Electric Lighting Research Articles

Melanopic photometry

Visual lighting effects have been seriously studied for more than 500 years. It was not until 2002 that physicians and biologists paid attention to the fact that the light that enters the human eye has non-visual, biological effects. Human Centric Lighting (HCL) examines the visual effects of light on human activity. Electric lighting plays a critical role in maintaining human health in today’s world, as most of us spend much of our time indoors. In 2002, a third type of photoreceptor was discovered – a nerve node cell in the retina (photosensitive, Retinal Ganglion Cell, pRGC). pRGC cells contain melatonin pigments (melanopsin) and are responsible for the spectral response of photosensitive cells. The maximum response of melatonin is achieved at a wavelength of approximately 480 nm. Fig. 1 also shows the response curves of L-, M-, and S-cones and rods based on their specific pigments. Using the response curves of L-, M-, and S-cones and rods, and having the spectra of light sources and the amount of light on the outer surface of the eye, it is possible to determine the spectrally weighted illuminances for five photopigments in the human eye. For research purposes, it is desirable to record the illuminance values for all five α illuminances. They indicate which of the photoreceptors is responding and where the light of the current lamp type is emitting. The manufacturers of light sources should be able to provide α-wave illuminances for their lamps. The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) suggested Exeltoolbox, which allows calculating these illuminances based on the spectral distribution of the lamp power. Cone-dominant metrics such as CCT (correlated colour temperature), illuminance, and luminance are not comprehensive, so melanopsin-based photosensitivity should be considered in specifications, guidelines, and during research.

Efektivitas Metode Pembelajaran Problem Solving terhadap Hasil Belajar Instalasi Penerangan Listrik di SMK Negeri 5 Padang

Learning at SMK Negeri 5 Padang is using conventional methods, in conventional methods teacher dominate more than students, in the learn process like this impact to the results of learning outcomes, the most students can’t reached the Learning Goal Achievement Criteria (KKTP). Problem Solving method expected can solve the problem. The aim this reaserach is determining the effect problem solving method for learning outcomes students. The research uses a type true experimental with pretest-postest control group design. The subject of the research is class XI TITL 2 and XI TITL 3 SMK Negeri 5 Padang. The instrument used is objective test questions. Informations analyze using class completeness testing, effect size and mann whitney test. The result in this research conducted, problem solving method is better more than convensional method. This can be seen by increasing student activity and learning values. That problem solving method effective to used on Electrical Lighting Installation subject in SMK Negeri 5 Padang.

Human-Centric Lighting Research and Policy in the Melanopsin Age.

Beyond visual function, specialized light-sensitive retinal circuits involving the photopigment melanopsin drive critical aspects of human physiology and behavior, including sleep-wake rhythms, hormone production, mood, and cognition. Fundamental discoveries of visual neurobiology dating back to the 1990s have given rise to strong interest from the lighting industry in optimizing lighting to benefit health. Consequently, evidence-based recommendations, regulations, and policies need to translate current knowledge of neurobiology into practice. Here, reviewing recent advances in understanding of NIF circuits in humans leads to proposed strategies to optimize electric lighting. Highlighted knowledge gaps must be addressed urgently, as well as the challenge of developing personalized, adaptive NIF lighting interventions accounting for complex individual differences in physiology, behavior, and environment. Finally, lighting equity issues appear in the context of marginalized groups, who have traditionally been underserved in research on both fundamental visual processes and applied lighting. Biologically optimal light is a fundamental environmental right.

Employing ANN for daylight and energy prediction of hot climate office buildings: a case study of new Cairo, Egypt

ABSTRACT Indoor lighting conditions are significantly impacted by solar shading. It may be extremely difficult, time-consuming, and expensive to use solar energy efficiently, especially in hot climates. In this paper, the artificial neural network (ANN) is used to forecast and analyze daylight and energy intensity usage for electrical lighting and cooling loads in the early design stages of office buildings. This research will investigate the effect of using different fixed shading systems, including fins, inside louvers, and outside louvers, on an office building in New Cairo, Egypt. There are three steps in the framework of the analysis. Initially, a field experiment is conducted for validation. Then, 3700 simulations on Honeybee for Grasshopper are used to generate a dataset for training, validation, and testing of the ANN model at the third step using the MATLAB® machine learning toolbox. The performance of the ANN model is evaluated using the R-Squared and mean-squared error (MSE) metrics. The resulting ANN models are 446 times quicker than the simulation software and have R-Squared values of 1, 1, 0.98, and 0.983 for Energy Use Intensity (EUI), Daylight Autonomy (DA), Continuous Daylight Autonomy (CDA), and Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI), respectively. The results showed that adopting different shading systems improves the distribution of lighting inside the space, increases the UDI by 27%, and decreases cooling loads by 27%. The partial effect of each shading design parameter on UDI and EUI is investigated, and then suggested values of shading design parameters are offered.

Pengembangan Experiment Sheet Instalasi Penerangan Listrik Berbasis Problem Based Learning Kelas XI Jurusan TITL Di SMK Negeri 7 Surabaya

This research aims to produce a problem-based learning device for electrical lighting installation experiment sheet that is expected to provide solutions to teachers to improve student learning outcomes that are feasible to use. The feasibility refers to the aspects of validity, practicality, and effectiveness. This research method uses the Research and Development (R&D) method and for the development model used as a reference in this research, namely the 4-D model. Thiagarajan (1974: 5) states that there are four stages in the 4-D model, namely: (1) define which includes front-end-analysis (initial analysis), leaner analysis (learner analysis), task analysis (task analysis), concept analysis (concept analysis), and specifying instructional objectives (formulating learning objectives). (2) design, which includes the stages of contructing criterion-referenced tests, media selection, format selection, and initial design. (3) develope, which includes expert appraisal, and developmental testing. (4) disseminate which includes validating testing, packaging, and diffusion and adaptation which is the stage of product dissemination. The disseminate stage is carried out on a limited basis, namely by providing teaching materials developed to students in class XI TITL at SMK Negeri 7 Surabaya. The subjects of this study were students of class XI TITL 1 as a product trial, at SMK Negeri 7 Surabaya. This study uses a One-Group Pretest- Posttest Design research design to determine differences before and after in a group, by providing a treatment in the form of a problem-based learning-based electrical lighting installation experiment sheet, the achievement of student competence is obtained from whether there is an increase in grades before and after learning.

Pengaruh Pengalaman Pembelajaran Praktik Dan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa Pada Mata Pelajaran Instalasi Penerangan Listrik Kelas XII SMK Negeri 7 Surabaya

Electrical Power Installation Engineering at State Vocational High School 7 Surabaya giving lessons on electric lighting installation. In the process of teaching and learning, practical learning provides real provision regarding electrical lighting installation engineering material. Practical learning must be in accordance with the needs of human resources in the world of business and industry, this discrepancy will result in incompetent human resources in the industrial world. Based on the results of observations made at State Vocational High School 7 Surabaya, it was found that in the learning process students still did not have good critical thinking skills in completing school assignments, both theoretical and practical assignments. Therefore, the existence of this research is an effort to determine the effect of practical learning experiences and critical thinking skills on student learning outcomes. This research involved class XII students majoring in Electrical Power Installation Engineering (TITL) at State Vocational High School 7 Surabaya. The research method used is comparative causal research or what is commonly called the ex-post facto method. This research was conducted at State Vocational High School 7 Surabaya, Department of Electrical Installation Engineering with a population of students at State Vocational High School 7 Surabaya Class XII TITL Electrical Installation Engineering Expertise Program and the sampling technique used was Purposive Sampling. The data collection was obtained through a questionnaire to determine the level of practical learning experience, a description test to determine the level of critical thinking skills, and a multiple choice test to determine learning outcomes of knowledge competencies and observation to determine learning outcomes of skills competencies. Practical learning experience affects the learning outcomes of knowledge competencies based on partial tests with a t count (2.625) greater than t table (1.993) with a significance value of 0.011 <0.05. The practical learning experience has an effect on the learning outcomes of skill competencies based on the partial test with a t count (3.185) greater than t table (1.993) with a significance value of 0.002 <0.05. The ability to think critically affects the learning outcomes of knowledge competence based on the partial test with a t count (3.138) greater than t table (1.993) with a significance value of 0.002 <0.05. The ability to think critically affects the learning outcomes of skill competencies based on the partial test with a t count (2.716) greater than t table (1.993) with a significance value of 0.008 <0.05. Practical learning experience and critical thinking skills affect learning outcomes of knowledge competency based on multiple linear regression analysis with a calculated F value (4.979) greater than F table (3.13) with a significance value of 0.009 <0.05. Practical learning experience and critical thinking skills affect learning outcomes of skill competencies based on multiple linear regression analysis with a calculated F value (5.100) greater than F table (3.13) with a significance value of 0.009 <0.05.

How Building Energy Use Reacted to Variable Occupancy Pre- and Post- COVID-19 Pandemic—Sensitivity Analysis of 35 Commercial Buildings in Canada

The COVID-19 pandemic and global shutdown and work-from-home order for non-essential businesses and employees led to a substantial decline in energy usage in the commercial building sector. However, the magnitude of decline was not equivalent to what would be expected for unoccupied spaces. The energy performance of low/unoccupied commercial buildings, particularly in the context of new minimum requirements to maintain indoor air quality, is an intriguing research question. In this study, we developed a numerical model that measures electricity usage sensitivity to occupancy (ESTO) where we compare the business-as-usual energy performance with unoccupied energy performance. Two years of COVID-time (in addition to a pre-COVID control year) hourly energy use (electricity (plug loads, lighting, and fans), heating, and cooling) using data from 35 commercial buildings (i.e., buildings with HVAC and other building systems typical of commercial rather than residential buildings) are analyzed to quantify those changes. A change point model is used to assess thermal load intensities, change point temperature, and off-season unoccupied baseloads. Finally, we suggest a generic framework for building scoring based on selected performance parameters. Results indicate that the suggested scoring system is robust and replicable and is reliable for ranking buildings within a given portfolio from best- to worst- performing, thus prioritizing buildings that are best candidates for retrofits.

Integrative Lighting in Classrooms: Preliminary Results from Simulations and Field Measurements

The paper presents results from a study on integrative lighting in real middle school classrooms located in a school building in Turin, Italy. The contribution of both daylighting and electric lighting was considered. Besides the existing configuration of electric lighting systems (fluorescent luminaires), a set of six possible retrofitting solutions was considered, all using LED luminaires. The research addressed two main objectives: (i) To verify if the circadian values (melanopic equivalent daylight illuminance m-EDI) in the classrooms could meet the recommended values reported in recent literature, for instance, in the WELL protocol, (ii) to assess the influence on integrative lighting (photopic and melanopic illuminances) played by the electric lighting, as a function of the different lighting systems, and by daylighting, as a function of different room orientations and sky conditions. Results showed that the existing spaces benefit from high daylighting amount, whilst the existing lighting systems provide an insufficient m-EDI. Even when last-generation LED lighting systems were ideally used for retrofitting, no solution was able to meet the three-point WELL recommendation, while two solutions only allowed the one-point recommendation to be met. Some design implications concerned with the results were critically discussed.

Pengaruh Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Dan Model Pembelajaran Project Based Learning Terhadap Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Instalasi Penerangan Listrik Siswa Kelas XI TITL SMK Negeri 7 Surabaya

Electrical Power Installation Engineering at SMK Negeri 7 Surabaya provides basic lessons about electric lighting. In practicum learning activities carried out, it is still not optimal and effective. This can be seen from the lack of understanding of students to realize the theory given in the practicum carried out. Based on the results of observations made at SMK Negeri 7 Surabaya, especially in the Electrical Installation Engineering Department, it was found that during the learning process students were still not actively involved, did not understand the theory of the practicum that had been done. In addition, the learning model that is often applied is the Project Based Learning learning model. However, in fact the ability of students in theory is still not optimal, especially practical abilities. Therefore, the learning model used does not only focus on practice but also emphasizes theory to improve student competency. This study aims to determine the effect of critical thinking skills and PjBL learning models on improving learning outcomes of electric lighting installation for class IX TITL students of SMK Negeri 7 Surabaya. In this study using the type of Pre-Experimental research, aims to determine the increase in student learning outcomes on critical thinking skills and the application of Project Based Learning. The study used the Non-Equivalent Control Group Pretest-Posttest form, with purposive random sampling. This research was conducted at SMK Negeri 7 Surabaya, Department of Electrical Installation Engineering, with a population of students at SMK Negeri 7 Surabaya, Class XI TITL Electrical Installation Engineering Expertise Program and two classes were selected at random. The data collection technique used is the test method, student responses, and observation. The data analysis technique uses quantitative analysis. The results of the first hypothesis were obtained, namely a significance value of <0.05, with a significance 0.001. In the second hypothesis, the significance value is <0.05, with a significance 0.033. In the third hypothesis, the significance value is >0.05, with a significance 0.141. So it can be concluded that there is an influence of the Project Based Learning learning model assisted by the E-Job Sheet and the Project Based Learning learning model without the E-Jobsheet on student learning outcomes in the subject of electric lighting installation, there is an influence on learning outcomes between students who have high critical thinking skills and low critical thinking skills in electric lighting installation subjects, and there is nothing interaction between project based learning models assisted by E-Jobsheets and project based learning without E-Jobsheets on learning outcomes in terms of students' critical thinking skills in class electric lighting installation subjects XI TITL SMK Negeri 7 Surabaya.

Reducing Lighting Energy Use in Controlled Agricultural Environments

Photometric simulations using both daylight and electric lighting were performed to compare the energy use of conventional high-pressure sodium (HPS) greenhouse lighting to that of light-emitting diode (LED) lighting. Photometric simulations of a hypothetical greenhouse were performed in three different geographic locations in the United States with widely different annual daylight availability: Albany, NY, Fairbanks, AK, and Phoenix, AZ. Simulation conditions included summer and winter, overcast and clear skies, and several lighting layouts and distributions. The analysis showed that, while maintaining the criteria levels of photosynthetic photon flux density, lighting energy savings were primarily attributable to increased LED source efficacy rather than HPS. Secondary energy savings were attributable to the ability to continuously dim LED lighting in response to daily and seasonal changes in daylight. Despite options for LED luminaires with a slim form factor, reduced crop shading compared with larger conventional HPS luminaires did not result in significant lighting energy savings.

Design and implementation of capacitor array as DC converters for electrical lighting in limited area

The widely used DC-DC converters are inductor-based DC-DC converters and inductors along with combustion. The use of inductors can lead to large power losses, as well as heavy components in real terms. The proposed converter warning array aims to increase the voltage with a large increase ratio through a switching configuration process. This switching method is very simple and uses two pulses that are opposite each other so that the array converter can work optimally, whose function is to adjust the arrangement in a parallel arrangement to a series arrangement. The advantage of using a device is that it makes DC-based DC conversion lightweight and easy to implement. Tests have been carried out on 5 hanger arrays with a power of 80 W and 65 W, and the data from the test results show that the voltage increase ratio reaches 81.5 % or 4.08 times the input voltage, which indicates that the array converter warning is able to increase the input voltage according to the number of the arrays.

Melanin Production by the Medicinal Mushroom <i>Inonotus obliquus</i> F-1375 in Submerged Liquid Cultivation and its Antiretroviral Properties

We have explored the effect of a new strain of the mushroom Inonotus obliquus (Ach.:Pers.) Pilat (Basidiomycota) F-1375 on melanin production in a glucose-tryptone medium, adding the preparation of betulin, chemically pure tyrosine, under electric lighting and under dark conditions. The betulin preparation in the examined concentrations had practically no effect on the production of melanin, while high concentrations of tyrosine stimulated the production of melanin both under illumination and in the dark. All studied samples of mushroom melanin are non-toxic: both isolated from natural (TC50 = 96 ± 8 μg/mL) and cultured in a liquid medium with the addition of betulin and tyrosine (TC50 from 164 to 400 μg/mL); active against HIV-1 in MT-4 cell culture (IC50 1 to 4.3 μg/mL, SI 17 to 192). The selectivity indices of the learned preparations of melanin of cultivated Inonotus obliquus F-1375 against the human immunodeficiency virus subtype A were at the level of 33-192, which makes it possible to recommend them for the development of antiviral agents. Melanin from mushroom Inonotus obliquus F-1375 cultured in the electrical light with the addition of 10 and 20 mM tyrosine has the highest selectivity index for retrovirus HIV-1 (SI 192).

Lighting Energy Reduction by Optimizing Daylight while Maintaining Cooling Load in Tropical Educational Building, Depok, Indonesia

This study aims to reduce the lighting energy consumption in educational buildings while avoiding an increase in cooling load. The Faculty of Engineering building in Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia is used as a case study. Daylight optimization can have an impact on lighting energy, which is the largest energy consumer in educational buildings. However, given Indonesia’s tropical climate, daylight leading to heat gain is a concern. Current passive design interventions for controlling daylight and heat gain include light shelves, clerestories, and glazing materials. Daylighting performance is simulated using DIALux software. Results of each intervention are analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively by theories and parameters, namely illuminance level, light uniformity, and overall thermal transfer value (OTTV). Light shelves result in increased uniformity and lower OTTV. Clerestories result in increased average illuminance but higher OTTV. Active intervention with a dimming and grouping system is applied after daylight increases. The combination of passive design interventions and active dimming of electric lights reduces lighting energy with the same OTTV as existing. This study recommends the use of passive and active daylighting strategies considering their effect on the cooling load of buildings.

Analysis of the opportunities and costs of energy saving in lightning system of library buildings with the aid of building information modelling and Internet of things

The electrical lighting technique is one of the primary culprits behind a library's high energy usage and operating expenses. Unfortunately, lighting systems are often unregulated, resulting in suboptimal lighting conditions, while older buildings consume significant amounts of electricity. To reduce energy waste and usage, it is crucial to evaluate the entire library's performance, including indoor lighting, solar radiation, and interior temperature, from the initial design phase. The paucity of high-quality real-world data and procedural knowledge has hindered the accuracy of artificial intelligence (AI) models used in previous research. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to integrate distributed wireless sensor networks (WSN) and sensor techniques employing Internet of Things (IoT) and Building Information Modelling (BIM) approaches in order to reduce energy consumption by implementing a smart illumination technique. The purpose of this study is to examine the strategies and options involved in prototyping an IoT- and BIM-based intelligent illumination system and its effect on library maintenance. This paper presents several strategies for transforming the inefficient lighting system of a typical library into a sustainable one with a quick repayment period. This technology can substantially improve lighting control and energy efficiency by employing motion sensors to detect human movement and adjusting lighting in particular areas. As a result, this solution provides libraries with the opportunity to establish a more sustainable environment while simultaneously increasing productivity. This study concludes with strategies and solutions for instituting energy-efficient measures in libraries, particularly lighting systems. By integrating distributed wireless sensor networks and sensor techniques with IoT and BIM approaches, this research seeks to address the challenges posed by conventional lighting systems and enhance the energy efficiency of libraries as a whole.

Evaluation of staff's perception of a circadian lighting system implemented in a hospital

Natural and electrical lighting have received attention in hospital environments due to their ability to increase hospital staffs' performance, improve shift workers' circadian rhythm and improve patients' recovery. Researchers have investigated health care staffs' satisfaction with their lit work environment in real-life settings; however, staff members' perception of a circadian lighting system (CLS) that operates automatically has yet to be researched. This paper presents the implementation of a CLS installed in a newly built hospital between June 2021–February 2022. Two surveys (n1 = 63, n2 = 48) and 10 interviews were conducted with staff. Wilcoxon rank-sum test was conducted to compare staff members’ responses between the pre-existing lighting (PeL) and circadian lighting system (CLS) at Neuro Intensive Care Unit and Postanesthesia Care Unit. The results showed a statistically significant satisfaction with the CLS compared with the PeL (p = 0.0003), and the staff found the CLS easier to use (p = 0.0011) and to adjust (p = 0.0023). The staff working in rooms with multiple patients appreciated the ability to adjust the lighting to the individual patient. These results supplement the existing body of research by presenting a field-study that illuminates barriers and advantages to consider when implementing CLS in hospitals. We conclude that CLS can complement a complex work environment in hospitals, but it requires close collaboration with occupants and continuous adjustments to the lighting settings for a successful implementation, and long-term use of the lighting system.

Functioning of community sanitary complexes in rural India: Insights into selected states

Abstract An important component of the Swachh Bharat Mission is the construction of community sanitary complexes (CSCs) to address the unmet need for sanitation for households. The success, however, critically hinges on the operational management of CSCs. We examine the functioning status of CSCs in rural areas of five Indian states. Furthermore, we study the association between alternative management arrangements with the functioning and maintenance status of the CSCs. A principal component analysis-based CSC functioning index is created based on the maintenance indicators and sanitary items to identify better-performing CSCs. The mixed-effects logistic regression analysis was applied to examine the association between management arrangement for maintenance and CSC functioning index. Four in every five CSCs were directly managed by the Gram Panchayat. Over 90% of the CSCs have running water supply but electricity connection and lighting arrangement were available in 66.1 and 55.1% CSCs, respectively. The econometric analysis finds that CSCs managed by worship area groups or those managed by village CSC user-groups have better CSC maintenance status. The cleaning frequency of the CSC has a significant association with CSC functioning status. The operational management of CSCs is an area for further policy attention for sustained community sanitation efforts.

Method of Calculation of a Road Tunnel Illumination

The study proposes a method of electrical lighting calculation for a road tunnel, which allows estimating locations of selected luminaires providing the required road surface luminance distribution in the areas of vehicle driver adaptation while driving through a tunnel during daytime. The method is based on the adopted concepts of saturation curve and luminance saturation zone which are used for building of a step curve approximating the set zonal distribution of luminance. The basic terms of the method and the calculation algorithm as well as an example of calculation of luminaire locations in the tunnel luminance zones illustrated by comparison of estimated and pre-set luminance distributions are presented.

Measurement Model of Technopreneurship Intentions and the Performance of Electrical Lighting Installation Practices in Vocational High School

The aims of this study are to produce measurement model of the intention of technopreneurship and the performance of the practice of electric lighting installations. Analysis of the data used is confirmatory factor analysis. Confirmatory Factor Analysis has several stages to determine the results. These stages include determining goodness of fit, calculating path estimation, calculating loading factor, Average Variance Extracted (AVE), and calculating reliability using Construct Reliability (CR). Goodness of fit is determined by looking for the Goodness-of-Fit Index (GFI), Norm Fit Index (NFI), Comparative Fit Index (CFI), or Root-Mean-Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA). CFI, RMSEA, loading factor, and tcount values met the suitability index criteria. These results indicate that the model for measuring technopreneurship intention variables and the performance of electrical lighting installation practices theoretically matches the field data, so that the measurement model is acceptable.

The Feasibility of the Smart Building Training Kit as Learning Media for Electrical Lighting Installation Practices in Vocational High Schools

The purposes of this study are: (1) to produce smart building training kit products, and (2) to find out the feasibility of the smart building trainer kit as a learning medium for Electrical Lighting Installation Practices in Vocational High Schools (VHS). This research employed the research and development (R D) with the ADDIE model based on Branch (Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, and Evaluate). The techniques to collect the data included interviews, observations, and questionnaires. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively. The research results show that (1) smart building trainer kit has been produced as a learning tool for Electric Lighting Installation Practices at VHSs with the dimensions of 96 cm in length, 67 cm in height, 25 cm in width at the bottom, and 13 cm at the top; and (2) the developed product was declared very feasible by material experts (95.83%), very feasible by media experts (89.06%), and appropriate by VHS students (80.8%).

"Scenography, a Special Form of Art and Basic Component of Total Theatre"

"In classical theater, the dramatic text, the direction and the interpretation prevail over the other elements of the show. Scenography, an area of particular interest in the present article, represented a minor direction of theatrical development until the 20th century, so that, with the proliferation of modern, postmodern and especially post- postmodern art, it would become a basic condition and a landmark of total theater. The hybrid and eclectic character of this interpretative artistic form implies not only the coexistence of theater with dance, music and visual arts, but also with new technologies, from electric lights and projector, to computer-assisted devices through highly performing (often responsive) software. Over time, the scenographer was an architect, engineer, craftsman, fashion designer, visual artist (sometimes recognized on all meridians, as in the case of Picasso), and in the last (three) decades he became a graphic designer, digital artist or even a programmer. The fact is that between the actors and the public there is an interdependence relationship, which leads in the theatrical plane to solutions that move the artistic discourse from the convention to the immersive (sensory). For this reason, contemporary theater is at an unprecedented point in its history of over two and a half millennia, to reconfigure itself according to the “modern” times or to exalt traditional values."