Electric Power Consumption Research Articles

Energy efficient photonic memory based on electrically programmable embedded III-V/Si memristors: switches and filters

Over the past few years, extensive work on optical neural networks has been investigated in hopes of achieving orders of magnitude improvement in energy efficiency and compute density via all-optical matrix-vector multiplication. However, these solutions are limited by a lack of high-speed power power-efficient phase tuners, on-chip non-volatile memory, and a proper material platform that can heterogeneously integrate all the necessary components needed onto a single chip. We address these issues by demonstrating embedded multi-layer HfO2/Al2O3 memristors with III-V/Si photonics which facilitate non-volatile optical functionality for a variety of devices such as Mach-Zehnder Interferometers, and (de-)interleaver filters. The Mach-Zehnder optical memristor exhibits non-volatile optical phase shifts > π with ~33 dB signal extinction while consuming 0 electrical power consumption. We demonstrate 6 non-volatile states each capable of 4 Gbps modulation. (De-) interleaver filters were demonstrated to exhibit memristive non-volatile passband transformation with full set/reset states. Time duration tests were performed on all devices and indicated non-volatility up to 24 hours and beyond. We demonstrate non-volatile III-V/Si optical memristors with large electric-field driven phase shifts and reconfigurable filters with true 0 static power consumption. As a result, co-integrated photonic memristors offer a pathway for in-memory optical computing and large-scale non-volatile photonic circuits.

Experimental and numerical investigation of a novel high-temperature heat pump for sensible and latent heat delivery

This paper investigates, both experimentally and numerically, the performance of a high-temperature heat pump (HTHP) prototype for steam production and thermal energy storage applications using R-1233zd(E) as a refrigerant. The main novelties of this prototype are the incorporation of an external subcooler to separate the sensible and latent heat production. Other novel points are the testing of a new variable-speed piston compressor that endures a discharge temperature of up to 160 °C, and the development of an advanced numerical model based on the components’ specifications. In this temperature range there are very few detailed studies up-to-date. The proposed HTHP was tested experimentally in 50 different working points selected based on the compressor’s limits and on the general requirements for industrial applications requiring heat at high temperatures, up to 150 °C. The results show that the proposed HTHP can deliver a total heat of 38.6 kW at 148.5 °C, within a temperature lift of 66.8 K, with an electric power consumption of 10.7 kW, and with a heating coefficient of performance (COP) of 3.6. Moreover, using the external subcooler resulted in a substantial increase in the COP, which can reach 33 % compared with similar HTHPs without a subcooler. After successfully validating the HTHP model with the experimental results, extended performance maps were developed based on more than 500 possible operating conditions covering the most common steam generation and energy storage applications. Finally, four performance correlations were obtained, with an accuracy of ±10 %, hereby providing a black-box model to ease the integration of such HTHPs into dynamic simulations of industrial processes.

Application of non-Euclidean metric in the electric power industry for reduction of measurement uncertainty

The paper proposes the use of the non-Euclidean metric to reduce the uncertainty that occurs when measuring voltage for the tasks of ongoing continuous control of electric power consumption in large, branched high-voltage electric networks. The problem is that for continuous control of electric power consumption, it is necessary to install the active and reactive power measuring equipment in each node of the electric network (at each substation) and to ensure the transmission of measurement information to dispatching control centers. For countries with large electric networks, long distances between electric grid nodes and dispatch control centers, this requires huge capital costs. Therefore, it is advisable to place equipment for measuring electric power and voltage only in individual nodes of the electrical network, and then calculate the parameters of the remaining nodes based on Kirchhoff's laws. But at the same time, there is a significant measurement uncertainty, because the complex value of the voltage is usually not measured, only the modulus of the voltage values is used for the calculation. The use of non-Euclidean metrics provides the reduction of the input data uncertainty, which are necessary to control the consumption of electric power in each node of the electric network.

Iontolysis using an electrically excited solid source of aqueous copper ions compatible with bacterial gene quantification

Iontolysis was demonstrated as a feasible low-voltage and low-frequency technique for bacterial DNA extraction. This was achieved through mild electrical excitation (3 Vpp with a 0.5 VDC offset at 5 Hz sinusoidal signal) of submerged copper thin films serving as a solid source for releasing aqueous copper ions into the bacterial sample upon electrical stimulation. The technique achieved approximately 40 % of the lysing efficiency of bead beating after 5 min. The electrical power consumption per Escherichia coli K12 bacterial sample was approximately 25 mW, making it suitable for use with existing portable analyzers. Its compatibility with the existing intercalating fluorescent dye gene quantification technique was demonstrated with high linearity (R2 = 0.97). Notably, it suggested the minimal presence of interfering species that may have been generated from the iontolysis byproducts. This compatibility is essential for existing bacterial gene quantification techniques to leverage the low electrical power consumption, simplicity of design and manufacturing, and ease of storage and shipping of the proposed iontolysis.

Low divergence cold-wall oven for loading ion traps.

We present a compact cold-wall oven that is simple to build and align for loading miniature ion traps with calcium ions. The cold-wall oven, which is a metal-loaded capillary heated only through a portion of its length by the passage of a current, is described and characterized. An atomic beam with a low divergence of 14 mrad is produced. We perform Doppler-sensitive, resonant fluorescence measurements on the atomic beam to characterize the oven's performance. The emission of atoms from the oven is seen within ∼70s after turning on the oven at an electric power consumption of <10 W. The flow rate is measured to be 1.5 ± 0.2 × 109atomss-1 at a temperature of 702 ± 7K. The entire oven assembly is mounted on a CF16 feedthrough. This design can be extended to other species for producing a collimated atomic beam.

Permanent VS Transitory Shocks to Electricity Consumption: Panel Evidence from 19 African Countries

ABSTRACT: Considering Africa's increasing electricity demands and the pivotal role of electricity in socio-economic development, this study addresses a research gap in understanding the stochastic properties of per capita electricity consumption in African contexts. Through examining the integration properties of per capita electricity consumption across 19 African countries, the research determines whether 'shocks' yield transitory or permanent effects, aiding policy formulation and future demand forecasting. Annual electric power consumption data (1971 – 2014) (kWh per capita) from the WDI across 19 African countries are used. Our methodology starts with formally testing for cross-sectional dependence (CSD) using various tests to avoid potential size distortions. Subsequently, we employ the novel panel stationarity test of Nazlioglu and Karul (2017), a Fourier KPSS panel stationarity test. The robustness of the analysis is enriched by incorporating the Hadri and Kurozumi (2011) panel stationarity test and Nazlioglu et al. (2021) new panel stationary tests. The CSD test results reveal mutual dependency in electricity consumption among the sampled African countries, underscoring the need for a panel testing methodology that accommodates CSD. The results of the panel stationarity tests that allow CSD and structural breaks—specifically, the Nazlioglu and Karul (2017) test, which models structural breaks as a gradual process—reject the null hypothesis of trend stationarity for both single frequencies, i.e., k =1, and 2. Similarly, all new, complementary panel stationarity tests from Nazlioglu et al. (2021) reject the null hypothesis of stationarity for both frequencies. Collectively, the outcomes from various panel stationarity tests present strong evidence of nonstationary per capita electricity consumption within the sampled African countries. Additionally, the Nazlioglu and Karul panel stationarity test enables an analysis of the individual Fourier KPSS test for cross-sectional units in the panel. Of the 19 countries, only Togo does not reject the null hypothesis of stationarity for both frequencies. These individual country results align with the panel outcomes, providing compelling evidence for the nonstationarity of the per capita electricity consumption series across the investigated African nations. Accordingly, shocks to electricity consumption will have permanent effects, indicating that per capita electricity consumption will not return to its pre-shock equilibrium path. In this case, demand or consumption stabilizing policies will have long-run effects.

Cognitive Modelling and Forecasting of Electricity Consumption

Purpose of reseach. Development of a forecast model of energy consumption and assessment of factors influencing its consumption. The obtained forecast estimates of energy consumption will improve the quality and efficiency of management decisions at all levels of administrative management.Methods. The article presents an analytical review of the existing methods of cognitive modelling and forecasting of electric power consumption, the description of the software implementation of the information-computing system that allows to make a forecast of electric power consumption by the population of the administrative-territorial formation. The approach to the description of factors of electric power consumption by both population and various branches of national economy, as well as organisations engaged in rendering various services has been proposed. Special software has been developed, which allows to obtain model results of electric power consumption in an automated mode, to carry out factor analysis of power consumption. The experimental verification of the work of the programme of cognitive modelling and forecasting of electric power consumption by the population of Lgovsky district of Kursk region is given. The developed software also makes it possible to evaluate the adequacy of the obtained results and promptly adjust the model parameters.Results. As a result of the research a fuzzy cognitive map of energy consumption for a municipal entity was developed. The concepts of the subject area describing the influence of various groups of factors on the level of electric energy consumption were identified. Forecast estimates of electricity consumption were obtained, which were based on the data for the retrospective period. Adequacy indicators based on the calculation of statistical criteria are determined for the obtained estimates.Conclusion. The results of the study have shown that the combination of cognitive and statistical methods allows to achieve an adequate solution when solving the problem of energy consumption forecasting.

Digital twin with augmented state extended Kalman filters for forecasting electric power consumption of industrial production systems

The work aims to develop an effective tool based on Digital Twins (DTs) for forecasting electric power consumption of industrial production systems. DTs integrate dynamic models combined with Augmented State Extended Kalman Filters (ASEKFs) in a learning process. The connection with the real counterpart is realized exclusively through non-intrusive sensors. This architecture enables the model development of industrial systems (components, machinery and processes) on which complete knowledge is not available, by identifying the model's unknown parameters through short online training phases and small amounts of real-time raw data. ASEKFs track the unknowns keeping models updated as physical systems evolve. When a forecast is needed, the current estimates of the uncertain parameters are integrated into the dynamic models. These can then be used without ASEKFs to predict the actual energy use of the system under the desired operating conditions, including scenarios that differ from typical functioning. The approach is validated offline with reference to the electricity consumption of an automatic coffee machine, which represents a real test environment and a blueprint to design DTs for other industrial systems. The appliance is observed by measuring the supply voltage and the absorbed current. The accuracy of the results is analyzed and discussed. This method is developed in the context of energy consumption prediction and optimization in the manufacturing industry through refined energy management and planning.

Energy Management and Audit of the Lighting and Air Conditioning System at the Teratak Buluh Grand Mosque, Pekanbaru City

Energy management and audits are important steps in improving a building's energy efficiency. Mosques, as centers of religious and social activities, often have significant energy requirements. The research methods used include field observations at the Teratak Buluh Grand Mosque, measuring energy consumption, and recommendations for saving energy use. The research results show that mosques have the potential for significant energy savings with recommendations for energy conservation opportunities that can be implemented by reducing the number of lamps used and the number of air conditioners. Previously, electrical power consumption at the Teratak Buluh Grand Mosque was 74,480.40 kWh/year with electricity costs reaching IDR 68,894,370/year. Meanwhile, electrical power usage after energy conservation opportunities (ECO) is 41,918.40 kWh/year with electricity costs of IDR 38,774,520/year, with an energy consumption intensity (IKE) value at the mosque of 13.49 kWh/m2/ month. Based on Permen No. 13 Tahun 2012 Tentang Penghematan Energi Listrik, this value is included in the fairly efficient energy consumption category.

FUZZY CONTROL OF POWER CONSUMPTION OF ELECTROMECHANICAL EQUIPMENT OF THE MAIN DRAINAGE COMPLEX AT IRON ORE MINE

The paper presents a fuzzy control system for the consumption of electric power by pumps of the main drainage complex of a mine based on the Mamdani fuzzy inference algorithm. The proposed system has a structure with two inputs, such as water inflow and electricity cost, and one output, the power of pumping units. The choice of the Mamdani method for building a fuzzy system is due to the fact that all these inputs and outputs are subject to preliminary expert evaluation. All quantities are fuzzificated by smooth membership functions - Gaussian and sigmoid. The input values of the system are represented by linguistic variables, each of which includes five fuzzy sets that define the membership in the very low, low, medium, high, and very high levels of the corresponding input value. The output of the system contains ten fuzzy sets. During the fuzzification, it was assumed that in order to avoid overloading the pump motors, only one option is considered: their operation at maximum power when there is a very high level of mine water inflow during heavy rains or for other reasons. In all other cases, the operation of at least one of the pumps with the highest permissible power is excluded. A base of 25 fuzzy rules was formed. When defining the rules, it is assumed that in all cases when there is a high water inflow into the mine, all three pumps must be put into operation, regardless of the electricity cost in force in the current period of time. This set of rules is of the highest importance due to the need to prevent flooding of the mine. For other values of water inflow, the output power consumption of drainage pumping units depends on the current cost. This set of rules has a lower priority. We simulated the operation of the dewatering pumping system with and without a fuzzy power consumption control system. The test signal for the "water inflow" input was represented as a random variable with a normal distribution. The test signal for the "electricity cost" input was formed on the basis of real data on the price determined by the operator for the day ahead market for 12/24/2023. It was found that the use of a fuzzy system can reduce the cost of purchasing electricity by 1.24% per day. It should also be noted that the economic effect is achieved not by reducing the level of power consumption, but by rationalizing the operation of the drainage complex, which ensures maximum groundwater drainage performance when the cost of electricity is high, and minimum when it is low.

Sistem Pemantauan Daya Listrik Berbasis Website

Human life today is very dependent on electrical energy. In almost everyday life, people need electricity, whether in offices, households, education, industry, and others. Excessive use of electricity can cause waste both in terms of costs and energy itself. Careful monitoring is needed to find out how much electrical power is used in electronic equipment. The important thing for users to pay attention to is monitoring electrical power consumption so that the use of electronic equipment remains within the time and cost limits that have been previously set. Therefore, the aim of this research is to make it easier for users to carry out this monitoring through a website-based system. Data from the PZEM-004T sensor is processed by the ESP32 microcontroller, then sent to the database via the internet network. In this way, this information can be accessed by users anytime and anywhere via websites connected to the internet. The level of data accuracy on the website reaches 100%, according to the reading results from ESP32 and Power Quality Analyzer as a comparison.

Submilliwatt Silicon Nitride Thermo-Optic Modulator Operating at 532 nm

Optical phase control is essential for optical beam steering applications. The silicon nitride thermo-optic modulator generally suffers from high electrical power consumption. Microresonator and multipass structures could reduce the electrical power consumption of silicon nitride thermo-optic modulators, with the drawback of a narrow operating bandwidth and high insertion loss. We demonstrate a single-pass silicon nitride thermo-optic phase modulator at 532 nm with low insertion loss and low power consumption, achieving a π phase shift power consumption down to 0.63 mW in a Mach–Zehnder switch. The rise and fall time are around 1.07 ms and 0.67 ms, respectively.

ANALISIS SISTEM KELISTRIKAN PADA LABORATORIUM CENTRAL SERVICE KUALA NAMU

Kuala Namu Central Service Laboratory is a laboratory that provides service-based services for electrical and electronic equipment specifically at kuala namu airport equipment. This laboratory uses a lot of laboratory equipment that uses electrical energy. The purpose of this study is to analyse the electrical system on electrical power consumption in the Kuala Namu Central Service Laboratory as well as conduct an analysis between the electrical system of the Kuala Namu Central Service Laboratory with the General Requirements for Electrical Installation and SPLN. Based on the calculation results in the discussion results obtained total power consumption of equipment around 86,637.30 W, from the measurement of operating power of 82,606.66 W. While according to the simulation results using DIg SILENT Power Factory 15.1 .7, the power is 82,604.95 W. The percentage of transformer loading is obtained at 44.08%, this already includes loading according to SPLN standards, while the percentage of generator loading is 89.496% which is declared overloaded. In the simulation results the transformer is 44.08% and the generator is 89.5%. The type of conductor and safety installed as well as the grounding resistance in the building has met the PUIL (General Requirements for Electrical Installation) standard. The grounding resistance of the CPS laboratory building is 2.6 Ω (5 Ω).

Визначення граничних величин споживання електричної енергії засобами оптимізаційного моделювання

In the heating season of 2022/2023, as a result of the military aggression of the Russian Federation and targeted attacks on electric power facilities, a significant shortage of electric energy occurred in the Integrated power system of Ukraine. Restriction schedules and emergency disconnection of consumers were forcibly applied. In the conditions of such an unprecedented violation of the security of electricity supply, the problem of determining the limit values of electric energy and power consumption has gained new relevance for the electricity market participants. In this study, the problem of determining the optimal limit values of electricity consumption based on the criterion of maximum income from its sale to three groups of consumers was set and solved: "Critical infrastructure", "Households" and "Non-household consumers". The formation of the three specified groups is related to price discrimination in the electricity market and the need to supply critical infrastructure facilities without limits. The decision variables in the optimization model are proposed to be specified in fractions of the provision of electrical energy needs (unit fractions), which allows for establishing equal conditions regarding restrictions for all distribution system operators. To take into account the social significance of electric energy as a commodity, an additional constraint was included to the basic optimization model: the lower limit of the decision variable for the "Households" group. Approbation of the proposed optimization model was carried out using spreadsheet modeling in MS Excel on reported data on the results of electrical load measurements on regime days. The results of computational experiments are presented for the conditions of different values of the deficit of electric energy in the Integrated power system of Ukraine and different values of the additional constraint for the «Households» group, in particular, quantitative estimates of the consequences of the included constraints for the functioning of the electricity market. The proposed method of determining the limit values of electric energy consumption allows to formalize the procedure for decision-making according to predetermined rules and thereby achieve a fair distribution of limited resources. Keywords: electric energy consumption, shortage, limit value, optimization modelling, spreadsheet model.

Stationarity and cycles in the energy consumption in the United States

The purpose of this paper is twofold: analyzing stationarity of energy consumption by source in the United States and studying their cycles and pairwise synchronization. We study a panel of nine time series of monthly energy consumption for the period 1973–2022. Four of the series (namely coal, natural gas, petroleum, and nuclear electric power consumption) are non-renewables, whereas the remaining ones (hydroelectric power, geothermal, biomass, solar, and wind energy consumption) are renewable energy sources. We employ a nonparametric, panel stationarity testing approach. The results indicate that most of the series may be trend-stationarity, with nuclear and geothermal energy consumption being the only exceptions. Additionally, a study on potential cycles in the series of energy consumption by source is carried out, and subsequently we analyze pairwise concordance between states of different energy sources and between states of energy sources and the business cycle. Significant correlations are detected in the latter analysis, which are positive in the case of fossil fuel sources and negative for two renewable sources, namely geothermal and biomass energy consumption.

Air exchange rate as a means of ensure requirements to air purity on the basis of high-efficiency filters

In the context of a constant increase in air pollution, the question arises of creating safe air zones with quality control of the air environment in places where people stay. The constant deterioration of air quality caused by military operations and their consequences, as well as the need to reduce the consumption of available energy resources, requires studying the recommendations on the optimal air exchange rate of existing European and American air quality requirements in residential and office buildings to achieve the required air quality with minimal energy consumption. The objectives of the study were to obtain data on the efficiency of air purification in a given volume at different air exchange rates. A separate task was to check the data declared by the manufacturer on the pressure drop across the filter with an increase in the volume of air passing through it. CleanZone5300 filtration systems with F9 class filter and HEPA H12/13 class filter were considered, which can provide an air exchange rate of 2 to 10 times. In a room volume of 225.9 m3, at a temperature of 18 ˚C, a relative humidity of 57-59 % and an initial number of particles in the room air of 533,440 particles/ft3 (15105 particles/m3), the ability of filtration units to purify the air at different rates was studied. It was concluded that even with a factor of 2, the filtration system can provide air purification up to 40 % when using the F9 filter and up to 60 % when using the HEPA H12/13 filter in a short period of time. Recirculation filter units are considered as the easiest way to increase the air exchange rate in the room, in our climatic conditions. With the possibility of avoiding the processing of air for heating or cooling when using outside atmospheric air. In the installations used in the study, the electrical power consumption of the fans is 300 W per hour. The conclusions of the study need to be tested in office premises with an existing ventilation system to determine the optimal multiplicity of achieving a given air quality when using filters or portable filter units.

Analysis of Variability in Electric Power Consumption: A Methodology for Setting Time-Differentiated Tariffs

The increasing concern for environmental conservation has spurred government initiatives towards energy efficiency. One of the key research areas in this regard is demand response, particularly focusing on differential pricing initiatives such as Time-of-Use (ToU). Differential tariffs are typically designed based on mathematical or statistical models analyzing historical electricity price and consumption data. This study proposes a methodology for identifying time intervals suitable for implementing ToU energy tariffs, achieved by analyzing electric power demand variability to estimate demand flexibility potential. The methodology transforms consumption data into variation via the coefficient of variation and, then, employs k-means data analysis techniques and the a priori algorithm. Tested with real data from smart meters in the Colombian electrical system, the methodology successfully identified time intervals with potential for establishing ToU tariffs. Additionally, no direct relationship was found between external variables such as socioeconomic level, user type, climate, and consumption variability. Finally, it was observed that user behavior concerning consumption variability could be categorized into two types of days: weekdays and non-working days.

Application Design of A Multiple Power Source Monitoring System Based On The Internet Of Things (IOT)

At the present time, technology is developing rapidly in various scientific fields. People continue to develop and research the latest technologies to make human life easier. One of them is in the field of IoT (Internet of Things) technology. The use of electrical devices in each power source has different electrical power consumption. And this often happens, so when using electrical equipment, each power source is a tool for monitoring the use of electrical power, so that the use of electrical power in multiple power sources is in accordance with the required power. Therefore, a tool is designed that can facilitate the performance of activities to monitor the use of electric power, the results of which can be displayed through LCD 16X2 and can be informed through the Internet. The purpose of this research is to design an IoT-based electric power monitoring system to facilitate the monitoring of electric power consumption in multiple IoT-based power sources. The method used in data collection is quantitative method. With the collection of several components needed, which are designed in this study such as voltage sensors, Ethernet shields, hub switches and Arduino Uno microcontrollers. This research will monitor IoT-based power, and can be monitored via the Internet in the form of a graphical display on a desktop application or in the form of a monitoring web page. The results showed that the average error value in testing the voltage sensor was 0.02%, the sensor for current readings had an error value of 0.19%, and the value of power was 0.18%. So it can be concluded that by having a fairly small difference and error, this tool is said to be quite good and then by testing the monitoring application system on the web page that is made capable of sending, storing and displaying data on the monitoring web page in real time every minute even with different power sources, in tests conducted with two different power sources and can be measured properly, so that testing the web monitoring application can be said to be good because it can monitor electrical power of multiple power sources.

Monolithic 2D Perovskites Enabled Artificial Photonic Synapses for Neuromorphic Vision Sensors.

Neuromorphic visual sensors (NVS) based on photonic synapses hold a significant promise to emulate the human visual system. However, current photonic synapses rely on exquisite engineering of the complex heterogeneous interface to realize learning and memory functions, resulting in high fabrication cost, reduced reliability, high energy consumption and uncompact architecture, severely limiting the up-scaled manufacture, and on-chip integration. Here a photo-memory fundamental based on ion-exciton coupling is innovated to simplify synaptic structure and minimize energy consumption. Due to the intrinsic organic/inorganic interface within the crystal, the photodetector based on monolithic 2D perovskite exhibits a persistent photocurrent lasting about 90s, enabling versatile synaptic functions. The electrical power consumption per synaptic event is estimated to be≈1.45×10-16J, one order of magnitude lower than that in a natural biological system. Proof-of-concept image preprocessing using the neuromorphic vision sensors enabled by photonic synapse demonstrates 4 times enhancement of classification accuracy. Furthermore, getting rid of the artificial neural network, an expectation-based thresholding model is put forward to mimic the human visual system for facial recognition. This conceptual device unveils a new mechanism to simplify synaptic structure, promising the transformation of the NVS and fostering the emergence of next generation neural networks.

Airfoil friction drag reduction based on grid-type and super-dense array plasma actuators

To improve the cruise flight performance of aircraft, two new configurations of plasma actuators (grid-type and super-dense array) were investigated to reduce the turbulent skin friction drag of a low-speed airfoil. The induced jet characteristics of the two actuators in quiescent air were diagnosed with high-speed particle image velocimetry (PIV), and their drag reduction efficiencies were examined under different operating conditions in a wind tunnel. The results showed that the grid-type plasma actuator was capable of producing a wall-normal jet array (peak magnitude: 1.07 m/s) similar to that generated in a micro-blowing technique, while the super-dense array plasma actuator created a wavy wall-parallel jet (magnitude: 0.94 m/s) due to the discrete spanwise electrostatic forces. Under a comparable electrical power consumption level, the super-dense array plasma actuator array significantly outperformed the grid-type configuration, reducing the total airfoil friction drag by approximately 22% at a free-stream velocity of 20 m/s. The magnitude of drag reduction was proportional to the dimensionless jet velocity ratio (r), and a threshold r = 0.014 existed under which little impact on airfoil drag could be discerned.