Electric Passenger Cars Research Articles

Accelerating Sustainable Mobility: Technology and Innovation, in Electric Passenger Cars by Tata motors

Since the arrival of electric vehicles (EVs), the car industry has seen a dramatic transformation. Tata Motors, a leading Indian automaker, has been at the forefront of this revolution with its innovative electric passenger cars. This paper explores the cutting -edge technologies and innovations employed by Tata motors in its EV offerings, including the Nexon EV, Tigor Ev, and Tiago EV. We examine the company’s proprietary Ziptron technology, advanced battery management systems, and regenerative braking mechanisms. Tata motors has partnered with Tata Power, which is India’s leading player in the EV charging space, to provide a comprehensive charging ecosystem. Tata Motors is focused on sustainability, community, and technology, and is committed to making positive changes in the auto industry. Additionally, we analysed Tata Motor’s strategic partnerships, investment in R&D, and manufacturing capabilities that enables its Ev ambitions. Our research highlights the Company’s commitment to sustainable mobility, reduced emissions, and enhanced customer experience. Tata Motors is dedicated to expanding its electric feet, with a focus on offering a range of EV options to customers. The findings of this study contribute to understanding the technological advancements and innovations driving the EV industry in India and globally

Assessing the Additional Benefits of Thailand’s Approaches to Reduce Motor Vehicle Emissions

Air pollutants and greenhouse gases (GHGs) represent major challenges in our era, contributing to climate change and global health issues. These problems arise from a variety of well-known sources, including motor vehicles. Almost all nations, Thailand included, have formulated and implemented policies to curb greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in line with the requirements and commitments of the Paris Agreement. The evaluation of specific air pollutants and GHG emissions originating from road vehicles utilises the Thailand database, referencing the year 2019. Data intersections from 2019 to 2022 are grounded in actual data collected from relevant departments in Thailand, while projections for 2023–2030 are forecasted based on the baseline year. The secondary database used in the International Vehicle Emission model is adjusted according to real-world driving data to accurately reflect country-specific emission factors. Dynamic emission factors for specific air pollutants and GHGs are evaluated and integrated with the average Vehicle Kilometres Travelled (VKT) for each vehicle category. The Business-As-Usual (BAU) scenario is then examined, based on existing policies aimed at reducing air pollutants and GHG emissions in Thailand’s transport sector. These policies include strategies for the adoption of electric vehicles and the promotion of public transport to reduce VKT. Under the BAU scenario, the overall number of road vehicles in Thailand, including passenger cars, motorcycles, pickups, vans, trucks, and buses, is expected to increase by approximately 6.58% by 2030, leading to a rise in specific air pollutants and GHG emissions compared to the 2019 baseline. However, by adhering to Thailand’s strategies and transitioning to new electric passenger cars and buses, greenhouse gas emissions and specific air pollutants from the road transport sector will be significantly reduced.

Multi-Use Optimization of a Depot for Battery-Electric Heavy-Duty Trucks

Battery-electric trucks offer a high battery capacity and good predictability, making them attractive for the implementation of bidirectional charging strategies. Nevertheless, most of the previous charging strategy studies focus on electric passenger cars. These charging strategies are usually formulated as separate use cases like tariff-optimized charging, arbitrage trading, peak shaving, and self-consumption optimization. By combining different use cases, their economic potential can be increased. In this paper, we introduce a model to optimize charging processes in depots for electric vehicles considering the combination of different use cases. This model is applied to a depot for battery-electric trucks. The savings obtained through optimized bidirectional charging highlight the enormous potential of this technology for the future, especially in the heavy-duty sector.

Identifying the decarbonization paths for new energy passenger cars in China

This study establishes the marginal abatement cost curve (MACC) of China’s new energy passenger car technologies (PCT) and identifies the technological decarbonization path for new energy passenger cars. The results show that the decarbonization of China’s new energy passenger car market is mainly led by two models, conventional hybrid passenger cars and blade electric passenger cars. At the same time, this study identifies six key technologies for decarbonization of new energy passenger cars. In the future development of the passenger car market, these six technologies should be used as the focus of decarbonization, bringing their strengths into play while compensating for the shortcomings of other technologies. At the same time, the baseline scenario should be the main focus, supplemented by other scenarios.

Auralization of electric vehicles for the perceptual evaluation of acoustic vehicle alerting systems

Electric vehicles (EVs) typically emit little noise at low driving speeds, which increases the risk of accidents for vulnerable road users such as pedestrians. To reduce this risk, regulations demand that newly sold EVs have to be equipped with an acoustic vehicle alerting system (AVAS), which radiates artificial warning sounds. Developing AVAS sounds that provide a sufficient warning capability while limiting traffic noise annoyance requires laboratory listening experiments; such experiments need accurate auralization methods. Even though several auralization tools are already established in the research field, those frameworks require additional data to simulate EVs. This paper presents an electric vehicle auralization toolchain combined with an open-access database, including AVAS measurements, synthesis algorithms, and numerically calculated sound source directivities for three different electric passenger cars. The auralization method was validated numerically and in a listening experiment, comparing simulated EV passages to binaural in-situ recordings. The results of this perceptual validation indicate that stimuli generated with the presented method are perceived as slightly less plausible than in-situ recordings and that they result in a similar distribution of annoyance ratings but a higher perceived vehicle velocity compared to the reference recordings.

Test and analysis of reverse braking abnormal sound condition of a pure electric passenger car

Test and analysis of reverse braking abnormal sound condition of a pure electric passenger car

Exponential adoption of battery electric cars

The adoption of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) may significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions caused by road transport. However, there is wide disagreement as to how soon battery electric vehicles will play a major role in overall transportation. Focusing on battery electric passenger cars, we analyze BEV adoption across 17 individual countries, Europe, and the World, and consistently find exponential growth trends. Modeling-based estimates of future adoption given past trends suggest system-wide adoption substantially faster than typical economic analyses have proposed so far. For instance, we estimate the majority of passenger cars in Europe to be electric by about 2031. Within regions, the predicted times of mass adoption are largely insensitive to model details. Despite significant differences in current electric fleet sizes across regions, their growth rates consistently indicate fast doubling times of approximately 15 months, hinting at radical economic and infrastructural consequences in the near future.

Future Challenges of the Electric Vehicle Market Perceived by Individual Drivers from Eastern Poland

In the past few years, it can be seen that the automotive market has been developing quite rapidly, especially when it comes to electric cars. This is because the development of sustainable cars seems to be an extremely important issue at the moment. Nowadays, cars with different propulsion systems (among others electric, hybrid, gas, or hydrogen) can be met on the roads. But, political action is mainly aimed at electric cars. Such an approach will certainly lead to fundamental changes in production processes in the near future via the emergence and development of new technologies in the field of electric passenger cars. Therefore, the manuscript discusses the concept of vehicles with different types of power supply, with the main emphasis on electric vehicles. The essence of electric vehicles, their genesis, rationale for development, and growth are indicated. The different markets around the world, through the prism of, on the one hand, programs supporting the purchase and use of this type of vehicle and, on the other hand, factors limiting and inhibiting their uptake, are also discussed. The research was conducted in a group of both current and potential drivers from Eastern Poland, with different categories of grouping variables used in the analyses. On the basis of the research carried out and the results obtained, it can be argued that due to various factors, the respondents’ opinions are varied, and there are no unambiguous conclusions stating that such solutions will soon be available. Indeed, a number of doubts and barriers were noted among respondents. Driver preferences are therefore a key issue, but production capacity and the profitability of investments in the purchase of vehicles with an electric power supply should also be taken into account.

Economic comparison between conventionally powered and electric cars

One of the most serious environmental problems of our time is air pollution, which has a profoundly damaging effect not only on the ecosystem but also on the human body. Increasing air pollution not only increases the risk of respiratory infections, but also increases the risk of asthma, chronic bronchitis and heart disease. In order to reduce these negative effects , the European Environment Agency supports the implementation of measures taken by EU decision-makers to reduce air pollution. At its meeting in Strasbourg on 14 February 2023, the European Parliament adopted an agreement to clean up the air by requiring all new cars and vans sold in the European Union from 2035 to be electrically powered. When this provision becomes definitive, there will be a gradual expansion of the market for electric vehicles, which already represents a steadily increasing proportion of the total number of cars on the road. This latter fact justifies an examination of the penetration, operational and financial consequences of vehicles with green plates. In the study an economic comparison between the most popular pure electric passenger car in the European Union in 2022, the Tesla Model Y with a green plate, and the Peugeot 208 with a conventional engine has been presented. Four economically developed EU Member States, Hungary, Denmark, Norway and France have been taken for consideration. The financial burden on owners of these car types in the year of purchase and in the following years of use has been investigated. The calculations are based on the legislation and market prices in 2023. Taking into account the average change in market prices, an increase of 10% per year in the costs shown in the table for both types of car has been calculated. The analysis shows that, although in the short term, owners of electric cars face much higher costs than their petrol-powered counterparts, in the long term they are an excellent investment in a cleaner vehicle. Conclusions are supported by the fact that the total expenditure on a Peugeot 208 passenger car in 2023 will exceed the total purchase price and maintenance costs of a Tesla Y model in 2023 in Hungary after approximately 10 years, 13 years in Norway, 10 years in Denmark and 12 years in France

Projection of the Demand for Charging Stations for Electric Passenger Cars in Indonesia

Projection of the Demand for Charging Stations for Electric Passenger Cars in Indonesia

Analysis of speed limit and energy consumption in electric vehicles

This paper presents an analysis of the mileage energy consumption for an electric passenger vehicle in terms of the introduction of numerous speed limits. Regulations concerning the limiting of vehicle speed to 30 km/h in cities or residential areas are particularly common. This restriction is intended to increase traffic safety, but at the same time introduces increased mileage fuel or energy consumption in electric drivetrain. Regardless of the energy carrier, any increase in energy causes negative effects for the environment. The analysis was focused on the mileage energy consumption of electric passenger cars for a constant speed under real traffic conditions. During the tests, the tested vehicles’ speed on a specially designated road section was changed gradually by 10 km/h, with simultaneous recording of the car’s traction parameters and mileage energy consumption. An analysis of the mileage energy consumption was then carried out for the assumed fleet of cars travelling one after another (in a so-called traffic jam), while maintaining a safe distance. This allowed for the calculation of the environment’s energy burden caused by a fleet of vehicles travelling on a given road section, indicating that a reduction in vehicle speed causes an increase in the vehicles’ energy consumption. Both total and mileage energy consumption of electric vehicles were analysed during the tests.

Modeling and Simulation of Pure Electric Passenger Vehicle Based on MATLAB and AVL CRUISE

In this paper, the vehicle control strategy of pure electric passenger vehicle is designed in MATLAB/simulink, and the driving control strategy and the braking recovery mode control strategy modeling and Simulation are analyzed in detail. The model of the pure electric passenger car is built in AVL CRUISE software, and the parameters of the pure electric passenger car, driving motor, power battery, car tire and other modules are set, and then the established modules are connected. The results show that the drive control strategy of pure electric passenger vehicle does have its unique practicability and superiority.

Study on the influence of high and low temperature environment on the energy consumption of battery electric vehicles

In order to study the influence of high and low temperature environments on the energy consumption of battery electric vehicles, this paper takes Tianjin as an example to collect the actual road data of 8 battery electric passenger cars for eight months. It determines the correlation between each characteristic parameter and energy consumption based on the maximum mutual information coefficient of short stroke segments, of which the average driving speed correlation is the highest, which is 0.785. Given the two factors that have a greater impact on energy consumption in high and low temperature environments: driving resistance and air conditioning on motion and idle energy consumption analysis, the study shows that in terms of driving resistance, high temperature and low temperature energy consumption are reduced and increased by 5.4% and 13.3% respectively relative to normal temperature; The energy consumption of high temperature and low temperature air conditioner switching on increased by 17.12% and 47.48% respectively compared with the air conditioner off.

Hydrogen or Electric Drive—Inconvenient (Omitted) Aspects

Currently, hydrogen and electric drives used in various means of transport is a leading topic in many respects. This article discusses the most important aspects of the operation of vehicles with electric drives (passenger cars) and hydrogen drives. In both cases, the official reason for using both drives is the possibility of independence from fossil fuel supplies, especially oil. The desire for independence is mainly dictated by political considerations. This article discusses the acquisition of basic raw materials for the construction of lithium-ion batteries in electric cars, as well as methods for obtaining hydrogen as a fuel. The widespread use of electric passenger cars requires the construction of a network of charging stations. This article shows that, taking into account the entire production process of electric cars, including lithium-ion batteries, the argument that they are ecological cannot be used. Additionally, it was indicated that there is no concept for the use of used accumulator batteries. If hydrogen drives are used in trains, there is no need to build the traction network infrastructure and then continuously monitor its technical condition and perform the necessary repairs. Of course, the necessary hydrogen tanks must be built, but there must be similar tanks to store oil for diesel locomotives. This paper also deals with other possibilities of hydrogen application for transformational usage, e.g., the use of combustion engines driven with liquid hydrogen. Unfortunately, an optimistic approach to this issue does not allow for a critical view of the whole matter. In public discussion, there is no room for scientific arguments and emotions to dominate.

Investigation of Influential Factors of Intention to Adopt Electric Vehicles for Motorcyclists in Vietnam

(1) Background and aims: The exploration of the intention to adopt electric vehicles has been intensively studied in developed countries where passenger cars are the most common private motorized vehicle. However, the same is not true for motorcycle-dependent countries such as Vietnam. This study aimed to advance our understanding of the determinants of motorcyclists’ intention to use electric vehicles (i.e., electric passenger cars) in settings where the motorcycle is the dominant mode. (2) Data and methods: The partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and the data from 330 motorcycle owners in Hanoi, Vietnam, were utilized to empirically test a research framework formulated based on the push–pull–mooring migration model. (3) Results: The results indicated that the push factor was formulated by safety concerns and environmental concerns while the pull factor was established by perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and financial incentive policy. Both the push factor and the pull factor significantly contributed to the adoption intention but the effect of the latter was stronger. Knowledge did not affect the intention; however, it moderated the link between the pull factor and the intention. For the respondents with a higher level of knowledge, the positive impact of the pull factor on the intention was lower (compared to those with a lower level of knowledge). (4) Conclusions: Based on the findings of the associated factors, policy implications were suggested to increase the prevalence of electric vehicles. Although the theoretical and practical contributions of this study may be significant to the literature regarding developing countries, more research is needed to validate and extend them.

How Efficient and Socially Sensitive Are Fiscal Incentives for Electric Cars in Europe?

The main aim of the study was to analyse the impact of fiscal incentives on the share of electric passenger cars in total sales in 31 European countries in 2021 and 2022. Research methods included an assessment of the active fiscal incentives and passive financial gain on fuel of owning electric over petrol-powered vehicles, calculating the ratio of these variables to the net savings in emissions, and conducting regression analysis of the impact of these two variables, as well as indicators of national wealth and the distribution of population by urbanization, on the share of electric vehicles in total sales. The most important finding of the research is that, in the countries under review, incentives are not well designed. For a saving of 1 ton of CO2 for business-owned plug-in hybrid electric sports utility vehicles, tax incentives stood at EUR 3400, as compared to only EUR 106 for small battery powered electric vehicles, with very high differences between countries. Applied panel data regressions with random effects indicated that active tax incentives had a rather low impact on the share of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) in total passenger car sales in 31 European countries in 2021 and 2022, while the difference in electricity price over petrol price combined with the share of the population living in houses in towns and suburbs may be a rather strong stimulus for buying BEVs (R2 = 0.452 for the total sample and R2 = 0.579 for the reduced sample). However, national wealth between countries, measured by relative final consumption expenditure per capita, had the highest impact on the share of battery electric vehicles in total sales (R2 = 0.634). The study suggests that fiscal incentives for electricity powered vehicles in Europe were too large, and neither well designed nor directed towards less wealthy households.

Cooperative Platoon Control of Automated Industrial Vehicles: A Synchronization Approach and Real-World Experiments

Compared with the electric passenger cars or trucks, the cooperative platoon control task of automated industrial vehicles suffers from several different challenges, from the aspects of information-gathering issues, control stability issues, and hardware system development and retrofitting challenges. In this article, we investigate the cooperative platoon control task of automated industrial vehicles and build a synchronization-based approach. A fully distributed controller is presented based on the cross-coupling strategy, and a global stability analysis approach is presented with explicitly considering the neighboring vehicles' information-gathering delays and data samplings. In system design, we formulate the platoon control system as the most general case, and we show that the existing controllers can be proved as simplifications of our controller under special cases. In addition, in order to achieve practical applications, a general retrofitting framework is presented for diesel industrial vehicles, and the onboard perception system is further established. Finally, platoon control experiments with real industrial vehicles demonstrate our effectiveness and practical applicability, while large-scale simulations validate our robustness to external disturbances, time-varying information gathering delays, and random packet drops.

Is the Transition to Electric Passenger Cars Sustainable? A Life Cycle Perspective

Compared to conventional passenger cars, the hybrid and electric alternatives include electric motors and large batteries; the use of clean energy, reduced operation emissions, and decreasing purchase prices can represent solid reasons for their market adoption. The feasibility of the transition to electric cars is analyzed herein in terms of the costs, main pollutants, and energy consumption of compact to large-sized cars. In this regard, the proposed life cycle assessment methodology evaluates the pollution and energetic impacts of the current passenger car models with a weight varying from 1.6 to 1.8 tons, depending on the car type, for a complete life cycle. The life cycle emissions and energy consumption are also determined through simulation in order to validate the estimated values for the considered powertrains. This study has shown that a transition to current full-electric passenger cars, based on a European and United States energy mix, is not currently sustainable in terms of energy consumption. The complete life cycle values are similar for the tested conventional and full-electric passenger cars, ranging from 5 to 5.2 MJ/km. By comparison, the hybrid alternatives and full-electric cars based solely on renewable energy present lower energy consumption, ranging from 3.32 to 4.62 MJ/km. At the same time, the hybrid alternatives and conventional cars provide relevant benefits in life cycle costs: 20–25% lower than full-electric cars. In terms of life cycle emissions, the tested full-electric cars based on renewables show a noticeable reduction in greenhouse gases and in other relevant pollutants: 37% and 62%, respectively, lower than that of conventional cars.

Analysis of Charging Infrastructure for Private, Battery Electric Passenger Cars: Optimizing Spatial Distribution Using a Genetic Algorithm

To enable the deployment of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) as passenger cars in the private transport sector, suitable charging infrastructure is crucial. In this paper, a methodology for the efficient spatial distribution of charging infrastructure is evaluated by investigating a scenario with a 100% market penetration of BEVs of (around 1.3 million vehicles) in Berlin, Germany. The goal of the evaluated methodology is the development of various charging infrastructure scenarios—including public and private charging—which are suitable to cover the entire charging demand. Therefore, these scenarios are investigated in detail with a focus on the number of public charging points, their spatial distributions, the available charging power, and the necessary capital costs. For the creation of these charging infrastructure scenarios, a placement model is developed. As input, it uses the data of a multi-agent transport simulation (MATSim) scenario of the metropolitan area of Berlin to evaluate and optimize different distributions of charging infrastructure. The model uses a genetic algorithm and the principle of multi-objective optimization. The capital costs of the charging points and the mean detour car drivers must undertake are used as the optimization criteria. Using these criteria, we expect to generate cost-efficient infrastructure solutions that provide high usability at the same time. The main advantage of the method selected is that multiple optimal solutions with different characteristics can be found, and suitable solutions can be selected by subsequently using other criteria. Besides the generated charging scenarios for Berlin, the main goal of this paper is to provide a valid methodology, which is able to use the output data of an agent-based, microscopic transport simulation of an arbitrary city or area (or even real driving data) and calculate different suitable charging infrastructure scenarios regarding the different optimization criteria. This paper shows a possible application of this method and provides suggestions to improve the significance of the results in future works. The optimized charging infrastructure solutions for the Berlin scenario show capital costs of between EUR 624 and 2950 million. Users must cover an additional mean detour of 254 m to 590 m per charging process to reach an available charging point. According to the results, a suitable ratio between the charging points and vehicles is between 11:1 and 5:1. A share of fast charging infrastructure (>50 kW) of less than ten percent seems to be sufficient if it is situated at the main traffic routes and highly frequented places.

Performance analysis of a thermochemical energy storage system for battery preheating in electric vehicles

• A thermochemical energy storage system for battery preheating of electric vehicles. • 2-D numerical model for Potassium Carbonate salt hydrate-based energy storage bed. • The performance of the energy storage bed is studied by parametric analysis. • Ambient temperature has significant impact on the system performance. • Heating rate of 0.43 °C min-1 is achievable for battery preheating of electric car. For a sustainable future, electric vehicles (EVs) are expected to offer a superior alternative to conventional fossil fuel-based vehicles. However, the performance of lithium-ion batteries used in EVs is known to deteriorate at low temperatures. Hence, preheating of EV batteries becomes imperative in cold climates. In the present paper, a potassium carbonate salt hydrate-based Thermochemical Energy Storage System (TESS) is proposed for battery preheating. The Energy Storage Bed (ESB) is a reactor of this system in which hydration-dehydration reactions take place. The ESB is envisioned as a modular design that presents the advantage of scalability for different EV variants and ambient conditions. A 2-D model of ESB is developed and its performance is analysed by various parametric studies. The proposed TESS achieves cycle efficiency of 47.1 %, volumetric energy storage density of 153.4 kWh m -3 , and specific heating power of 88.6 W kg -1 . Further, the analysis is extended to study the temporal variation in the battery temperature of an electric car by the addition of the proposed TESS to the existing heating architecture. The effect of various parameters associated with the heating circuit, on the evolution of battery temperature is also studied. Using the proposed TESS, a heating rate of 0.43 °C min -1 can be achieved for battery preheating of a typical electric passenger car.