial vehicles in electric power transmission lines inspection operations for electrical energy transport, facilitating potential advancements and discoveries in the field.

Accurate Voltage Phasor Measurement for Electric Power Transmission Line Protection Using Current Sensor

Accurate Voltage Phasor Measurement for Electric Power Transmission Line Protection Using Current Sensor

Influence of the Long-Term Loading on the Strength and Rigidity of the Annular Section Poles

Introduction. The modern methods of analysis and conducting the numerical experiments referring to calculation and design of constructions are mostly aimed at a deeper study of parameter changes of different structures exposed to the influence of the certain loads. Due to the course of time and upon obtaining and analysing the new results of the numerical studies, there arises the need to revise and update the normative documents developed in the past in the frame of studying the certain modes of structures’ operation. Bearing in mind the above-mentioned objective, the numerical study presented in this article has been carried out.Materials and Methods. It should be mentioned, that most of the previously conducted research was based on the results of the short-term exposure of the structures to the loads, but not enough attention was paid to the study of the influence of the long-term loading on the structures' operation. This paper presents the results of the numerical experiments investigating the load-bearing capacity, flexural rigidity and maximum force of the power transmission line poles exposed to the short-term and long-term loads. The specimen under study is the cylindrical power transmission line pole complying with the GOST 22687.2 “Centrifugal cylinder reinforced concrete posts for high-voltage transmission lines”.Results. The paper presents the results of studying the behaviour of the cylindrical reinforced concrete poles, serving as the supports for the electrical power transmission lines, under the short-term and long-term loading. The work provides the results of numerical experiments investigating the strength and rigidity parameters of the above-mentioned structures under different types of loading, as well as upon changing the eccentricities of the application of these loads. The assessment of the rigidity parameters change under the long-term exposure of the poles to the loads is carried out.Discussion and Conclusion. Based on the results, obtained during the numerical experiments, the strength and rigidity parameters of the annular section power transmission line poles were analysed, and proposals for improving the design codes were made that could become a basis for the further research on this issue.

Comparative Study of the Normative Requirements for the Design of a Lattice Pylon: Case of A 225 kV Transmission Line

It is undeniable that a correct estimate of the loads likely to affect a structure throughout its useful life is the key to any design. Moreover, a thorough knowledge of the parameters used to estimate these loads makes it possible to refine the calculations while giving a certain confidence to the designer. This is why this paper presents a comparative study of some standards directly affecting the wind loads applied to the components of electrical power transmission lines (in particular the standards NF EN 50341-1: 2012, DIN VDE 0210-2011 and IEC 60826 - 2003) and the resistance of the latter to the various forces which are transmitted in the bars (ASCE 10 and NF EN 50341-1:2001). To carry out this work, it was first a question of analyzing and understanding each dimensioning standard, then of visualizing the global environment of the different calculation rules, emphasizing the reason underlying the choice of a specific standard, and finally comparing these standards from the data of a specification. Regarding wind loads, it generally emerges that the DIN VDE 0210: 2011 standard is the most suitable for dimensioning because it gives the lowest load values. As for the verification of the stability of the structure, the comparison between the ASCE 10 and NF EN 50341-1:2001 standards for a triangle arming pylon of a 225 kV line showed that for the same work rate (97 %), the busiest bar has the dimensions 150 cm x 150 cm x 14 mm and 140 cm x 140 cm x 14 mm respectively for the ASCE 10 and NF EN 50341-1:2001 standards; which amounts to a saving of 13.44 kg in terms of mass and 8829.81 FCFA in terms of cost.

Decision Tree Based Fault Classification for Transmission Line Analysis

Abstract: Transmission lines forms the backbone of the transmission and distribution networks which powers the nation. No modern society can imagine its existence without power supplies which runs everything ranging from consumer electronics to bullet trains. This research paper focuses on classifying faults on electric power transmission lines. fault classification has been achieved by using decision tree and study on their result is done. The simulation studies have been carried out by using MATLAB fuzzy-logic toolbox

Разработка мероприятий по устранению резонансных явлений на частотах высших гармоник на линии электропередачи 35 кВ

One of the problems to ensure the quality of electricity and reliability of the network is significant deviation of the voltage curve from sinusoidal in some active electricity transmission lines of the energy system of the Irkutsk region. The purpose of the research is to develop organizational and technical measures to eliminate resonance phenomena at higher harmonics that occur in the active 35 kV electrical line connected to a traction power substation. The object of the research is non-sinusoidal mode of the 35 kV electric power transmission line connected to the medium voltage winding of the three-winding traction transformer. The authors have used technological research methods of calculation using an equivalent circuit of the existing linear circuit of an electrical power system with a traction substation. The software “Calculation program of non-symmetric and non-sinusoidal modes of the electric power system” and Microsoft Excel are used for the research. The authors have developed a 110–35–10 kV “Consumer 1 – Consumer 2 – Consumer 3” model using the software “Calculation program of non-symmetric and non-sinusoidal modes of the electric power system”. The calculation results are processed using Microsoft Excel. Non-sinusoidal electrical modes of the equivalent circuit of the electrical power system and the power transmission lines are calculated. Calculation of non-sinusoidal modes of a 35 kV line is carried out to show the distribution of higher harmonic voltages along the line. It is established that the quality indicators of electricity in terms of non-sinusoidal voltages in most nodes of the 35 kV power transmission line do not comply with GOST 32144-2013. Calculation and analysis of non-symmetric and non-sinusoidal modes of the network have shown resonance voltage increase along the line on the odd harmonics frequencies and elimination of resonance factor when installing the compensation reactor at the beginning of the 35 kV line. Based on the calculation results, the diagrams of harmonics power-voltage curve from 3 to 39 are compiled. Based on the results obtained, the authors have proposed technical measures such as installation of a compensation reactor at the beginning of the electrical power system line to prevent resonance factor to improve the electrical power quality in terms of voltage unsinusoidality in the consumers busbars connected to the 35 kV line. The proposed measures will improve the electrical power quality in busbars of consumers and satisfy the requirements of GOST 32144-2013.

The costs of “crony capitalism” in regional transmission grid expansion

There is an urgent need to expand regional transmission lines for reliability and clean energy, while also ensuring that new infrastructure investments are cost effective. However, several states have enacted – and some continue to consider – laws that grant incumbent monopoly utilities a right-of-first-refusal (ROFR) to build new electric power transmission lines. Transmission ROFR laws, such as those enacted by several Midwestern states, allow regional grid planners to select new transmission line projects without running competitive solicitations. While incumbent utilities have continued to lobby state legislatures to adopt transmission ROFR laws, the best evidence available shows that ROFR laws are harmful to customer welfare. Customers affected by ROFR laws do not realize the cost savings and other benefits of competition in transmission line selection, including superior cost containment and innovative grid modernization solutions. In addition, uncertainty about the legality of transmission ROFR laws–what the Iowa Supreme Court has called “crony capitalism”--does not promote a stable investment environment for new transmission infrastructure. Instead of enacting and continuing to endorse transmission ROFRs, states would better promote cost-effective grid modernization by encouraging competitive bidding selection processes for new regional transmission lines. Cost-effective transmission planning requires regulators to balance a broad range of factors in permitting and cost recovery for projects. State regulators commonly use such approaches to evaluate the purchase of power generation from competitive sources. Regional transmission line projects could benefit from similar safeguards to protect customers.

What’s that noise—Found it! Sometimes

A few case studies involving investigation of mystery noise sources are presented. These address techniques used to identify the cause of complaints, locate noise sources amidst competing noise, and compare predicted sound levels to measured sound levels. The presentation will discuss mysteries solved, our approach to noise control recommendations, and lessons learned. Interesting cases include investigation of a tone generated by an electrical power transmission line pole, office noise control involving malfunctioning HVAC systems, and noise source identification within a quiet multi-family residence.

Detection of power transmission lines faults based on voltages and currents values using K-nearest neighbors

The critical factors to consider when implementing a maintenance plan for energy transmission lines are, accuracy, speed, and time, because of the increased global demand for electricity power caused by rapid development, and overuse of electric power transmission lines (both underground cables and overhead transmission lines), which in turn reduces the efficiency of the lines. Consequently, the efficiency of the lines may be reduced as a result of overuse or other activities like excavation that may have tampered with the cables. Thus, it becomes important to investigate the faults to which the lines are exposed. To this end, this article focuses on the detection of fault in transmission lines through the use of k-nearest neighbor algorithm. Using this algorithm, the characteristics were obtained (voltage, current), and these characteristics enable the identification of faults in the transmission lines, and in the specific location (the entire system, phase B, and phase A). The benefits that can be derived from the use of this algorithm include time, accuracy, speed, which are the requirements for the maintenance of transmission lines. Euclidean distance used in the application of the k-nearest neighbor technique for weights, and K = 3 for number of neighbors. The dataset was split into two parts, 70% training set and 30% testing set.

Оптимизация размещения трансформаторных подстанций в городских микрорайонах с использованием генетического алгоритма и алгоритмов трассировки ЛЭП на карте

To define the placement of electric substations when designing power supply schemes in urban neighborhood is a challenging task since it is necessary to consider spatial restrictions when choosing routes for electric power lines. Thus, the selection of the substation distribution is usually limited by comparison of several variants. In the scientific literature, problems of optimization are usually considered without taking into account real environmental restrictions for the electric power transmission lines. And it significantly reduces the adequacy of the models used. Thus, the study of the possibilities to use both combinatorial optimization methods and the construction of minimum cost routes in the GIS environment to select the optimal layout of electrical substations when designing power supply schemes for urban neighborhood is relevant. The methods to determine the shortest paths on the graphs and the genetic algorithm search are used for the research. The map of the electric lines of Ivanovo city has been used as base data for calculation. A new method has been developed to determine the optimal number and placement of transformer substations to power a lot of buildings on the digital city map. A wave algorithm of cost surfaces is used to estimate the cost of laying cable electric power transmission lines from the consumer to any location of the transformer substation. A genetic algorithm is used to select the network structure. The research results have confirmed the possibility to determine the best transformer substation distribution using GIS with given spatial restrictions.

Shunt faults detection and classification in electrical power transmission line systems based on artificial neural networks

PurposeThis study aims to focus on an adaptive method for fault detection and classification of fault types that trigger in three-phase transmission lines using artificial neural networks (ANNs). The proposed scheme can detect and classify several types of faults, including line-to-ground, line-to-line, double-line-to-ground, triple-line and triple-line-to-ground faults.Design/methodology/approachThe fundamental components of three-phase current and voltage were used as inputs in the ANNs. An analysis of the impact of variations in the fault resistance, fault type and fault inception time was conducted to evaluate the ANNs performance. The survey compares the performance of the multi-layer perceptron neural network (MLPNN) and Elman recurrent neural network trained with the backpropagation learning technique to improve each of the three phases of the fault detection and classification process. A detailed analysis validates the choice of the ANNs architecture based on the variation in the number of hidden neurons in each step.FindingsThe mean square error, root mean square error, mean absolute error and linear regression are measured to improve the efficiency of the ANN models for both fault detection and classification. The results indicate that the MLPNN can detect and classify faults with a satisfactory performance.Originality/valueThe smart adaptive scheme is fast and accurate for fault detection and classification in a single circuit transmission line when faced with different conditions and can be useful for transmission line protection schemes.

Studies of spun concrete poles for electric power transmission line supports reinforced with Au1000P rebars

Introduction. In connection with the present volumes of electrification in central Russia, the need for the construction of new electric power transmission lines (EPTLs) has decreased considerably. At the same time, the natural degradation of EPTL supports in time, as well as the prospects for developing the vast expanses of the northern, Siberian and Far Eastern regions, caused by the reorientation of Russia’s economic relations from the West to the East, make it urgent to increase production volumes and technical and economic efficiency of using spun reinforced concrete poles for EPTL supports.Aim. Industrial implementation of spun reinforced concrete poles with the high-strength innovation profile reinforcement by replacing A800 rebars with four-row-profile Au1000P rebars.Materials and methods. The article provides data on the full-scale tests of spun reinforced concrete poles for EPTL supports according to the GOST 22687.1-85 “Centrifugal cylinder reinforced concrete posts for high-voltage transmission lines. Structure and dimensions” [1]. Three pole samples with a length of 26 m were prepared and tested. One sample consisted of prestressed A800 rebars according to GOST 22687.1-85, while the other two prototypes include the prestressed Au1000P rebars with the four-row profile. In the second sample, the reinforcement scheme (diameters and rebar quantity) repeats the standard option, increasing the bearing capacity of the pole. Having the same bearing capacity as the pole, manufactured according to the GOST, the third sample promoted for the reduction in the quantity of non-stressed rebars.Results. A new scheme for reinforcing the pole sample using Au1000P rebars was developed. The results of the sample testing are presented; a comparative evaluation of the pole strength and deformation characteristics is given; technical and economic indicators, as well as the recommendations regarding the reinforcement of the prestressed spun concrete poles with Au1000P rebars are provided.Conclusion. According to the results of the performed study, an economic effect was established due to a reduction in the quantity of non-stressed rebars by 28 %. Poles with Au1000P prestressed rebars have an increased corrosion resistance and durability due to the closing of cracks formed during the impact of short-term dynamic loads from wind gusts, wire breaks, etc. In terms of a recommendation, it is proposed to update the GOST 22687.1-85 in order to use new types of high-strength reinforcement rolled products and higher strength concrete.

Identifying Economic and Clean Strategies to Provide Electricity in Remote Rural Areas: Main-Grid Extension vs. Distributed Electricity Generation

The policy decision of extending electric power transmission lines to connect a remote area to a primary grid vs. developing local electricity generation resources must be informed by studies considering both alternatives’ economic and environmental outcomes. Such analysis must also consider the uncertainty of several factors such as fuel prices, the cost and performance of renewable and conventional power generation technologies, and the value of environmental benefits. This paper presents a method for this analysis, making two main contributions to the literature. First, it shows how to characterize the two alternatives (i.e., main-grid extension vs. local power generation) in detail for precise quantification of their capital and operating costs while guaranteeing that they are both adequate to meet forecast demand and operating reserves. Second, it shows how to properly account for the economic and environmental implications of renewable energy intermittency and uncertainty through the optimization of capital investments and hourly operations. The method is illustrated by applying this analysis method to Saudi Arabia, where the government is struggling to outline a strategy to meet residential and commercial loads reliably and sustainably in the country’s remote, scattered, isolated areas. To meet this demand, the Saudi government is considering two main alternatives: (1) extending the primary power transmission grid; or (2) installing an optimal combination of off-grid distributed generation (DG) resources, including solar PV, wind, diesel, oil, heavy fuel oil, and Li-ion batteries, to generate the electricity locally. Results suggest that under most scenarios of capital costs, fuel prices, and costs of air pollution, developing a microgrid with a large share of wind and solar power is more cost-effective than extending a primary grid 150 km or more away. Extending a primary grid powered by gas-fired combined-cycle power plants is more economical only if the load is not very high, the distance is not more than 350 km, and oil prices are relatively high compared to natural gas.

Hot spots of methane emission in West Siberian middle taiga wetlands disturbed by petroleum extraction activities

Hot spots of methane emission in West Siberian middle taiga wetlands disturbed by petroleum extraction activities

Assessment of dynamic line rating forecasting methods

• Forecasting electric power transmission line ampacity is presented here to be pivotal to achieving an increased line rating. • Deep learning techniques and regression were used to identify patterns in the environmental data and forecast DLR at different lead times. • This article compared forecasting techniques and evaluated them with point and probabilistic error metrics. • Point Error metrics gave the discrepancy between the forecasted and actual values, while the probabilistic error metrics gave the confidence level of the forecast values of the techniques. Optimal transmission line rating use is guaranteed with dynamic line rating (DLR). It is a smart grid technology that foresees variations in meteorological conditions affecting line rating and deploys algorithms to effect changes to the line rating due to these conditions. Electric power system operators use forecasted DLR for system planning, operation, and delivery. This study reviewed DLR forecasting techniques, classified them, implemented them, and compared their outputs at different lead times. It used ensemble means forecasting, recurrent neural network (RNN), and convolution neural network (CNN). Ensemble forecasting technique deployed in this study involves a Monte-Carlo simulation that produces random, equally viable predicting solutions. Alternatively, a neural network layer's initial outcome is fed back into it to predict the output in RNN, while CNN learns to predict features that vary in time and space with marginal discrepancies. This study used quantile regression (QR), ensemble forecasting, RNN and CNN to forecast DLR at 12hrs, 24hrs and 48hrs. The tested forecasting approaches prove efficient, but ensemble forecasting seems less error-prone, more secure and conservative among all methods. On average, 75th percentile quantile regression and ensemble forecasting demonstrate better reliability and avail us the better choice of ampacity among the forecasting techniques.

Theoretical and Experimental Analysis and Testing of Medium Length Electric Power Transmission Line

Theoretical and Experimental Analysis and Testing of Medium Length Electric Power Transmission Line

Energy Harvesting Methods for Transmission Lines: A Comprehensive Review

Humanity faces important challenges concerning the optimal use, security, and availability of energy systems, particularly electrical power systems and transmission lines. In this context, data-driven predictive maintenance plans make it possible to increase the safety, stability, reliability, and availability of electrical power systems. In contrast, strategies such as dynamic line rating (DLR) make it possible to optimize the use of power lines. However, these approaches require developing monitoring plans based on acquiring electrical data in real-time using different types of wireless sensors placed in strategic locations. Due to the specific conditions of the transmission lines, e.g., high electric and magnetic fields, this a challenging problem, aggravated by the harsh outdoor environments where power lines are built. Such sensors must also incorporate an energy harvesting (EH) unit that supplies the necessary electronics. Therefore, the EH unit plays a key role, so when designing such electronic systems, care must be taken to select the most suitable EH technology, which is currently evolving rapidly. This work reviews and analyzes the state-of-the-art technology for EH focused on transmission lines, as it is an area with enormous potential for expansion. In addition to recent advances, it also discusses the research needs and challenges that need to be addressed. Despite the importance of this topic, there is still much to investigate, as this area is still in its infancy. Although EH systems for transmission lines are reviewed, many other applications could potentially benefit from introducing wireless sensors with EH capabilities, such as power transformers, distribution switches, or low- and medium-voltage power lines, among others.

Development of measures to reduce grid energy losses in the Namangan Region of Uzbekistan

The paper is aimed at developing technical and organizational measures to reduce the losses of electrical energy during its transmission via main and distribution electrical grids, in power transformers and electric power trans-mission lines. The focus of the study was on electrical grid modes in the Namangan Region of Uzbekistan (voltages of 220/110/35/10/6 kV), which were analyzed via technological calculation-based research methods using an equivalent circuit representing the linear circuit currently employed in the regional electric energy system. In addition, electrical grids were simulated using the software package “Program for calculating electrical grid modes” followed by the processing of calculation results by means of the Microsoft Excel package. The paper calculates electrical modes for the equivalent circuit of the regional electric energy system, as well as offering technical measures (installation of reactive power compensation devices; adjustment of transformation ratios in power transformers) aimed at adjusting voltage to improve electric power quality in terms of voltage deviations and lower power losses. Voltage deviations in most grid nodes were found to be inconsistent with GOST 32144-2013. Thus, in 35 kV, 10 kV, and 6 kV nodes, the largest underdeviation amounted to 12.45 kV, 3.26 kV, and 2.09 kV, respectively. For the placement of reactive power compensating devices having a total power of 67.82 MV∙Ar, 35 kV nodes were used; in addition, the values of transformer ratios at transformer substations (35–110 kV) were determined. Calculations indicate that the conducted activities can normalize voltage in the 35 kV, 10 kV, and 6 kV nodes while reducing power losses in the electrical grid by 9.35 MW. It is estimated that the proposed measures will be paid back in approximately three years. By means of compensating reactive power and adjusting transformer ratios, these measures can reduce electrical energy losses during transmission in the considered objects and maintain a given voltage level.

Development of DSP-Based Transmission Line Fault Detection

Abstract: This paper proposes a new algorithm to detect and classify faults in the electric power transmission line. Transmission line protection is an important issue in power system engineering because 85-87% of power system faults are occurring in transmission lines. This paper presents a technique to detect and classify the different shunt faults on transmission lines for quick and reliable operation of protection schemes. Discrimination among different types of faults on the transmission lines is achieved by the application of evolutionary programming tools. Further, fault signal data are imported into MATLAB for postprocessing, and time-frequency analysis using Signal Processing Toolbox in MATLAB.