Electric Mixer Research Articles

PKM Product Innovation White AC Sweet Potato Becomes Chips and Cupcake in Sukodono

Most of the livelihoods of Sukodono Village’s people, Pujer District, Bondowoso Regency are farming; various kinds of agricultural products produced by the residents of Sukodono Village are white AC sweet potato. But, the yield of many white AC sweet potatoes which is not sold well causes decays and makes farmers give up. When I was a field supervisor of KKN Unmuh Jember, the KKN students and I promoted the Nafiah Posdaya which had once been formed. With the hope to overcome the problem of the white AC sweet potato farmers, namely by processing white AC sweet potato into chips and cupcakes manually. Because of the limited manual equipment, the white AC sweet potato used for the basic ingredients of chips and cupcakes is still in small quantities. Also, chips which are produced manually are not crunchy; contain lots of oil, long time production process and small amount of production. To overcome this, product innovation needs to be done by making white ac sweet potato chips with vacuum frying and spinner technology as well as making white ac sweet potato cupcakes with an electric mixer to mix dough and oven it. The problem is those partners do not have the knowledge, skills and capital to develop and be innovation product white ac sweet potato. There are four main activities in the Community Partnership Program dedication activities that are carried out by providing material training and practicing (1) implementing vacuum frying and spinner machines to make white AC sweet potato chips (2) packing with beautiful package (3) making cupcake with basic ingredients from white AC sweet potato (4) marketing model based on E-commerce Web-based Information Technology. The results of this training are crispy white AC sweet potato chips with a distinctive sweet potato taste because the slices are thicker than the other chips and delicious white ac sweet potato cupcake with attractive toping is a promising market opportunity. It is expected that the Community Partnership Program activities can improve the welfare of partners.

Hand-Operated Mixer for Batter, Dough, and Eggwhite Foam

Batter, dough, and egg white foam are the basic baking mixtures that greatly differ in their mixing requirements. Regular baking class encounters inconveniences during hands-on activities whenever there are incidents of electric power interruptions and electric mixer malfunctions that impair mixing process and eventually deviate the standard output of baked products. The major objective of this study was to design, construct, and evaluate an economical and environment-friendly hand-operated mixer for batter, dough, and egg white foam as back up mixing equipment in times of urgent situation and potential community extension services’ baking livelihood program. The researchers employed applied research method. The mixing machine was evaluated in terms of functionality, aesthetics, workability, durability, economy, safety and affordability. Based on the findings of the study, the mixing equipment was designed with bike gear system that is easy to operate and maintain and economical for it saves great deal of energy. It is durable and cheaper compared to commercially produced-equipment. It only requires simple construction processes such as measuring, cutting, welding, bending, drilling, polishing, greasing, assembling, testing, and adjusting, which call for mechanical knowledge and fabrication expertise. The evaluation on the level of acceptability of the mixing machine reveals that it is generally excellent.

Stability analysis of platinum nanoparticles prepared by ESDM in deionised water

Electrical discharge machine was used to prepare platinum nanocolloid by electric spark discharge method (ESDM) at room temperature. Preparation of platinum nanocolloid needed only traditional electrical discharge machine, platinum wire (99.5%) and magnet mixer. Then verify whether platinum nanoparticles be could successfully prepared under different preparation and their suspension stability. The optical properties and zeta potential were measured by UV–vis and Zetasizer, and their characteristic peaks (surface plasmon resonant), while suspension stability was analysed. The results of transmission electron microscope showed size, shape and dispersibility of platinum nanoparticles with a size of mostly <10 nm. X-ray diffraction was used to measure crystal lattice structure and component of platinum nanoparticles. In this work, platinum nanocolloid in conditions of normal and centrifuge were analysed. Zeta potential of normal colloid was decreased from −29.5 to −18.8 mV after precipitation, while zeta potential of the centrifuged colloid still maintained at −40 mV, confirming the good suspension stability of platinum nanocolloid prepared by ESDM after centrifugation.

Deparation of dump slags at the Balkhash copper smelting plant

The purpose of this work is to determine the regularities of reducing the losses of valuable metals with waste slag of copper smelting in the conditions of the Balkhash copper smelter. The change in the raw material base, the introduction of low-quality copper concentrates in the Balkhash copper smelter (BCS) on the VF-1 and VF-2 (Vanyukov furnaces), are accompanied by the production of waste slag containing increased copper content, which requires additional technological operations for their depletion. Smelting in optimal conditions can exclude the organization of separate processing waste slag. Ways to improve the autogenous smelting of copper concentrates at BCS are the following: strict adjustment of the charge composition by basic metals and silicon dioxide, temperature regime, maintaining the heat balance with the possibility of using fuel, optimal operation of the electric mixer. A study of the dependences between the copper content in charge and slag on furnaces VF-1 and VF-2 of BCS allows establishing that the amount of slag increases 1.5-2 times with a decrease of the copper content in the charge 2 times. Reducing the copper content in the feed increases the losses of copper in the slag. The dependences of the copper content in waste slag on content of magnetite and zinc indicate that an increase of the magnetite content from 8 up to 11 % leads to an increase of the copper content in the slag for 0.4-0.5 %. An increase of the zinc content from 4 up to 6 % leads to increase for 0.3-0.5 % of copper content in the slag. Thermal studying of samples of dump slag, produced on furnaces VF-1 and VF-2 showed that the temperature of the slag at the outlet of the electric mixer should be at least 1300 °C. This temperature is difficult to reach by autogenous smelting regime. To solve the problem of complete separation of slag and matte, it is necessary to overheat slag for 70-80 0С, which will realise at electric energy consumption 80 kWt·h/t of slag and allows obtaining waste slag of the optimal composition.

Experimental Study of a Diesel Engine Performance Fueled with Different Types of Nano-Fuel.

The aim of this experimental work is to study the effect of nanoparticles added to diesel fuel on engine performance characteristic. Nano fuels are prepared by adding Al2O3 or TiO2, both with particle size less than 45nm of diesel fuel. Four doses of each type namely (25, 50, 100 and 150) ppm are prepared. These nanoparticles are blended with diesel fuel in varying volume fraction by the means of an electric mixer and an ultrasonicator. The Nano fuels are (DF+Al2O3) and (DF+TiO2). Physicochemical properties of nano fuels are measured and compared with these of neat diesel. The study shows that the addition of nanoparticles to diesel fuel improves its physical properties such as cetane number, thermal conductivity and viscosity. The influence of nanoparticles addition is very clear on the engine performance. The results show that the performance parameters are improved for example, brake thermal efficiency is increased from 19.4% for diesel to 21% and 25% for DF+Al2O3 and DF+TiO2 respectively, the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) is decreased by 8% and 20% for DF+Al2O3 and DF+TiO2 respectively, the brake specific energy consumption (BSFC) is decreased by 8% and 20% for DF+Al2O3 and DF+TiO2 respectively at 25ppm and 75% load. The exhaust gas temperature is 382°C for pure diesel while it is 417°C for DF+Al2O3 and 353°C for DF+TiO2. The peak pressure for pure diesel is 62 bar and it increases with DF+Al2O3 to 66.2 bar as for DF+TiO2 the peak pressure decreases to 57.2 bar at full load and 150ppm.

Fiber-THz-Fiber Link for THz Signal Transmission

We propose and experimentally demonstrate vector signals seamless integration delivery over fiber-THz-fiber link. Up to 13 Gb/s quadrature-phase-shift-keying signals are transmitted over 10 km single mode fiber-28 (SMF-28), 3.8 m wireless link, and 2.2 km SMF-28 link. At the transmitter, we use a photonics-aided scheme to generate 450 GHz THz signal. While at the receiver side, we employ analog down-conversion by one electrical mixer, and then the down-converted signals are used to drive one directly modulated laser to realize electrical-to-optical conversion.

Effect of Sintering Process and Starch Amount on the Porosity and Permeability of Al2O3-ZrO2 High Porous Oil Filters

Alumina-Zirconia is prepared for oil filter. Oil filters are used to separate oil derivatives from each other using separation principles depending on the size of the holes. These filters work on the principle of separation depending on the density and viscosity of liquid or on the difference in impurity crystals size. This work involves preparation of filters from Alumina-Zirconia powder materials by a hybrid freeze casting and space-holder method. These filters have excellent properties such as stability at high temperature, excellent corrosion resistance; withstand static stresses, and other unique thermal properties. Alumina-Zirconia powder is mixed with different amounts of (zero, 15, 25, and 35 vol. %) of starch powder. Powder mixture has been blending with water using an electric mixer to obtain homogeneous slurry. Solid: liquid ratio of slurry of 30:70 is poured in a cylindrical metal molds and freezed by liquid nitrogen chamber. The solidified material was heat treated at 300 °C for 60 min then sintered at 1550 °C, 1600 °C and 1700 °C under vacuum for 120 min. Hot samples were cooled inside furnace until room temperature. The sintered materials were examined to show the effect of starch adding and sintering process on the porous structure and permeability ratio of the fluid using Archimedes method and SEM image analyzed by J-image program. Best permeability and homogeneous porous structure are obtained at 1600 °C sintering temperature with 24 vol. % of starch powder.

Preparing Composite Materials from Commercially Pure Aluminum Scrap and Reinforced with Iraqi Sand

This paper deals with reusing commercially pure aluminum scrap 1100 by converting it to aluminum-based composite reinforced material by using Iraqi silica sand. The sand is prepared and added in weight percentage of 1% and 2%. It is grain size ranges between 50 -75 um. Wettability of the mixture was increased by adding 2gm of pure magnesium. A special electric mixer was used to disperse silica sand grains to support aluminum scrap melt (matrix). Then the composite pieces were cut to samples suitable for tension, compression, hardness, wear, impact, corrosion resistance (in sea water) and microstructure inspection. The tests have shown that the composite has more resistance to tension, compression, hardness, and wear than the base alloy. This is because sand particles are dispersed uniformly (uniformly distributed throughout the cast) which hinder the movement of the dislocations slip plane. On the other hand, the resistance to impact and corrosion (in sea water for one month) decreased slightly. In wear resistance test, pin-on-desk was used where load, sliding speed, and slide distance were kept constant. Microstructure inspection on the base alloy and the composite materials were made before and after corrosion for comparison between them. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.24.2017.19

Optimal operating strategies of combined cooling, heating and power systems: A case study for an engine manufacturing facility

In this paper, a detailed numerical analysis of a Combined Cooling, Heating and Power system is presented, aiming at determining its optimal operating strategy in a real industrial application. The system layout includes a reciprocating engine, fuelled by natural gas, heat exchangers for waste-heat recovery, pumps, storage tanks, a single-effect water lithium bromide absorption chiller, a cooling tower, a back-up vapour-compression electric chiller, mixers and valves. A dynamic simulation model of the whole system was developed in TRNSYS. A case study was analysed, referred to a real industrial application, where the system under evaluation should be installed in the near future, providing electricity, mainly used for the production process, and space cooling. Real measured data were used to estimate the electric energy demand of the factory. A detailed building simulation model was used to calculate heating and cooling demands. A detailed economic analysis was carried out, aiming at evaluating: (i) the optimal size of the Combined Cooling, Heating and Power system; (ii) the optimum control strategy, from a thermo-economic point of view, comparing three different cases: Base-Load operation, electric load tracking and a new hybrid strategy based on the simultaneous tracking of electric and thermal-loads. The results showed that the optimal capacity of the system was lower than that selected by the designers of the real unit to be installed. The hybrid control strategy obtained the best profitability, achieving a simple pay-back period equal to 3.8years, compared to 4.1years achieved in case of electric-load tracking.

A Fine Dessert: Four Centuries, Four Families, One Delicious Treat by S. Jenkins

Jenkins, Sophie. 2015. Illus. Sophie Blackall. A Fine Dessert: Four Centuries, Four Families, One Delicious Treat. New York: Swartz &amp; Wade Books. Print.A Fine Dessert is about “blackberry fool” a delicious dessert made from fresh blackberries and whipped cream. The story starts out in England in 1710 when a young girl and her mother pick blackberries with their hands. They have to milk the cows to get cream and whip it by hand with bundle of soft twigs. Then we are transported to Charleston, South Carolina in 1810 when another young girl and her mother pick blackberries from the garden at a plantation. A deliveryman brings them cream by horse and buggy and they must use a metal whisk by hand to get it whipped. Then we are in Boston in 1910 and a young girl and her mother buy their blackberries from the market. The deliveryman brings them cream and they use a mechanical whisk and ice box to make their dessert. Finally we are transported to San Diego and it is 2010. A young boy and his dad go to the supermarket to buy their blackberries. They look the recipe up on the Internet and use an electric mixer and refrigerator. Through one dessert, we see cooking and family life evolve over four hundred years.The concept of A Fine Dessert is brilliant as it presents an easy activity (cooking) that is mutual to all the centuries it depicts. The illustrations by Sophie Blackall are beautiful and tell their own story alongside the text. Period details and evocative facial expressions make these historical people come alive with elegant simplicity. This book is a fantastic way to teach history to children as it shows how even a mundane task such as cooking has changed over the centuries. While the story is about making a dessert there is so much more to the story. It opens the door to discussing social status, issues like slavery and gender roles. The book includes a recipe for blackberry fool and historical notes on the author’s research.Highly recommended: 4 out of 4 starsReviewer: Hanne PearceHanne Pearce has worked at the University of Alberta Libraries since 2004. Aside from being an avid reader, she has continuing interests in writing, photography, graphic design and knitting.

三次元機構構築シミュレーションシステムにおける機械要素配置機能の操作性の向上

We have developed the computer assisted instruction system for machine design which simulates construction of mechanisms on the computer in a similar way to building blocks and shows motion of the constructed model as an animation in the 3-dimensional virtual space. In this study, operability of the system to arrange machine elements with the drag-and-drop functionality of a mouse interface was improved by providing the information on points relating to connection, candidate points for connection with other elements, for each element. By examining the distances to the candidate points of other elements and the orientation of the element paid attention, only the element dropped close to others in the appropriate orientation are connected. It follows that one can use the system without a feeling of strangeness, and the beginners can use for understanding roles of mechanisms through the viewpoint of machine design. An example of the procedure for constructing the mechanism model of a hand-held electric mixer was demonstrated to confirm the usefulness of the system.

دراسة تاثير اضافة دقائق السليكا (SiO2)على مقاومة البلى لمواد متراكبة ذات اساس من سبيكة الالمنيوم (Al-6061 و Al-5086)

تعد المواد المت ا ركبة ذات اساس المنيوم من اهم المواد التي تدخل في مختلف الصناعات بسبب ماتملكه من خصائص جيدة مثل مقاومة البلى, الكثافة الواطئة, والمقاومة العالية نسبة الى الوزن. تم في هذا البحث تحضير مواد مت ا ركبة ذات اساس من سبيكة المنيوم ) 6061-Al ( و ) 5086-Al ( مقواة بدقائق السليكا ) 2SiO ،% ( وبنسبة وزنية ) 3.1 %2.1 ( وبحجم حبيبي مقداره ) 311 مايكرون(. المواد ،%1 المت ا ركبة حضرت بطريقة الدوامة ) Vortex method ،) حيث تم اضافة دقائق السليكا ) 2SiO ( الى المنصهر ثم الخلط بواسطة خلاط كهربائي لعمل الدوامة ثم صب الخليط المنصهر في قالب معدني اسطواني, بعد ذلك تم تقطيع وتحضير العينات لاج ا رء فحص واختبار البلى, الصلادة، الكثافة ود ا رسة التركيب المجهري للنماذج والمقارنة بينهما. تبين من النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها من خلال هذه الد ا رسة ان مقاومة البلى للمواد المت ا ركبة قد تحسنت نتيجة إضافة دقائق السليكا ) 2SiO ( مقارنة مع السبيكة الاساس وكانت مقاومة البلى للمواد المت ا ركبة ذات اساس ) 5086-Al ) اعلى من مقاومة البلى للمواد المت ا ركبة ذات اساس ) Al-6061 (. وقد تم الحصول على اعلى مقاومة بلى عند نسبة اضافة 2.1 % من دقائق السليكا ) 2SiO (. ان اضافة دقائق السليكا بالنسب اعلاه قد ساهم في تحسن قيم الصلادة مما انعكس على تحسن مقاومة البلى، وان هذا التحسن في الخواص يزداد بزيادة نسبة إضافة دقائق السليكا للسبيكة الاساس . اما بالنسبة الى خاصية الكثافة, فقد قلت قيمها للمواد المت ا ركبة بالنسبة الى السبيكة الاساس وبنسبة قليلة عند اضافة دقائقالتقوية السليكا ) 2SiO .) Aluminum matrix composite is most important materials used in various industries because of its good properties such as wear resistance, low density, and high resistance to weight ratio. In this paper, Metal matrix composites (MMCs) of the base alloy (Al-6061) and (Al-5086) reinforced by silica particles (SiO2) (1.5, 3, and 4.5 wt%) with particles size (150 µm) was prepared by stir casting using vortex technique, silica particles (SiO2) are added to the molten and then stirred the melt by electrical mixer stir to work the vortex and then pour the mixture molten into cylindrical mold and then was cutting and preparation of samples for examination and testing of wear, hardness, density and study the microstructure of the samples and the comparison between them. Results show from this study that the wear resistance of Al matrix composite its improvement due to addition of silica particles (SiO2) as compared with basis alloys, (Al-5086) matrix composite has higher wear resistance rather than (Al-6061) matrix composite. The higher wear resistance at added the 4.5 wt.% of silica (SiO2). The addition of silica particles in proportions above has contributed to the improvement of hardness which is reflected in improved wear resistance, and that this improvement in properties increases with the proportion of silica particles added to alloys base. As for the properties of density, decreases the density of Al-matrix composites as compared with base alloys with low proportion when added the silica particles (SiO2).

Research on Plasticizing Properties and Mechanism of PVA

Taking glycerol as the plasticizer, through its effect on melting and crystallization of PVA, this paper researches on the plasticizing properties and mechanism of PVA, and provides experimental and theoretical basis for the realization of PVA’s melt processing. Research Methods: Matching samples respectively, mix each sample in an electric high-speed mixer with a mixing temperature of 80 °C. And then, put each sample in a Banbury mixer, mixing for 10 minutes with a rotational speed of 45rm/min. Take out each sample to analyze its characterization and do some tests, including infrared analysis, DSC test, X-ray diffraction test, and rheological curve measurement. Experimental Results: After adding glycerol, there exist two more absorption peaks near the point of 1621cm-1 in the PVA infrared spectrum, and the crystallization peak at 1267cm-1 is decreased gradually. In the DSC chart, when the amount of glycerol increasing to 16.67%, the melting point of PVA is decreased to 212 °C, and its melting range is 191 °C-223 °C. Under this condition, the melting range has been completely separated from the decomposition temperature range. X-ray diffraction shows that glycerol is added no significant effect on the diffraction angle of the PVA, the diffraction peak intensity decreased significantly increases the degree of dispersion. Under the same temperature, with the shear rate increasing, the shear viscosity has a downward trend; as the temperature increases, the shear viscosity and shear stress of the system are gradually decreasing. Conclusion: Glycerol may lower the melting temperature because it can improve the segmental mobility of PVA and reduce the crystalline regions. However, the amount of glycerol should not be too much, or the plasticizing effects will be drastically reduced because of the separation. The research also find that a certain amount of glycerol used alone cannot reduce the decomposition temperature but decrease the melting temperature, which still cannot meet the melt processing conditions. The excessive glycerol can easily be precipitated from PVA, resulting in the product surface being oily and crisp.

Dispersion and flocculation of Vertisols, Alfisols and Oxisols in Southern Brazil

Incomplete soil dispersion in particle-size analysis reduces clay content and increases silt and sand contents, whereas abrasion affects size distribution by large particles' breakdown into smaller size-fractions. We evaluated different dispersion techniques on particle-size distribution in ten soil horizons of seven soils from southern Brazil, with varying soil texture, clay mineralogy and organic matter. We tested two contact times of chemical dispersant (sodium hydroxide 1M): immediate shaking and shaking after 12h of contact; three types of spheres: glass, technyl and nylon; five horizontal reciprocating shaking times (30, 60, 120, 240 and 480min); and standard method (electric mixer) with chemical dispersant (sodium hydroxide 1M), 12h of contact time, plus 15min of physical stirring at 12,000rpm. Soils with high contents of clay and iron oxides or exchangeable aluminum were less dispersible, respectively, because of organo-mineral complexes and aluminum affinity to organic matter and clay minerals. Soils with kaolinite and quartz and with low organic matter content in the B horizon were easily dispersible. Nylon spheres are adequate for physical dispersion, either immediately or 12h after addition of chemical dispersant. Horizontal shaking for 60 or 120min is sufficient for adequate dispersion of kaolinitic soils, while for soils of difficult dispersion, such as oxidic soils, 240min of horizontal shaking is necessary. For water dispersible clay, horizontal shaking during 240min is suggested. These results allow for standardizing the contact time of chemical dispersant, horizontal shaking timing, and sphere types, for soils with varying texture, clay mineralogy and organic matter, in laboratories working in tropical environments, with improved dispersion and time saving.

Rethinking Cold War Culture: Gender, Domesticity, and Labor on the Global Home Front

During their famous Kitchen Debate at the 1959 American National Exhibition in Moscow, US Vice President Richard Nixon and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev argued over the relative merits of capitalism and communism, but they agreed on what success meant: nice furniture, big houses, and cool appliances. Both believed in the necessity of consumer citizenship in part because the mass production economies behind mass-produced domesticity meant lucrative contracts for both private corporations and state-owned enterprises. Like the defense corporations transforming Cold War fears into lucrative contracts, well-positioned individuals and firms in both countries understood that billions were at stake in the economy of domesticity. Much like the urbanization model that's driven the Chinese economy of the past twenty years, the mass housing projects of the United States and Soviet Union were vital to economic and political stability during the second half of the twentieth century. Both Nixon and Khrushchev understood that the success of their governments depended upon contented middle classes. Economic growth strongly influenced public opinion about political leadership and, by extension, government legitimacy. Nothing was more important to economic growth than housing. Each man fantasized about a future of beautiful mothers working effortlessly with electric mixers to feed their Cold War kids.

Energy Efficient and Transparent Platform for Optical Wireless Networks Based on Reverse Modulation

An energy efficient and transparent platform for optical wireless networks is proposed based on a novel reversely modulated optical single sideband scheme (RM-OSSB). This scheme is based on a parallel Mach-Zehnder modulator (P-MZM). The bandwidth limitation from electrical and optical components is overcome by down-conversion without electrical mixer, data format compatibility, and dispersion-free. It makes such scheme suitable for a universal platform. Moreover, the modulation power efficiency (MPE) of RM-OSSB can be improved. A theoretical model of RM-OSSB is built up for performance analysis. Both numerical simulations and experimental results match well with our theoretical model. Based on RM-OSSB scheme, a 58GHz full duplex RoF system is experimentally demonstrated. The 2.9Gb/s on-off keying (OOK) signals carried by 58GHz mm-wave is successfully delivered over 50km SMF with negligible power penalty.

The Machinability of Duplex Stainless Steel - Solutions in Practice

In production practice, it is important to know the machinability of new constructional materials. This is related to the selection of adequate cutting tools and machining conditions. One of such relatively new materials is Duplex Stainless Steel (DSS). Manufacturing machine parts of hard-to-machine material is very troublesome. It is still more difficult when high quality requirements are to be met. Duplex stainless steel is used in applications for very severe working conditions, e.g. for modern deep-well pump bodies for mining industry or the shafts of electric mixer motors in food industry. This paper discusses the effect of cutting conditions on the machinability of DSS. The advantages and disadvantages of various tool materials with regard to machining of DSS are highlighted. Problems associated with the machining of DSS as well as tool wear and the mechanisms responsible for tool failure are identified and discussed. However, the machinability of DSS is an area that needs to be studied more deeply to cut the production cost.

Effect of hay steaming on forage nutritive values and dry matter intake by horses1

Management strategies for horses with respiratory disease include soaking hay before feeding. Hay steaming is an alternative to this practice; however, little is known about its impact on forage nutritive values or intake. The objective was to determine the effect of steaming on forage nutritive value and intake by horses. Two alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)-orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) mixed hays were evaluated: a low moldy (NM) and moderately moldy (MM) hay. Six mature horses were used in a 10 d crossover design. Three horses were assigned to each hay type and treatments were switched on d 6. Each day, one bale of each hay was sampled (pre- and poststeaming) and steamed for 90 min using a commercial hay steamer. Two flakes of steamed or unsteamed NM or MM hay were weighed and offered simultaneously to each horse in individual hay nets. Horses were allowed access to hay for 2 h, orts were collected, and 2 h DMI was calculated. Six additional bales of NM and MM were used to evaluate the effect of steaming on total suspended particulate (TSP). Flakes of unsteamed or steamed hay were agitated in an electric cement mixer, and TSP were recorded every min for 30 min using a tapered element oscillating microbalance sampler. Paired t tests and PROC MIXED of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC) were used to compare steamed and unsteamed hay nutritive values, mold concentration, TSP, and 2 h DMI. Steaming increased hay moisture and therefore reduced DM to 77 and 81% for NM and MM, respectively (P < 0.001). In NM and MM hay, steaming reduced P content by 16 and 17%, respectively (P ≤ 0.007). Steaming reduced water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and ethanol-soluble carbohydrates (ESC) by 13% (P = 0.001) and 27% (P = 0.003), respectively, for MM but had no effect on NM (P > 0.05). Steaming reduced mold concentrations in both hays by ≥ 91% (P < 0.001). Total suspended particulate of MM hay was reduced by 55% (P = 0.043), but TSP in NM hay was not affected by steaming (P = 0.445). Dry matter intake of NM was increased by steaming; horses ingested 0.64 kg of unsteamed and 2.02 kg of steamed hay (P < 0.001). Dry matter intake of MM was not affected by steaming (P > 0.05). For NM hay, steaming decreased P and mold concentrations and increased DMI of the hay but had no effect on TSP. In MM hay, steaming reduced P, WSC, ESC, mold concentrations, and TSP but did not affect DMI. Steaming represents a strategy for reducing TSP and mold concentrations and increasing DMI in some hays but can result in leaching of essential nutrients.

25 Gbit/s QPSK Hybrid Fiber-Wireless Transmission in the W-Band (75–110 GHz) With Remote Antenna Unit for In-Building Wireless Networks

In this paper, we demonstrate a photonic up-converted 25 Gbit/s fiber-wireless quadrature phase shift-keying (QPSK) data transmission link at the W-band (75-110 GHz). By launching two free-running lasers spaced at 87.5 GHz into a standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) at the central office, a W-band radio-over-fiber (RoF) signal is generated and distributed to the remote antenna unit (RAU). One laser carries 12.5 Gbaud optical baseband QPSK data, and the other acts as a carrier frequency generating laser. The two signals are heterodyne mixed at a photodetector in the RAU, and the baseband QPSK signal is transparently up-converted to the W-band. After the wireless transmission, the received signal is first down-converted to an intermediate frequency (IF) at 13.5 GHz at an electrical balanced mixer before being sampled and converted to the digital domain. A digital-signal-processing (DSP)-based receiver is employed for offline digital down-conversion and signal demodulation. We successfully demonstrate a 25 Gbit/s QPSK wireless data transmission link over a 22.8 km SSMF plus up to 2.13 m air distance with a bit-error-rate performance below the 2 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> forward error correction (FEC) limit. The proposed system may have the potential for the integration of the in-building wireless networks with the fiber access networks, e.g., fiber-to-the-building (FTTB).

Reversely Modulated Optical Single Sideband Scheme and Its Application in a 60-GHz Full Duplex ROF System

The reversely modulated optical single sideband scheme (IM-OSSB) based on a parallel Mach-Zehnder modulator (P-MZM) is proposed. In this P-MZM, one sub-MZM is employed for data modulation and the other is used for optical millimeter wave (mm-wave) generation. Due to the individual modulation, this scheme is data-format-transparent and can be used to generate a high performance optical mm-wave signal at the optimized direct current (dc) bias. There is electrical mixer free at the transmitter and thus the bandwidth limitation, nonlinearity and conversion loss from the electrical mixer are released in this scheme. Moreover, the modulation power efficiency of IM-OSSB can be improved by adjusting the dc bias in the modulator. Based on IM-OSSB, we demonstrate a 60-GHz full duplex radio-over-fiber system. The experimental results show that the power penalty of 2.9-Gb/s on-off keying data carried by 58-GHz mm-wave after transmission over 50-km SMF-28 is negligible.