Household Electricity Research Articles

Multi-level Topology and Dynamic Power Sharing of Household DC Distribution System

With the popularity of electronic information products and the gradual adoption of DC speed control in electric household appliances, more and more household appliances are equipped with rectifiers or inverters. Moreover, household rooftop PV, wind turbines and energy storage devices also output electric energy in the form of DC. This paper presents a topology of household DC distribution system, which not only improves the reliability of power supply from the power consumption mode, reduces the loss in the process of power form conversion, but also provides users with safer voltage level and more reasonable fault protection. On this basis, this paper proposes an instantaneous power sharing scheme based on droop control, which enables each power module of the system to achieve steady-state and dynamic power sharing.

Interference Analysis of Postpaid kWh Meters According to Standard Operational Procedures at PT. PLN Ulp Helvetia Medan Indonesia

In this work, we report that various electronic device are continuously being developed to support human life. The scale also varies, ranging from simple household appliances to heavy industrial equipment. In the process of collecting household electrical power, a kWh Meter is needed to simplify and minimize employee errors in inputting data on household and industrial electricity usage in the Medan City area. In its operation, operational and non-operational disturbances often occur such as congestion at the kWh meter, fire at the kWh meter, and other unavoidable disturbances. In overcoming disturbances that occur in kWh Meters, Inspection and Maintenance of kWh meters can be carried out, especially on digital / Postpaid kWh Meters. This report contains the type of kWh that is often used, the components in the kWh meter, the types of disturbances that often occur in the kWh meter, the impact on the damage to the kWh meter, and how to overcome these types of disturbances.

THE EFFECTS OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS IN THE SPECIAL CAPITAL REGION OF JAKARTA, INDONESIA

The Covid-19 pandemic that is getting worse, the Government responded by issuing PSBB and WFH policies with positive and negative effects in DKI Jakarta as national economic growth. The study aimed to analysis environmental effects. This qualitative research used literature review sourced from articles, government reports, institutional reports, and validated popular media. The policies have some significant effects on people's lives and environmental stability. The positive effects included the decline in PM2,5 with the highest value of 31,31% in West Jakarta, 27.80% in East Jakarta, and 25.74% in Central Jakarta. There was an improvement in air quality; the decline in electricity consumption was 7.24% in the industrial sector, 8.70% in business centers, 2.43% in government buildings, and 620 tons/day reduced waste. The adverse effects included: the closure of 3,570 companies and 1,225,725 workers doing WFH; increased household electricity consumption by 4.76%; decreased Commuter Line passengers by 82.10%; a decrease in Transjakarta passengers by 87.60%; and increased household waste by 36%. The pandemic harmed the socio-economic and had a positive effect on the environment. Pandemics provide an opportunity for humans to reflect on their behaviour and how they should interact with nature in post-pandemic encourage pro-environmental behaviour to support sustainable development.

Implementation of PV-Battery Storage-Wind Turbine-Load- on Grid System

The system is designed to promote the use of renewable energy sources and reduce dependence on non-renewable energy sources such as fossil fuels. The system comprises several components, including photovoltaic (PV) panels, wind turbines, battery storage, load management, and the main grid. The integration of these components provides a reliable and stable source of electricity for households and businesses, particularly in areas prone to power outages. The battery storage system helps to balance the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources, providing a more consistent supply of electricity. Additionally, this system can reduce the carbon footprint of the electricity generation process and contribute to mitigating the effects of climate change. Overall, the implementation of a PV-battery storage-wind turbine-load-main grid system has the potential to transform the way we generate and consume electricity, creating a more sustainable and resilient energy system for future generations.

Energy Hogs and Misers: Magnitude and Variability of Individuals’ Household Electricity Consumption

We use circuit-level granular electricity measurements from student housing and statistical analysis to better understand individuals’ electricity consumption. Two key patterns emerged—individuals varied systematically in their magnitude of electricity use as well as in their variability of usage at the hourly and daily level. A cluster analysis of electricity consumption in individual bedrooms shows that 18% of students consume 48% of total electricity use at a median of 2.17 kWh/d/person. These few energy hogs have a disproportionate impact on electricity consumption. In contrast, the misers (22% of students) consume only 4% of the electricity (0.18 kWh/d/person). Mini-refrigerators in bedrooms contributed substantially to the total electricity use of the moderate users. In contrast, mini-refrigerators were less influential for energy hogs, suggesting that these residents may draw power in others ways, such as by using powerful computing or gaming systems for hours each day. A sub-cluster analysis revealed substantial individual variability in hourly usage profiles. Some energy hogs use electricity consistently throughout the day, while others have specific periods of high consumption. We demonstrate how our analysis is generalizable to other situations where the resident does not directly pay their utility bills and thus has limited financial incentive to conserve, and how it contributes to a deeper understanding of the different ways in which individuals use energy. This allows for targeting interventions to groups with similar patterns of consumption. For example, policies such as fines or fees that might reduce the excessive electricity use for short times or for individual hogs could result in potential savings ranging from 16–33% of bedroom electricity.

Urban domestic electricity consumption in relation to households’ lifestyles and energy behaviours in Burkina Faso: Findings from a large-scale, city-wide household survey

Information on actual domestic electricity use in Burkina Faso, where the urban zones and residential sector account for 74% and 33% respectively of the total electricity use, remains very challenging to find, as little research currently exists. This study aimed therefore, to provide the first ever insights into the actual urban residential electricity use. A survey with 387 households, the first large-scale, city-wide household electricity study undertaken in Burkina Faso to the authors’ knowledge, was conducted in the city of Ouagadougou. Information on the households' characteristics and behaviours were collected to yield a first comprehensive analysis on the actual city-scale domestic electricity use. Findings demonstrated an average electricity use of 2395 kWh/year by households. Cooling accounts for almost 40% of the total domestic electricity use, followed mainly by cooking and food preserving (23%) and information-communication-entertainment (19%) activities. Three groups of consumers were then formed based on their electricity use level, to investigate interactions between electricity use and households’ lifestyles. The study’s findings lay therefore, the foundations for a better understanding of actual urban domestic electricity use patterns and could help to develop more suitable policies and actions targeting energy conservation in the residential sector.

Threat of air pollution in the cleanest plateau

Threat of air pollution in the cleanest plateau

Electricity Usage as A Proxy Indicator For Poverty Targeting

This perspective demonstrates that household electricity usage is a good proxy for poverty and a quick, efficient, and effective targeting mechanism for welfare benefits. As Sri Lanka’s economic crisis continues, up to 50% or more of the population will likely need state support, yet the existing welfare benefit scheme falls far short of its goals. Current targeting through Samurdhi reaches just about a quarter of all households and only 40% of the poorest decile of individuals. The analysis presented in this perspective shows that the alternative of using a threshold of 60kwh of electricity usage per month as a preliminary eligibility criterion will reach approximately 50% of the population and over 80% of the poorest among them and performs best among a set of alternatives, including Samurdhi.

Predicting Household Electric Power Consumption Using Multi-step Time Series with Convolutional LSTM

Predicting Household Electric Power Consumption Using Multi-step Time Series with Convolutional LSTM

Breathing Room: Cleaner Fuels for Home Cooking in LMICs.

Breathing Room: Cleaner Fuels for Home Cooking in LMICs.

Drivers and implications of combined investment in renewables and energy storage in the residential sector

AbstractResidential consumers are increasingly combining renewables with energy storage systems. However, changes in policies and support for these technologies may impact their adoption and the outlook for the energy industry. In this paper, we consider a grid‐connected household's problem of determining the optimal capacities of these two technologies as well as the battery operating policy that minimizes its electricity costs when faced with time‐of‐use electricity prices and sellback credits. We identify the impact of household characteristics, technological progress, and electricity pricing policies on the levels of investment in these two technologies. Furthermore, we supplement our analytical results with a case study of two U.S. cities and identify policy guidelines for the design of a technology subsidy program aimed at stimulating the adoption of these technologies and the ensuing implications for residential customers, the environment, and grid reliability. Our paper has implications for several stakeholders in practice on (i) how the adoption of renewables is affected by energy storage (and vice versa) and (ii) how electricity pricing, technological progress, and subsidy policies can shape the adoption of both technologies.

A Smart Monitoring and Control System for the Household Electric Power Usage

The energy consumed is frequently derived from nonrenewable sources, which may be contributing to the planet's current state of global warming. People are becoming more aware of the dangers of energy waste and are increasingly seeking further relaxation by getting numerous appliances in their homes that are left on all day, and they sometimes leave their homes with a light bulb on, heaters on, televisions on, and so on. We present in this paper the formulation and construction of a home energy management system that provides householders with uninterrupted pieces of information on their power expenditure, allowing them to conserve energy. Even though the solution to this problem is already commercially unraveled, the goal of this research is to design and build a power control system that provides users with comprehensive information regarding his/her energy needs and permits for detecting, regulating, and advanced analytics by using sustainable energy as a source of power at the local level in a Nepalese micro-grid. This project highlights the importance of renewable energy in a microgrid.

Impact of household electricity theft and unaffordability on electricity security: A case of Uganda

Renewable energy sources (RES) dominance in Uganda's electricity mix is challenged by affordability and theft. To assess electricity affordability, the study proposed a probabilistic method to quantify the households into different electricity categories for both urban and rural areas. Alternative electricity billing schemes based on Scenarios A to D for the households to enhance legal connection and consumption of electricity were proposed. The study established that the utility registers the highest electricity theft losses in rural households. The monthly utility revenue collected in urban areas was about 2.9 times that collected in rural areas because of the higher number of legally connected households with a monthly consumption of 1.5 times than that of rural households. From the monthly income spendable on electricity, rural and urban households could only afford 25.07 kWh and 38.29 kWh, respectively, which are less than the average household electricity consumption for Uganda. Also, the initial connection fee to the power grid is very high for the households to afford it in a single down payment. Of the proposed alternative billing schemes, Scenario B and Scenario D yield the least monthly utility revenue collected for the urban and rural households, respectively.

The impact of China’s fertility policies on the future electricity demand of residential households

Under China’s “comprehensive two-child” policy (UTCP) and “three-child” policy (TCP), household’s age structure is bound to change, and this change will further have an impact on household demand for electricity. In order to accurately forecast the impact of fertility policy on residential household electricity demand, we firstly construct a prediction model with annual household electricity consumption as the dependent variable and average electricity price and household-level old-age dependency ratio (HODR) as the independent variables. Second, we use the cohort-component projection model (CCPM) to construct a population prediction model to obtain the macrolevel old-age dependency ratio (MODR). Third, based on the interactive ritual chain (IRC) theory, we explore the statistical relationship between macrolevel old-age dependency ratio and household-level old-age dependency ratio to obtain a prediction method for the household-level old-age dependency ratio. Finally, we take five households as examples and predict their electricity demand from 2022–2035. The following conclusions are obtained: 1) the average electricity price and the household-level old-age dependency ratio have a significant suppressive effect on the electricity demand; 2) for households without the pressure of old-age dependency, the Under China’s “comprehensive two-child” policy’s contribution to electricity demand is pregnant, while “three-child” policy’s is limited; 3) the Under China’s “comprehensive two-child” policy and “three-child” policy cannot fundamentally curb the declining trend of residential electricity demand of China in the long term.

Offsetting carbon emissions from household electricity consumption in Europe

The residential sector has been targeted as the one with a huge potential for reducing carbon emissions. In order to determine the present carbon footprint and the potential for achieving carbon neutrality, the study examines electricity consumption in average households, whose electricity is supplied by their national power grids. 31 European countries (27 EU and 4 non-EU countries) were included in this analysis. Our results indicate that the annual carbon emissions of these average households range from 0.09 to 6.44 tCO2e (1.36 tCO2e on average), depending on a country. In addition, the calculated electricity costs per tCO2e emission for an average household vary significantly (from 94 to 10,135 EUR/tCO2e).Carbon offsetting is a mechanism which enables households to achieve carbon neutrality, i.e. households can compensate for the emissions caused by their electricity consumption by purchasing voluntary carbon offsets. This study also analyses the financial implications of purchasing voluntary carbon offsets. The results indicate that voluntary carbon offsets do not burden household budgets significantly because their share in total electricity costs is small. European households, particularly those in countries where electricity is more expensive, can comfortably achieve carbon neutrality with voluntary carbon offsets. In this way, they can contribute to global sustainable development.

How Efficient China’s Tiered Pricing Is for Household Electricity: Evidence from Survey Data

Due to the wide coverage of first-tier electricity consumption and the small price difference between different tiers, the current tiered pricing for household electricity (TPHE) cannot give full play to the advantages of the increasing block electricity tariffs (IBTs). Based on the microscopic survey data provided by the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) in 2015, this paper innovatively uses the predicted average electricity price as the instrumental variable of electricity price to explore the influencing factors of household electricity consumption in order to solve the possible endogenous problems. Simultaneously, the samples are further grouped by income and electricity consumption, and the electricity consumption characteristics of different groups are discussed separately. The results show that, for low-income groups, the price elasticity of electricity consumption is relatively low because the electricity consumption of low-income households is concentrated on meeting the energy demand necessary for basic life, while the price elasticity of high-income groups is relatively high because the electricity consumption of the high-income households is mostly the energy demand generated by improving the quality of life.

Residential responses to service-specific electricity demand: Case of China

Understanding the diversity of the residential demand for various electrical services is critical for utilities and policymakers in conducting effective demand side management and narrowing urban-rural inequality. Previous research has usually treated the household as a unit of analysis, and thus may have ignored the fact that household electricity consumption is derived demand driven by specific services, which fails to examine the heterogeneous behavioral responses. Therefore, this paper presents a new pattern of residential demand for various electrical services and quantifies the impacts of socioeconomic determinants in China. The conditional demand analysis is performed on the unique dataset of the Chinese Residential Energy Consumption Survey of 2014 to estimate the electricity demand distribution in eight types of services and to investigate the effect of socioeconomic variables on service-specific electricity consumption. The results show that, together, entertainment and food refrigeration account for about half of the total annual electricity consumption, followed by laundry, lighting, space cooling, and hot water. Rural households use about 7.2% of total electricity for cooking purposes, while urban counterparts hardly use electricity to cook at all. Electricity consumption for space heating is negligible for both urban and rural households. Heterogeneity in socioeconomic determinants is found not only among different electrical services but also between urban and rural households.

Family Household Characteristics and Stunting: An Update Scoping Review

Stunting remains a public health concern in developing countries. Factors related to stunting have been categorized using various frameworks. Family plays an important role in providing nutrients for children; however, no review specifies this aspect for identifying family characteristics related to stunting. This study aimed to identify family household characteristics related to stunting among children aged less than 5 years. A scoping review was undertaken with sources from PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus, using the keywords "family characteristics" AND "growth". Inclusion criteria were (1) correlational study; (2) published between 2018 and 31 July 2022; (3) families with children under the age of 5 years; and (4) independent variable any measure of stunting factors from family and household factors. Of 376 articles, only 20 met the inclusion criteria of the study. The family household characteristics included individual factors (sex age, history of diarrhea, and birthplace), family factors (family headship, primary caregiver/mother, social-cultural orientation, and family system factors), and environmental factors. Various child variables, family factors, and environmental factors (the type of home, floor type, water access, source of drinking water, and household electricity) were identified as being associated with stunting. Therefore, these factors should be evaluated to prevent and control stunting, and they should be incorporated into health programs targeting stunting.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ВЛИЯЮЩИХ ФАКТОРОВ НА ЭЛЕКТРОПОТРЕБЛЕНИЕ ДОМОХОЗЯЙСТВ

The paper examines issues for household electricity consumption depending on technical (composition of household electrical receivers, time of year) and socio-economic (type and structure for household, family composition, age, social status) factors. Based on the analysis of load graphs constructed at different times of the year, it is possible to build forecast models for the electricity consumption for households the various types

Axiological distribution of the limited electric power of the household

The structure of household electricity consumption depends on multiple factors. The operation of household electrical networks is possible within the allocated power limit and is restricted by the installed automatic disconnection devices of the power supply network. In conditions of limited allocated electrical power, comfortable living is not possible without prioritized power redistribution. A six-level hierarchical system of electrical power distribution for households has been proposed, incorporating variable priorities. By employing prioritized disconnection principles for groups of electrical appliances, the disconnection of limited household power supply can be avoided while maintaining maximum comfort. The proposed electrical connection scheme for household electrical equipment includes priority relays, time relays, and devices for remote disconnection of secondary appliances. When using heat pumps and heat accumulators for heating systems, a limit of 15 kWh is sufficient for comfortable use of any standard electrical appliances in households with an area of up to 150 square meters.