Electric Motorcycle Research Articles

Exploring Energy Charging Models for Electric Motorcycles from the Perspective of Sustainable Energy

Exploring Energy Charging Models for Electric Motorcycles from the Perspective of Sustainable Energy

Effect of Increase in the Price of Petroleum and Increase in the Sales of Electric Scooter

Abstract: Our paper is among the first to measure the potential effect of increase in the price of petroleum vs increase in the sales of electric scooter. With the prices of petrol inching closer to Rs 100 per liter, the demand for battery operated scooters is on the rise as people want to save on fuel cost. As a result, the sale of e-scooters has increased considerably in the city. buyers of two-wheelers are also evincing interest in purchasing e-scooters and making enquiries about vehicles in the local showrooms Okinawa, a large scooter manufacturer in India, recently reported a 30% sales jump in the last quarter alone. The company attributes this largely to the rise in gasoline prices. Without being tied to a pump, electric motorcycle riders are insulated from fluctuating gasoline prices, and can instead “fill up” on much less expensive electricity from any wall outlet.

Overview of the Motorcycle Market (For the Purpose of Creating a Platform for Electric Transport)

Aim. This article presents the results of an analytical study (overview) of the Russian motorcycle market as a projected element of an electric transport platform based on the analysis that includes information about global trends. Tasks. The authors examine the global and Russian electric motorcycle markets, legal peculiarities and advantages of using electric motorcycles in the Russian Federation, and major demand factors.Methods. This study uses the methods of analysis and synthesis of information from Russian and foreign sources publicly available on the Internet and the method of expert assessment.Results. Electric motorcycles are shown to be a promising market, both at the domestic and global levels. Major trends and demand factors of this market in Russia as well as legal peculiarities and advantages of using these vehicles are identified and analyzed.Conclusions. Positive trends indicate that it is possible to create a Russian platform for electric transport that would include electric motorcycles. This study will be useful to anyone interested in the topics of motorcycles, electric transport, and platform solutions in this area. In addition, this article can serve as a basis for further research on this topic.

Tacit Knowledge and Product Information about the Environmental Impact towards the Purchase Intention of Electric Motorcycles

In recent years, Indonesia has started to adopt electric motorcycles (EMCs), but until 2019 the market share of electric vehicles (EVs) was only around 0.05%. This figure is far from the target set by the Ministry of Industry of a 20% market share in 2025. This quantitative research was conducted to get a novel picture of what potential customers think about EMC products. The proposed model used structural equation modelling with SmartPLS-3 over 300 respondents. The research found that detailed product information positively and significantly influences consumer attitudes toward adopting EMCs. Tacit knowledge also positively and significantly influences consumer attitudes toward the environment. Furthermore, tacit knowledge directly affects the purchase intention of EMCs with a significant and positive value. As the mediating variable, consumer attitudes towards the environment have no mediation effect toward purchase intention. These findings are expected to increase the public’s knowledge and awareness of the environmental impact in determining which EMC products are more environmentally friendly than others. Here, environmentally friendly means the absence of direct emissions on vehicle exhaust and the total direct and indirect emissions.

Sistem Monitoring dan Pengisian Daya Baterai Pada Sepeda Motor Listrik Secara Adaptive

Development of the automotive world, more and more fuel oil is required to refuel cars. As the price of oil continues to rise, the automotive industry has begun to develop non-petroleum fueled motorcycles, one of which is electric motorcycles. Although it is currently very difficult to completely replace fossil fuels, the introduction of renewable energy sources will be very important to start immediately. One of them is a system to reuse an existing battery charging system on an electric motor in turn, where, when the engine is running, the charging system uses a DC generator located on the electric motor. And when the engine stops, the charging system uses the current source from PLN.

The role of environmental concern in forming intentions for switching to electric scooters

Despite the growing market share of electric scooter-style motorcycles (e-scooters), only limited insight into the role of environmental concern with respect to their adoption is available. The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychological and contextual factors that associate with a switch from fossil fuel scooters to e-scooters. To model these factors, we conducted two studies in Taiwan. In Study 1, we elicited context-specific reasons for and against purchasing an e-scooter in a series of semi-structured interviews. In Study 2, we analyzed data from a survey among consumers (N = 320) using structural equation modelling. We consider the most important reasons from Study 1 together with environmental concerns (egoistic, altruistic, biospheric) in their relationship with intentions to switch to an e-scooter using the framework of Behavioral Reasoning Theory (BRT). In doing so, we provide unique insights for marketers and policymakers who seek to encourage the switch to this more sustainable form of mobility. We found environmental concerns among users of fossil-fueled scooters to be associated with attitude toward as well as reasons for and against switching to an e-scooter. But only a biospheric concern appeared to relate to both reason types and attitude, whereas egoistic and altruistic concerns only associated with reasons for the switch. The study also provides researchers and marketers in the e-scooter industry with a framework for understanding the role of environmental concern and contextual factors on purchase intention for a sustainable mobility product.

Proposing Electric Motorcycle Adoption-Diffusion Model in Indonesia: A System Dynamics Approach

In 2019, the number of conventional vehicles in Indonesia reached 133,617,012 units, dominated by motorcycles of 112,771,136 units and passenger cars of 15,592,419 units. The high number of conventional motorcycle users can increase the number of pollutants and combustion emissions in the environment. This condition has encouraged the transition to a sustainable transport system that will be needed for decades to come, especially for the electric motorcycle to resolve the issue. This research aims to predict and estimate the market share of electric motorcycles by considering life cycle cost per kilometer. System dynamics simulations are developed to model the adoption-diffusion of electric motorcycles in Indonesia. This model has four main modules: an electric motorcycle module, a conventional motorcycle module, an economy module, and a consumer market module. This model shows a positive trend of EM market share from 2021-2030, with the market share value of EM is 0,411 in 2030. The development of retail price subsidy and electricity price scenarios is also carried out to determine the right policies to accelerate the adoption-diffusion process. Based on the scenario, the provision of retail price subsidy and a decrease in electricity price can increase the value of the EM Market Share.

Smart Electric Mobility Operating System Integrated with Off-Grid Solar Power Plants in Tanzania: Vision and Trial Run

To respond to the threat of global warming, countries around the world are promoting the spread of renewable energy and reduction of carbon emissions. In accordance with the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goal to combat climate change and its impacts, global automakers are pushing for a full transition to electric vehicles within the next 10 years. Electric vehicles can be a useful means for reducing carbon emissions, but in order to reduce carbon generated in the stage of producing electricity for charging, a power generation system using eco-friendly renewable energy is required. In this study, we propose a smart electric mobility operating system integrated with off-grid solar power plants established in Tanzania, Africa. By applying smart monitoring and communication functions based on Arduino-based computing devices, information such as remaining battery capacity, battery status, location, speed, altitude, and road conditions of an electric vehicle or electric motorcycle is monitored. In addition, we present a scenario that communicates with the surrounding independent solar power plant infrastructure to predict the drivable distance and optimize the charging schedule and route to the destination. The feasibility of the proposed system was verified through test runs of electric motorcycles. In considering local environmental characteristics in Tanzania for the operation of the electric mobility system, factors such as eco-friendliness, economic feasibility, ease of operation, and compatibility should be weighed. The smart electric mobility operating system proposed in this study can be an important basis for implementing the SDGs' climate change response.

Understanding consumers’ intention to switch to electric motorcycles: a transaction cost economics perspective

ABSTRACT In the context of global commitment to decarbonising the highly urbanising world, studies of consumer thinking regarding switching to electric motorcycles are lacking. Our study therefore attempts to provide a first illustration of a model drawing on transaction cost economics (TCE) theory. We hypothesise that consumers’ intention to switch to electric motorcycles is based on perceived transaction costs (i.e. search and adoption costs), and transaction costs are determined by different types of uncertainty (i.e. branding, environmental, performance and behavioural uncertainty), and dependability. Given recent calls to develop our understanding of green consumption in different contexts, we use the Asia Pacific region as an illustrative context. Regression modelling is based on data collected from a sample of 1094 consumers in Taipei. Our findings confirm all of the proposed hypotheses. The implications of the findings are discussed as well as the limitations of the study and recommendations for further research.

Development of an Active Aerodynamic System for a Racing Motorcycle

Abstract MotoStudent is an engineering and economic competition for students to build a motorcycle that will take part in a real race on the Motorland Aragon track in Spain. The Kenji Racing Team, a student team from John von Neumann University, has been participating in this competition since 2016. The design of the motorcycle must be accurately documented towards to the competition organization, and economic and engineering tasks must be solved for the teams. In terms of engineering work, the development of innovation applied on the electric motorcycle is of paramount importance. Nowadays, one of the most popular development areas in motorsport is aerodynamics. Nevertheless, there are few studies about active aerodynamic systems. In our research we present the aerodynamics of motorcycles and the effect of passive and active wing systems on driving dynamics. With this knowledge, we detail the design steps of an active wing system.

ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ЗАХОДІВ ЛОГІСТИКИ ШЛЯХОМ ПОБУДОВИ РОБОТИЗОВАНИХ ЕЛЕКТРОМЕХАНІЧНИХ ТЯГАЧІВ НА ОСНОВІ ТОПОЛОГІЧНИХ ПЕРЕТВОРЕНЬ І ЛОКАЛЬНОГО МАСШТАБУВАННЯ ПРОТОТИПІВ

The article considers the problems related to the need to develop for the Armed Forces of Ukraine specialized robotic transport equipment for the military logistics system, namely – electromechanical tractors with high specific performance, capable of providing not only fast and covert delivery of weapons, military and special equipment, ammunition and personnel to the places of combat operations, but also the evacuation of the wounded and damaged equipment from the battlefield. Methods of realization of the set tasks on the basis of use of topological transformations and local scaling prototype are offered robotic tractor without a cabin Case IH Concept with a power plant a diesel engine with a power of 308 kW, a maximum speed of up to 50 km/ h and four double support-driving wheels of two different diameters. Topological transformations have shown the possibility of equipping a robotic, reduced in scale 1: 2 compared to the real prototype, a large-scale copy of an electromechanical tractor with high specific performance based on composite platforms of triangular generating autonomous blocks-modules. Modular structuring of the basic element of the platform of a specialized electromechanical tractor of military logistics from traction functional blocks-modules in the form of triangular autonomous units of multimodal transport provides their implementation as real three-wheeled electric motorcycles, which are fully suitable for autonomous practical application. Keywords: logistics, robotic electromechanical tractor, robotic tractor without a cabin, functional blocks-modules, topological transformations, triangular transport platform, autonomous generating element, autonomous drive modules, local scaling, support-driving wheels, electrochemical power sources, Li-ion batteries.

Mapping the Research Landscape for the Motorcycle Market Policies: Sustainability as a Trend—A Systematic Literature Review

The motorcycle market has experienced an upward trend. That growth brings along mobility, accidents, and environment-related issues; nevertheless, there is a scarcity of literature on evaluating the impact of motorcycle market policies. Consequently, it has been challenging for researchers and policymakers to develop evidence-based strategies to promote or control the growth of this market. This paper aims to review and analyze the scientific literature about motorcycle market policies, using tech-mining techniques and a cluster analysis of keywords, to provide insights about the most relevant world trends in this research area. For this purpose, the bibliographic information of publications in the field was retrieved from the Scopus database. As a result, three thematic clusters (sustainability, mobility, and electric motorcycles) were identified and explained. According to our findings, greenhouse gas emissions, sustainability, environmental impact, and developing countries are the hot research topics. The research leader countries on said topics are the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom. This study can, therefore, be used as a reference to define a future research agenda in the area. Consequently, it permits researchers and policymakers to identify trending topics and gaps in knowledge, as a baseline to include motorcycles in sustainable and affordable transport systems design.

A sensorless traction strategy for all-wheel drive electric motorcycles

Motorcycle designers aim to enhance vehicle performance, stability, and safety, especially when the vehicle is approaching the tyres' friction limit. A strategy to achieve these purposes is to design All-Wheel Drive (AWD) vehicles with active torque distribution. Nowadays, effective technical solutions for powering the front wheel of a motorcycle have been proposed. The use of traction on both front and rear wheel is convenient when tyre friction is low, enhancing vehicle safety and performance. In this context, this paper presents a sensorless, open-loop traction strategy for AWD motorcycles that improves performance and stability both in straight running and in cornering, without requiring the knowledge of road-tyre adherence. This novel traction distribution strategy is based on the idea of maximising the area of the motorcycle performance envelope, also known as g-g diagram. A simplified mathematical model is used to find closed-form solution to this problem, then converted into a control algorithm for the front and rear driving torques. The performance of the proposed method is assessed with simulations: a detailed model of a light electric motorcycle is used for calculating the non-linear vehicle performance envelope, the acceleration response in straight running and cornering, and the response to road irregularities. Moreover, a comparison with feedback slip-based traction control system is conducted. Simulation results indicate that the AWD motorcycle outperforms the conventional rear wheel drive motorbike almost in all situations, especially when road-tyre adherence is low, and that no counter-indication for the adoption of the AWD architecture exists.

Comparing Total Cost of Ownership of Electric and Conventional Motorcycles in Indonesia

The adoption of Electric Vehicles (EV) is one of the solutions to reduce emission problems. In Indonesia, the government targets 2.1 million Electric Motorcycles (EM) ownership in 2025. One of the keys to encouraging the EV Indonesian market is vehicle cost analysis, like Total Cost of Ownership (TCO). This study developed a TCO model to compare EM with Conventional Motorcycles (CM) in Indonesia. Data were collected from surveys and information from stakeholders. The proposed TCO model considered a battery replacement cost, which influenced the resale value of the vehicle. As a result, the TCO of EM had a more economical value than CM of 12% (IDR 3 million) on low mobility, 16% (IDR 4 million) on medium mobility, and 18% (IDR 5.5 million) on high mobility. In addition, several scenarios were also analyzed as a study to consider providing subsidies ownership motorcycles in Indonesia.

Design and Fabrication of Electric Motorcycle

The vehicles on road are increasing with rapid rate which is good by transportation perspective and hence the growing need of oil-based fuel making transportation costly as the price of oil based fuel rising too. The quantity of oil-based fuel remains unchecked and the exhaust from oil-based fuel brings environmental problems like ‘‘green house effect’’, health issues for the operating environment. The electric vehicles is a good option for moving away with problems related to the oil-based fuel lot of researches is going on in world and money is being spent on the development of the electric vehicles. The problem related with electric vehicles are electric vehicles have low speed, having low load carrying capacity, and batteries having short life. The main aim of this research paper is to give an idea about fabrication of simple, cost effective electric motorcycle which can be done by replacing internal combustion engine and other components with brush less direct current gear motor, controller and lithium-ion battery. This electric motorcycle uses 48V 750w brushless direct current gear motor to propel the vehicle, lithium-ion battery as power source the brushless direct current motor. The 48v 750w brushless direct current gear motor have high load carrying capacity with acceptable speed and lithium-ion battery have more life than other batteries available in market such as lead acid battery. The lithium-ion battery has less weight, quick charge property, required less storage space compare to other batteries available in market.

Evaluating Satisfaction in Shared Lanes as Part of Sustainable Transport Infrastructure by Using VR Technology – Evidence from Urban China

The concept of sharing transport infrastructure has become increasingly prominent in the sustainable society due to limited resources in urban cities. Shared lanes where cars, electric motorcycles, and bicycles are permitted have been promoted in urban China to overcome the shortage of road space available to meet the increasing traffic demand. Based on VR video and questionnaire survey, this study has identified that the levels of satisfaction of drivers, e-motorcyclists, and cyclists are associated with the factors of traffic condition and lane characteristics among various shared lanes. Based on the analysis of data by a multinomial ordered logistic regression model, the major findings of this study are summarised as follows: (1) Satisfaction was mainly affected by lane width, lane number, lane type, and presence of parking space in the driver group. (2) Lane width, lane number, lane type, presence of parking space, speed, and lateral separation were the main factors in the e-motorcyclist group. (3) For the group of cyclists, lane width, lane number, presence of slope, presence of parking space, speed, and lateral separation were identified as the main factors. Our study will help local government officials to design more effective sustainable transport infrastructures.

Behaviour Analysis of Left-Turning Mopeds at Signal Controlled Intersections – A Case Study in Yancheng City

Mopeds (electric bicycles and light motorcycles) are commonly used as a personal transportation mode in China. However, the understanding of characteristics of left-turning mopeds at signal-controlled intersections has been relatively limited. To bridge this gap, firstly, this paper proposed a video conversion method of moped movement data acquisition. Then, a method of data accuracy verification was introduced by comparing the results between the field experiment and the video conversion method. Secondly, the ideal traffic space for left-turn mopeds from different entrances was defined to analyse the characteristics of the left-turning mopeds at intersections. Further, three indicators, namely, transverse distance, the proportion of left-turning mopeds with crossing behaviour, and the average number of avoidance behaviour, were proposed and used to analyse the asymmetrical characteristics behaviour, crossing behaviour, and avoidance behaviour. Finally, based on empirical data collected from five signal-controlled intersections, the proposed methods and behaviours were analysed. This paper provides both a valid method of obtaining the position data of mopeds and a reliable basis for improving the safety of left-turning moped riders at urban signal-controlled intersections.

Nudging adoption of electric vehicles: Evidence from an information-based intervention in Nepal

Addressing hazardous levels of air pollution in densely populated cities in emerging countries requires concerted efforts to reduce fossil fuel use in the transport sector, such as through greater use of electric motorcycles. However, their adoption has been limited due to several market failures and behavioral anomalies. In this study, we collect novel data on more than 2,000 potential motorcycle buyers in Kathmandu, Nepal. Using randomization, we evaluate the effects of informational nudges on their stated choice to buy an electric motorcycle. We find evidence to suggest that our interventions play a role in determining the stated preference of respondents. Furthermore, results also hint at the importance of gender, health status and education in determining the effectiveness of these nudges. Implications of this study relate to policy choice in cities in developing countries, where fuel-inefficient vehicles are used widely, and the negative externalities due to air pollution are stark.

Comparison of Injury Patterns between Electric Bicycle, Bicycle and Motorcycle Accidents.

Background: Electric bicycles (E-bikes) are an increasingly popular means of transport, and have been designed for a higher speed comparable to that of small motorcycles. Accident statistics show that E-bikes are increasingly involved in traffic accidents. To test the hypothesis of whether accidents involving E-bikes bear more resemblance to motorcycle accidents than conventional bicyclists, this study evaluates the injury pattern and severity of E-bike injuries in direct comparison to injuries involving motorcycle and bicycle accidents. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, the data of 1796 patients who were treated at a Level I Trauma Center between 2009 and 2018 due to traffic accident, involving bicycles, E-bikes or motorcycles, were evaluated and compared with regard to injury patterns and injury severity. Accident victims treated as inpatients at least 16 years of age or older were included in this study. Pillion passengers and outpatients were excluded. Results: The following distribution was found in the individual groups: 67 E-bike, 1141 bicycle and 588 motorcycle accidents. The injury pattern of E-bikers resembled that of bicyclists much more than that of motorcyclists. The patients with E-bike accidents were almost 14 years older and had a higher incidence of moderate traumatic brain injuries than patients with bicycle accidents, in spite of the fact that E-bike riders were nearly twice as likely to wear a helmet as compared to bicycle riders. The rate of pelvic injuries in E-bike accidents was twice as high compared with bicycle accidents, whereas the rate of upper extremity injuries was higher following bicycle accidents. Conclusion: The overall E-bike injury pattern is similar to that of cyclists. The differences in the injury pattern to motorcycle accidents could be due to the higher speeds at the time of the accident, the different protection and vehicle architecture. What is striking, however, is the higher age and the increased craniocerebral trauma of the E-bikers involved in accidents compared to the cyclists. We speculate that older and untrained people who have a slower reaction time and less control over the E-bike could benefit from head protection or practical courses similar to motorcyclists.

Passive fuel cell/lithium-ion capacitor hybridization for vehicular applications

Electric recreational vehicles represent a new challenge in terms of power supply systems compared to the current light-duty electric vehicles, which achieve high performance and long-range. The recreational vehicles need to heed the limited dimension requirements while assuring the high requested power. This paper proposes an integration of Lithium-Ion Capacitor (LIC) with Fuel Cell (FC) without any power electronic device for a three-wheel electric motorcycle. Unlike other hybrid power supply systems, the proposed FC-LIC passive configuration is lighter, compact, more efficient, and simpler to implement. Due to the different impedance of the components the system is self-management, in which FC supplies the average power component and LIC operates as a low-pass filter. In this respect, a simulator is built based on experimental tests to study the system performance in terms of hydrogen consumption and FC degradation. Subsequently, the system is tested under three standard motorcycle driving cycles at three different FC system lifespan stages. The obtained results demonstrate that a passive topology can supply the requested power along different FC stages of life and reported just an increment of 12% of hydrogen consumption at the oldest condition compared to the new condition.