Electrical Power Signals Research Articles

Hybrid pumped laser sources based hybrid traveling wave SOA and optical EDFA amplifies for signal quality improvement

Abstract This paper has demonstrated the hybrid pumped laser sources based hybrid traveling wave SOA and optical EDFA amplifies for the signal quality improvement. The previous effective noise figure and fiber loss variations are clarified against wavelength band with/without amplification. The related previous signal output power versus Raman/EDFA pumped amplification and signal power conversion efficiency are indicated versus the launched pump power with the Raman/EDFA pumped amplification. The signal quality factor/BER against the transmission distance with/without amplification after receiver side. The modified amplified light signal power is demonstrated after 300 km distance SMF channel with wavelength band variations. The modified amplified light signal power is clarified after 300 km distance SMF channel by using optical power meter. The modified amplified light signal power is clarified after 300 km distance SMF channel with time band variations. The modified amplified electrical signal power is demonstrated after 350 km distance SMF channel with frequency band variations. The modified amplified electrical signal power is clarified after 350 km distance SMF channel with time band variations. The modified amplified electrical signal power is demonstrated after 350 km distance SMF channel by using electrical power meter.

Analysis method of explosive electromagnetic radiation energy

AbstractThe energy of electromagnetic radiation from explosions is coupled to electronic equipment circuits, disrupting the initiation sequence or causing failure in an increasing number of cases, which seriously affects the stability of weapon systems. There is a significant difference between the characteristics of the explosive electromagnetic radiation signals and modulated electromagnetic signals. The electric field intensity and signal power cannot directly represent the magnitude of the explosive electromagnetic radiation energy, and traditional electromagnetic signal analysis methods are unsuitable for explosion electromagnetic signal analysis. To solve this problem, the mechanism of explosive electromagnetic radiation was first analyzed. Through verification experiments of the explosion electromagnetic intensity and temperature, it was concluded that there is a strong correlation between the explosion plasma temperature and electromagnetic intensity. The temperature of the explosive plasma is derived based on the measured surface temperature of the explosive fireball, a functional relationship is established between the energy of the explosive plasma and the temperature of the plasma, and plasma energy is introduced as a parameter for electric field intensity correction. The interference signal analysis method based on eye diagram is used to calibrate the electromagnetic radiation damage ability, achieving quantitative analysis of the interference degree of electromagnetic radiation energy on the signal, and providing a new approach for the analysis of explosive electromagnetic radiation energy.

Fast Arc Detection Technology Based on Fractal Dimension for SADA Slip Ring in Satellite Power System

The solar array drive assembly (SADA) slip ring is a critical link that provides electrical power and electric signal transmission between solar arrays and satellite power systems, which is prone to arc faults in the space environment. If these arc faults cannot be detected and eliminated quickly enough, they will seriously threaten the safety of the satellite power system and the satellite. In this paper, a fast arc detection method based on fractal dimension is proposed that adapts to different operating modes of power systems. The detection method collects the current differential signal data flowing through the SADA slip ring, and, according to the trend of the fractal dimension change in this signal, the fault identification algorithm is designed for different operating modes of the power system to achieve real-time and rapid identification of arc faults. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated using test data under several different fault conditions.

Multisource working condition recognition via nonlinear kernel learning and p-Laplacian manifold learning

Effectively utilizing information from multiple sources and fewer labeled operating condition samples from a sucker-rod pumping system for oil production can improve the recognition effects and engineering practicability. Nevertheless, this is a challenging energy environment scientific application research subject, and therefore, this study proposes an operating state recognition scheme that relies on multisource nonlinear kernel learning and p-Laplacian high-order manifold regularization logistic regress. Specifically, three measured features are selected and extracted, i.e., wellhead temperature signal, electrical power signal, and ground dynamometer cards, based on mechanism analysis, expert experience, and prior knowledge. Finally, we establish the operating condition recognition model to recognize by the multisource p-Laplacian regularization kernel logistic regress algorithm. The experimental data are derived from 60 wells of a common high-pressure and low-permeability thin oil reservoir block of an oil field in China. The corresponding trials highlight that our scheme outperforms traditional recognition methods by exploiting single-source and multiple-feature data. In the context of fewer labeled samples, the proposed method has a greater recognition effect, engineering practicability, and better model robustness than the existing schemes based on other high-order manifold learning, verifying our method's effectiveness.

AN APPROACH ON THE DESCRIPTION OF A FLAT DRIVING BELT BEHAVIOUR MIRRORED IN TRANSMITTED MECHANICAL POWER

For driving belt condition monitoring, the main interest is the certification of the capacity to keep their qualities unchanged over a long period of time and secondary to detect the imminence of the catastrophic failure. This paper presents a study on the behaviour detection and description of a flat driving belt health condition, used in a rotary machine electrically driven, particularly a lathe headstock gearbox running idle. It was discovered that in the mechanical power transmitted from electromotor to gearbox via a flat belt some specific sinusoidal components (a fundamental and some harmonics) of variable power are generated. The description of these power components (by values of amplitude, frequency and phase at origin of time) is indirectly detectable in the evolution of the active electrical power absorbed by the drive electromotor. Two arguments are available for this approach. Firstly, there is a reasonable assumption that between the mechanical power and the active electrical power there is an approximated proportionality relationship through the power efficiency. Secondly, the evolution of the active electrical power (or mechanical power as well) is a deterministic signal with a low level of noise. A simple computer assisted procedure of active electrical power signal acquisition and data processing was conceived, the detection was done by computer aided curve-fitting procedures in Matlab applied on active electrical power evolution absorbed by the driving motor in stationary working regimes (the electromotor playing the role of a mechanical power sensor). Mainly two ways of graphic representation have been proposed in order to describe the variable power generated by this flat belt (in time and frequency domains). The behaviour of many other types of belts involved in rotary machines driving can be similarly described.

High modulation laser systems integrated with hybrid pulse generators for high speed fiber transmission systems

Abstract This study has simulated the high modulation laser systems integrated with hybrid pulse generators for high speed fiber transmission systems. The directly modulated laser with raised cosine/Gaussian pulse generators are employed for ultra-high data rates for modified multi band range applications. The total estimated light power after fiber cable system is demonstrated based on electro-absorption, phase, and single drive MZM measured modulators. The light base band signal and noise signal configuration is clarified after fiber cable system based on various proposed modulators. The degree of signal polarization configuration is studied after fiber cable system based on various modulators. Signal power level with Q, BER, signal eye height, and the total estimated electrical modulated signal power are evaluated after receiver system after receiver side based on proposed modulators.

Sensing the Positions of Multi Droplets on a Piezoelectric Substrate Using a Smartphone Based on CIELab Color Model

A method for simultaneously sensing positions of multi droplets on a piezoelectric substrate was presented. A double D-value algorithm was presented to distinguish target droplets using CIELab color model. An application soft (app) was developed to sense positions of target droplets. In order to verify the presented method, black ink solution droplets on a 128°-YX LiNbO3 substrate were used to demonstrate for sensing droplets position. Results show that different number of target droplets can be distinguished and their positions can be simultaneously sensed. As an application, a 5 micro-liters black ink solution droplet was driven on the piezoelectric substrate by surface acoustic wave. Its position was sensed and its movement path was analyzed using developed app. In the meantime, the transporting velocity of the droplet was obtained, of which value is 0.33 mm/s from 6th second to 7th second at 27.5 dBm electric signal power.

Continuous wave light sources with various optical modulators for signal quality optical fiber systems enhancement

Abstract This study clarified the simulation study of the continuous wave light sources with various optical modulators for signal quality optical fiber systems enhancement. The lighted signal power spectrum is measured and tested with various optical modulators after fiber media system. Also the lighted base band modulated signal power value is demonstrated with different light modulators after fiber media system of the reach up to 10 km. The electrical modulated base band signal power value is clarified with various light modulators after receiver PIN system. Moreover, the electrical modulated signal base band power amplitude spectrum quality and data error system rate values are numerically clarified and measured with different light modulators after receiver PIN system. The electro-light modulators that are used namely amplitude, phase, frequency modulators and Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM).

Locating a droplet on piezoelectric substrate based on a smartphone

In order to detect the position of a droplet on a piezoelectric substrate, a smartphone-based location method is developed. A transportation video is recorded and then analyzed using the smartphone. An algorithm for identifying the droplet in the captured image is presented, and the center distance of the droplet is calculated by analyzing the color information of the image. A black ink solution droplet is demonstrated for determining droplet position using a self-developed app. The results show that the droplet position is 201 pixels at the 11th second and its transportation velocity is 0.37 mm/s from the 2nd second to the 11th second at 27.5 dBm electric signal power.

BIO30: A Method to Monitor Ventricular Recovery Using VAD Signals Based on Parseval’s Power Theorem

Study: Recent studies highlight the growing interest in achieving ventricular recovery for VAD patients, thereby eliminating the need for cardiac transplantation. Hemodynamic measurements may be performed during periodic echocardiography for patients with probable recovery. However, there are no standard methods to evaluate ventricular recovery on a continuous outpatient basis. Such a method can help assess changes in cardiac function throughout daily activities, potentially optimized by a responsive VAD control algorithm. The objective of this study was to evaluate a surrogate measure of cardiac contractility based on VAD inherent signals using an in-silico simulation model of assisted circulation. Methods: Without loss of generality, hemodynamic power can be visualized as an electrical power signal in an implanted VAD. The power of a continuous periodic signal (the VAD Flow Rate signal), given by Parseval’s Power Theorem, is equivalently the average value integral over one period of the square of the magnitude of the signal (inclusive of all harmonic components). In this in-silico simulation study, we compute the ratio of this power with the norm (over multiple cardiac cycles) of the signal under steady-state conditions. We call this ratio the Power Factor of the VAD Flow Rate, represented by λVAD. Numerical simulations were conducted for different values of ventricular contractility (Emax Maximum Ventricular Elastance) from 0.5 to 2.0 mmHg/ml over a range of VAD speeds of 1000 to 8000 RPM (HeartMate 3® VAD Model) in steps of 100 RPM. Results: The figure below illustrates the relationship of the Power Factor to VAD speed for four levels of ventricular contractility. At 1000 RPM, the Power Factor for all Emax values was found to be equal. As the VAD speed increases above approximately 4000 RPM, the λVAD values diverge, demonstrating the direct relationship with Emax: having a peak of approximately 0.8 for the greatest ventricular contractility (Emax = 2.0). As speed increases further and approaches 8000 RPM, the values of λVAD once again converge. Another discriminating feature is the location (speed) of the local maximum (“hump”) in the curves within the range of 4000 and 6000 RPM, with the peak occurring at increasing speeds for increasing contractility. The cause of the hump is due to the cooperative relationship of the VAD and native ventricle, precisely the point of the aortic valve opening, allowing forward flow. At the lowest speeds, there is a slight negative flow through the VAD and, thus, a more subdued λVAD. Conclusion: This simulation study shows that the Power Factor of VAD flow rate has the potential as a noninvasive surrogate measure of ventricular recovery that can be monitored continuously. The metric is sensitive to the interaction between the native left ventricle and the VAD and thus helpful in developing feedback control that optimizes cardiac rehabilitation.Figure 1. Simulation results for the Power Factor of VAD Flow Rate as a function of different VAD Speeds (RPM).

Optical duobinary transmitter based OQPSK line coding phase offset for the prediction of OWC channel systems performance efficiency

Abstract This work demonstrates the optical duobinary transmitter based optical quadature phase shift keying line coding phase offset for the prediction of optical fiber wireless channel systems performance efficiency. The max signal light power variations with the spectral wavelength variations for different degree phase offsets based optical quadrature phase shift keying (OQPSK) transmitter are clarified. The max signal light power variations with the time variations for various degrees phase offset based OQPSK transmitter are demonstrated. The total power lighted after OWC channel for various degree phase offset based OQPSK transmitter are indicated. The max electrical power signal amplitude variations with the time variations for various degree phase offset based OQPSK transmitter are observed. Total electrical power signal after optical receiver for various degree phase offset based OQPSK transmitter is clarified. Total optical power variations after OWC channel for various degrees phase offset based OQPSK transmitter is studied.

Optical differential phase shift keying transceiver systems performance efficiency at high data rate optical systems in the presence of Pr doped amplifiers

Abstract This work has been clarified the optical differential phase shift keying transceiver systems performance efficiency at high data rate optical systems in the presence of pr doped amplifiers. The Max optical signal power variations after fiber link versus wavelength variations at various system data rates are demonstrated. The total optical power within optical fiber at data rates from 10 to 100 Gbps are indicated. The Max electrical signal power variations against frequency after receiver variations at various system data rates are clarified. The total electrical power after receiver at various system data rates are demonstrated. The light/electrical power received, OSNR and SNR variations in relation to data rate variations are also studied.

Internal Leakage Detection in Hydraulic Pump Using Model-Agnostic Feature Ranking and Ensemble Classifiers

Abstract Hydraulic pumps are key drivers of fluid power-based machines and demand high reliability during operation. Internal leakage is a key performance deteriorating fault that reduces pump’s efficiency and limits its predictability and reliability. Thus, this article presents a methodology for detecting internal leakage in hydraulic pumps using an unbalanced dataset of its drive motor’s electrical power signals. Refined composite multiscale dispersion and fuzzy entropies along with three statistical indicators are extracted and followed by second-order polynomial-based features. These features are normalized and visualized using partial dependence plot (PDP) and individual conditional expectation (ICE). Subsequently, ten machine learning classifiers are trained using four features, and their statistical hypothesis test is performed using a 5 × 2 paired t-test cross-validation for p < 0.05. Subsequently, top four performing classifiers are optimized using grid and random search hyperparameter optimization techniques. Due to slight difference in their accuracies, an ensemble of three best-performing algorithms is trained using the majority voting classifiers (MaVCs) for three splitting ratios (80:20, 70:30, and 60:40). It is demonstrated that MaVC achieves the highest leakage detection accuracy of 90.91%.

Analysis of Artificial Intelligence based Methods For Sensorless Disaggregation of the Residential Electric Power Signals

The SLEMA Journal is published by the Sri Lanka Energy Managers Association (SLEMA). Published twice a year since 1984, the SLEMA Journal carries research papers, articles, reviews and news about the status and new developments in the energy sector of Sri Lanka.

Nonlinear wavelength conversion cross phase modulation in fiber systems based on directly modulated laser measured

Abstract This study has clarified the simulation of the nonlinear cross phase modulation (CPM) performance signature in optical fiber telecommunication systems. We have been clarified the max Q factor in relation to Cross phase shift modulation for the previous models and proposed model. The optimum optical power varied with spectral time and wavelength variation that is simulated for 90° cross phase shift modulation. Optimum total optical and electrical signal power is demonstrated for 90° Cross phase shift modulation. The max signal quality factor and min BER are assured for various degrees based on cross phase shift modulation. In addition to the optimum signal quality factor is emphasized for 90° Cross phase shift modulation.

Power-Over-Fiber in Support of 5G NR Fronthaul: Space Division Multiplexing Versus Wavelength Division Multiplexing

We investigatethe potential of space division multiplexing (SDM) for the power-over-fiber (PWoF) technique, in terms of weakly-coupled multicore fiber (WC-MCF) design and experimental verification. Our simulation results indicate that, the SDM-enabled PWoF scheme is superior to the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) enabled counterpart, due to the scalability of the energy light delivery and the save of wavelength division multiplexers. Then, we experimentally demonstrate the co-transmission of optically carried fifth generation new radio (5G NR) signals at 1550-nm and the 60-W energy light at 1064-nm over the 1-km weakly-coupled seven-core fiber (WC-7CF) fronthaul link. Since the optical power delivery characteristic per the WC-MCF core is similar to that of the standard single-mode fiber (SSMF), the SDM-enabled PWoF scheme can evenly distribute the high-power energy light into multiple spatial channels, to maximize the efficiency of the optical power transition efficiency (OPTE). Consequently, the total collected optical power of the energy light over the 1-km WC-7CF is 4.6 times higher than that of the 1-km SSMF, mainly due to the insertion loss of the fan-in and fan-out (FIFO) devices. Meanwhile, the error-vector magnitude (EVM) of 1.5-Gbit/s 5G NR signal is 0.28%, when the received electrical signal power is −25 dBm. The EVM value of the co-transmitted 5G NR signal with the 60-W energy light only has a fluctuation of 0.01% over six hours. The SDM-enabled PWoF is useful for the optically powered 5G pico-cells, with the capability of high-speed access and centralized management.

Droplets transport together with a small steel ball driven by surface acoustic waves

A new method for transporting microfluid was presented. An interdigital transducer was fabricated on an YX-128° LiNbO3 piezoelectric substrate for generating surface acoustic wave (SAW). A sample droplet is placed on a small steel ball, which is driven by the SAW. Temperature characteristics of the sample droplet are theoretically analyzed, and experimentally verified. Red ink solution is demonstrated for sample droplet transport. The presented transport method is successfully applied in color development reaction. Compared to traditional SAW driving droplets, the equilibrium temperature of sample droplet driven by presented method is decreased 11.8 °C at 30.9 dBm of electrical signal power.

Physics-informed turbulence intensity infusion: A new hybrid approach for marine current turbine rotor blade fault detection

Ocean current turbines (OCT) convert the kinetic energy housed within the earth’s ocean currents into electricity. However, OCT technologies used to harvest this energy are still at an early stage in development due to technical and economic challenges stemming from the high operation and maintenance costs associated with limited geographical location access and harsh operating environments. In an effort to alleviate reliability concerns associated with marine electricity generation, this paper proposes a novel physics-guided rotor blade imbalance fault detection framework that combines non-intrusively acquired fault features obtained from the turbine’s electrical power signal with environmental condition data to enhance the fault detection capabilities. The combination of these two data sources paved the way for the development of a physics-informed neural network that ensures the classifications made by our framework are scientifically consistent with the underlining hydro-kinematic rotor dynamics of the OCT. The effectiveness of our framework is validated on simulation data produced by an in-house high-fidelity numerical simulation platform that includes temporally and spatially dynamic oceanic operating environment models. Test results demonstrate a Type-I error rate of 5.00% and a Type-II error rate of 2.92%.

Acoustic Analog Signal Processing for 20–200 MeV Proton Sound Detectors

Proton sound detectors rely on sensing the weak thermoacoustic signals emitted by the fast energy deposition at the end of the beam penetration path through the energy absorber. The energy of the ions/protons is first converted into heat, and then, into pressure by a thermodynamic process. The pressure signal propagates through the energy absorber, and it is read by an acoustic sensor, which, in turn, converts the pressure wave into an analog electrical voltage. Such an analog signal is digitalized by the analog front-end. Its digital representation is used for the measurement of the beam depth. This emerging technique attracts attention in both physics experiments and medical applications (hadron therapy). This article investigates the signal-to-noise-ratio performance in proton sound detectors exploring all critical steps that lead to both reduction of the power of the electrical signal and noise power increasing. Nonetheless, this article proposes specific technical solutions to mitigate such signal-to-noise-ratio degradations with particular attention to higher energy (i.e., 200 MeV) proton beams, which are crucial for medical applications, and where the maximum achievable signal-to-noise ratio can be 50/60 dB lower than 20 MeV acoustic pulses.

Design of Digital Constrained Linear Least-Squares Multiple-Resonator-Based Harmonic Filtering

Although voiced speech signals are physical signals which are approximately harmonic and electric power signals are true harmonic, the algorithms used for harmonic analysis in electric power systems can be successfully used in speech processing, including in speech enhancement, noise reduction, speaker recognition, and hearing aids. The discrete Fourier transform (DFT), which has been widely used as a phasor estimator due to its simplicity, has led to the development of new DFT-based algorithms because of its poor performance under dynamic conditions. The multiple-resonator (MR) filter structure proposed in previous papers has proven to be a suitable approach to dynamic harmonic analysis. In this article, optimized postprocessing compensation filters are applied to obtain frequency responses of the transfer functions convenient for fast measurements in dynamic conditions. An optimization design method based on the constrained linear least-squares (CLLS) is applied. This way, both the flatness in the passband and the equiripple attenuation in the stopband are satisfied simultaneously, and the latency is reduced.