Electric Home Appliances Research Articles

A Scenario-Based Stochastic Optimization Approach for Non-Intrusive Appliance Load Monitoring

In this paper an energy disaggregation problem, commonly studied as “non-intrusive load monitoring”, is presented. Non-intrusive load monitoring is a procedure for estimating the energy profiles of individual electric home appliances from the aggregated power measurement. We present this problem as an optimization-based problem in which the least-square errors are minimized to find the set of active appliances, using the instantaneous aggregated power. The convex regularization terms are also added, which exploit the information of the probability of individual appliance usage and assume the behavior of the appliances’ power profiles to be constant as piecewise signal over time. The problem is formulated using a scenario-based stochastic optimization approach to consider the underlying uncertainties in power measurements. The expected value of the problem’s objective function is computed by using the sample average approximation method, where normally distributed samples of a random variable are introduced into the problem using the Monte Carlo simulation. Moreover, the appliances’ limits on the power modes are formulated as a chance constraint in the optimization problem. The training and testing of the proposed algorithm are done by using the benchmark data: AMPds and REFIT. The simulation results show that the proposed scenario-based stochastic optimization approach successfully estimates the energy profiles of individual appliances with multiple power modes.

Smart Current Monitoring System with Relay Breaker

Today, the high usage of electrical home appliances has increased the domestic energy consumption. To control the consumption of domestic energy, various techniques were developed to detect current flow and to measure current consumption. Usually, a current sensor was used as a detection device and then send the data wirelessly to a centre point in the house, which is placed near to the main entrance for monitoring and controlling purposes. Wireless technology can provide better connection and reducing the need for wired connection for all power sockets in a house. The usage of LCD is to display current usage for all electrical home appliances will be more useful especially for a multi-storey house. This smart current monitoring system, will help users to monitor and control their electrical home appliances current consumption. The system will monitor each power sockets and transmit the current usage data wirelessly to a centre point which helps in reducing the time to check all the appliances.

Integrated Automatic Power Factor for 3-Phase Load and Management in Home Appliances using IoT

In this project, importance of Energy audit, management and control are put forth as need for future power crisis. A sincere attempt has been made to conduct energy audit in every electrical home appliance using the advanced technology of Internet of Things. In this system proper energy management algorithm as well as power factor correction is also used to reduce the overall monthly average power consumption in a home. Also, detailed analysis of data collected is done by suggesting cost-effective measures to improve the energy efficiency of use. Estimation of implementation costs and payback periods for each recommended action has been made. The result & vital information generated through these activities are documented. The Energy Auditing for a day is the index of the consumption which normalize the situation of Energy crises by providing the conservation schemes.

Transition from factor-driven to innovation-driven urbanization in China: A study of manufacturing industry automation in Dongguan City

Following the reform and opening up of China, the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region became a center of foreign investment due to its comparative advantages of cheap labor costs and low land use prices. The tide of migrant workers, comprising a large surplus rural labor force that flooded into the PRD region, caused a rapid increase in the urban population. From the 1980s to the 2000s, migrant workers were a key force that drove urbanization in China. The utilization of automation technology in production since the 2010s has increased the number of unemployed laborers and shifted the dynamics of urbanization. This study investigated how automation is applied in production processes and its effects on different industries, namely, those related to textiles, electronic information, and home electrical appliance manufacturing; specifically we sought to examine the complex relationship among automation, the labor forces, and urbanization by illustrating the implementation of automation in production processes and its influence on labor forces and urbanization. This study revealed that companies in different industries implement automation to differing degrees and through varied upgrading paths. All industries can ultimately achieve technological transformation and cross-industry development. For labor forces, automation exerts two simultaneous folded effects, namely, the direct replacement of low- to middle-skilled workers and the creation of new jobs. The penetration of automation into manufacturing industries has changed the dynamics of urbanization and the social spatial structure of cities, leading to a polarization of the labor forces and the emergence of “dual cities”.

Realisation of RPS from electrical home appliances in a smart home energy management system

With the increasing integration of photovoltaic power generation in the low-voltage distribution network, the grid voltage regulation becomes critical, which demands support from different resources. This study presents the feasibility study of home appliance to be applied for appliance to grid mode of operation. The analysis includes the amendments in topology and control to support the concept of supportive platform provided by smart home and smart grid. Home appliances are then proposed as new distributed reactive sources, which are utilised to resolve the issue of voltage regulation, as well as produce reactive power locally for voltage stability. This study discusses the technical transitions in current home appliance to accommodate auxiliary functionality of grid reactive power support (RPS) and how it can fit in the home energy management system architecture to provide the required RPS.

Consumer Preference between Fire Risk and Chemical Risk for Home Appliances Containing Flame Retardants in Plastic Parts

A questionnaire survey was conducted to explore consumer preference between fire risk and chemical risk, with a focus on electric and electronic home appliances whose plastic parts either contain or do not contain flame retardants (FRs). The analytic hierarchy process was used to evaluate the change in consumer preference before and after watching a video describing the effects of FRs. The t-test was used to compare the priority of product alternatives for subjects grouped according to risk acceptance and risk-avoidance orientation. From the results, the degree of each consumer preference for “Safety” was the highest before watching the video, and the degree of preference for “Safety” increased and those for “Health” and “Environment” decreased after watching the video. The degrees of consumer preference for “The product with FRs” and “The product without FRs” were almost the same before watching the video, but the preference for “The product with FRs” increased after watching the video. This tendency to change the priority of products from before to after watching the video was generally the same in each group.

1970년대 농촌 주거공간의 변화와 소비자 농민 : 인테리어 공간과 텔레비전 소비를 중심으로

A succession of rural housing initiatives during the New Village Movement in 1970s South Korea not only altered the external appearance of the farmhouse and village, but also restructured the interior space of the individual home. This article argues that, the re-created domestic space was, most of all, a vehicle for farmers’ private consumer desires; at the same time, it served as a kind of commercial showcase where farmers as consumers were making material-cultural dynamics among themselves through the new commodities. The farmers revealed their aspiration and mutual competition for brand-new commodities inside their new homes. This aspect was in clear conflict with the farmers’ financial strain and apathy produced by the ‘modernization’ projects. However, this seeming contradiction helps account for how the New Village projects were able to advance throughout the 1970s despite the farmers’ continued complaints regarding their fatigue and hardship. Rather than simply forcing farmers to submit to state policy, a number of the New Village projects indeed depended on mobilization, not only of their labour and funds, but also of their consumer desires.BR As this article illustrates, the most prominent changes of the new interior space resulted from the installation of electricity and the enlargement of house size. The spacious interior of homes with electricity was optimized to bring various cutting-edge furniture and electric home appliances. Now, the interior space of the reconstructed houses was swiftly transforming farmers into customers of a more diverse collection of commodities. A television was the most popular and overwhelming commodity, and was always positioned literally at the center of interior space and domestic life. In 1971, only 10% of farm households had a television, but by 1979 that percentage had gone up to 80%. In the midst of this television boom in the countryside, the Samsung Electronics Group established its initial business foundation. Today, Samsung Electronics is the most representative transnational corporate group in South Korea, but it was a late entry into the electronics industry of the early 1970s. Samsung sought for a way to expand its market share in the growing television consumption in the countryside, and developed marketing strategies targeting farming consumers. This article reveals that Samsung Electronics’ rapid growth in the 1970s was due to the farmers’ purchasing power. Yet, this disposable capital largely came from usurious loans offered by retailers under the façade of a burden-free instalment sale.

세탁기 직접구동용 영구자석 매입형 동기전동기의 출력토크 개선 및 코깅토크 저감설계에 관한 연구

Nowadays the electrical machines for electric home appliances require several design points such as compact size, high torque density, high efficiency and noise reduction and so on. In this paper, inner rotor type of IPMSM (Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor) is designed focusing on improving efficiency and power factor and reducing cogging torque and size to improve characteristics of the conventional motor for washing machine which is outer rotor type of SPMSM (Surface mounted Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor). Experimental results show that the proposed method is very effective in the characteristic of an IPMSM.

Current practice and policy for transforming e-waste into urban mining: case study in Taiwan

In Taiwan, the amount of e-waste, mainly generated from the information technology (IT) products, home electrical appliances and lightings, is increasing most rapidly because this country is one of the most important suppliers for electrical and electronic products in the world. The objective of this overview paper was to study the regulatory promotion of e-waste recycling under the 4-in-1 Program and also update its current status during the period of 2001-2015. Furthermore, this paper also presented a successful case of the waste fluorescent tube processing, which gave a demonstration through its innovative design technology for mercury recovery. Although the annual quantity of e-waste recycling through the implementing agencies seemed to significantly increase from 7,321 tons in 2001 to 74,421 tons in 2015, the recycling market in Taiwan indicated a mature trend in recent years due to the aging population and slow economic growth.

Product Design of an Objective Screening System for Major Depressive Disorder using a Compact Sensor System - “UTSUKAMO” - as a home electric appliance which enables lowcost depression screening

Product Design of an Objective Screening System for Major Depressive Disorder using a Compact Sensor System - “UTSUKAMO” - as a home electric appliance which enables lowcost depression screening

Design and Implementation of an IoT-Oriented Energy Management System Based on Non-Intrusive and Self-Organizing Neuro-Fuzzy Classification as an Electrical Energy Audit in Smart Homes

Smart cities are built to help people address issues like air pollution, traffic optimization, and energy efficiency. Electrical energy efficiency has become a central research issue in the energy field. Smart houses and buildings, which lower electricity costs, form an integral part of a smart city in a smart grid. This article presents an Internet of Things (IoT)-oriented smart Home Energy Management System (HEMS) that identifies electrical home appliances based on a novel hybrid Unsupervised Automatic Clustering-Integrated Neural-Fuzzy Classification (UAC-NFC) model. The smart HEMS designed and implemented in this article is composed of (1) a set of IoT-empowered smart e-meters, called smart sockets, installed as a benchmark in a realistic domestic environment with uncertainties and deployed against non-intrusive load monitoring; (2) a central Advanced Reduced Instruction Set Computing machine-based home gateway configured with a ZigBee wireless communication network; and (3) a cloud-centered analytical platform constructed to the hybrid UAC-NFC model for Demand-Side Management (DSM)/home energy management as a load classification task. The novel hybrid UAC-NFC model proposed in DSM and presented in this article is used to overcome the difficulties in distinguishing electrical appliances operated under similar electrical features and classified as unsupervised and self-organized. The smart HEMS developed with the proposed novel hybrid UAC-NFC model for DSM was able to identify electrical household appliances with an acceptable average and generalized classification rate of 95.73%.

A generic internet of things architecture for controlling electrical energy consumption in smart homes

The Internet of Things (IoT) is progressively developing since it was first introduced at the beginning of the 21 st century. The IoT becomes more prominent due to the enormous data generated by the IoT devices called the Big Data. Further, the application of Big Data is widely adopted in many areas such as smart home and city planning, efficient system design, etc. However, during the developing stages of IoT, the researchers have many challenges that need to be addressed before standardizing IoT for general use. These challenges include co-existences of many communication technologies such as Bluetooth, ZigBee, WIFI, and so on. The effect of such technologies on the communication becomes more when these technologies exist in shot communication range. Similarly, other challenges include processing of huge amount of data generated by the IoT devices in real-time. Therefore, in order to address these challenges, we come up with a proposed scheme that enable a generic communication architecture among the IoT devices with less interference. Further, the proposed architecture consists of four main steps i.e. 1) a system to discover and identify electrical appliances in a smart home or smart building, 2) deployment of sensors, 3) applying proposed load balancing on appliances and sensors, and 4) processing the data obtained from these sensors for better usage of home and electrical appliances. The proposed scheme is tested on real electronic appliances and the energy consumption is recorded using the proposed Electronic Device Sleep Scheduling Algorithm (EDSA). Furthermore, the EDSA is responsible for controlling the activities of the sensors while it is active, sleep, and idle modes. The results show that the proposed architecture perform better in a heterogeneous environment compare to simple Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) based technologies. The data is also processed using Hadoop Ecosystem is to maximize the efficiency and minimize the time required to process the data in real-time.

(Invited) MOF Thin Film Based Chemiresistor Gas Sensors

Metal oxide (MOX) semiconducting materials, such as ZnO, SnO2, In2O3 and WO3, are the main active materials for chemresistor gas sensor due to their low cost, portability, real-time operability and ease of use. MOX based gas sensor has been developed for many industrial and domestic applications on detecting volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However, several ways such as cross-sensitivity adjustment, electronic noses and gas pre-separation by other instrument have been developed to optimize its performances, but MOX gas sensor still need to overcome the poor selectivity and high working temperature for broader commercial applications. Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) feature regular pores, ultra-large surface areas, tuneable framework structures and open-metal sites. These features make MOFs an ideal candidate to overcome the above mentioned long-term bottlenecks of chemiresistor gas sensor . Here, we demonstrate this possiblity by two strategies of material design to optimize the performances of gas sensor:1) high quality semi-conductive MOF thin film was prepared to act as sensing active layer directly; 2) MOX@MOF core-sheath structured nanowire array was design and prepared to act the sensing active layer. The chemiresistor gas sensors based on above materials have not only exhibited improved sensitivity, but also reduced the working temperature.[1,2] Given that MOF material has greatly variable and designable structure and properties, new material designed with MOFs is promising to simplify the structure and decrease the cost of gas sensor for its application on wearable devices, intelligent automobile, smart electrical home appliances and other precise detection fields in future. Refences: 1. Ming-Shui Yao, Xiao-Jing Lv, Zhi-Hua Fu, Wen-Hua Li, Wei-Hua Deng, Guo-Dong Wu, and Gang Xu* Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2017, 56, 16510. 2. Ming-Shui Yao, Wen-Xiang Tang, Guan-E Wang, Bhaskar Nath, and Gang Xu* Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 5229. Figure 1

Remote Monitoring and Control of Electrical Appliances in Home for Economic Power Management by Using GSM & Android Application

The main objective of this paper is to monitor and control all the household electrical appliances with the help of GSM and android application. The system continually monitors voltage and current and calculate the power consumed for every 24 hours and also calculates the cost of the energy consumed by the load. The proposed system is low of cost, flexible in operation and provides benefits for both ends.

Effect of Monetary Incentives on the Demand for Electricity of Domestic Consumers – Case of Israel

Abstract This research, based on a pilot study performed by the Israeli Electricity Company (IEC) in the framework of a demand management arrangement, focused on an economic approach for influencing domestic customers’ electricity consumption. The main objectives were to find out if monetary incentives in the form of a constant discount in the household consumer’s electricity bill (with no connection to consumption levels) influence consumers participating in a demand management arrangement with their electricity provider (here the IEC) and if such an incentive will lead to a decrease in the participants’ electricity consumption and/or a shift in their consumption from peak to low demand hours. The study examined also the monetary incentive’s influence on the participants’ willingness to join a future arrangement. The findings show that the participants who received a constant incentive increased their consumption, contrary to the expected behaviour, suggesting the presence of a “rebound effect”. One of the incentives that predicted a tendency to save electricity was the pro environmental attitude of the consumer, whereas financial incentives did not predict a tendency to save electricity. Damage to consumer comfort caused by load shedding exerted no significant influence. The economic incentive of a discount in the electricity bill increased the consumers’ willingness to join a future arrangement, even at the cost of compromising their privacy, although the possibility that this arrangement would lead to the loss of their control of home electric appliances as a result of load shedding drastically decreased this willingness. A positive financial incentive was found to have a minor influence on consumers’ willingness to participate in a demand management arrangement, while a negative incentive (the wish to avoid fines) was found to be very influential. Comparing to previous studies, the results are mixed, confirming some previous findings and contradicting others – and they offer an important contribution for the worldwide debate on energy conservation and household electricity reduction, through the Israeli dimension in a complex puzzle.

Web-Based Design and Implementation of Smart Home Appliances Control System

Minimising energy wastage is vital for economic development. This paper deployed a web-based design and implementation of smart electric home appliances control, which enable owners to remotely use web access to efficiently control their home appliances energy usage. Node MCU, breadboard, light emitting diodes (LED), relays, resistors, electric wires, Wi-Fi device (smart phone, tablets or computer), jumper wires, transistor, direct current (DC) motor, universal serial board (USB) cable, printed circuit board (PCB), C programming language and Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment) were used, for circuit design and implementation. C programming codes were written and compiled in Arduino IDE device, then uploaded into Node MCU through USB cable to control energy usage of electrical appliance (DC motor) connected to the circuit. The control was achieved by turning ON the DC motor when needed and OFF, when not in use, remotely via web. Whenever appliance was OFF, LED showed red color and green LED lights up when appliance was ON. Developed control system performed excellently and efficiently by significantly minimizing energy wastage, when appliances are not in use. Future research should consider smart home control systems able to record quantities of energy consumed at any period of the day.

Occupancy based home automation system

Home automation is a component of “The Internet of Things". Home automation has become modernized from many decades for the purport of controlling the abode appliances. In home automation we ourselves will predefine the commands for monitoring and controlling of home electrical appliances by which the energy is utilized effectively. Predicated on personal interest and cull utilizer can give his commands for controlling. Lot of energy is consumed by the electrical appliances even though there is no occupancy in a room. Occupancy is predicated proposed home automation system through which the cessation appliances are controlled and predicated based on the occupancy. In order to detect the occupancy PIR sensor is utilized which senses the heat radiations from an object and a kineticism is detected. Bluetooth predicated Android app is used to control the appliances on personal and to discard. The proposed system is a cost-effective system.

Retracted: Controlling energy consumption by Internet of Things (IoT) applications

The concept of Internet-of-Things (IoT) emerged around two decades ago but has gained momentum during the last few years. The modern technology has infused this innovative paradigm on several scales but still lacks shadowing many aspects of our daily life. Several businesses have attempted its interjection in their processes, however, some of the features of IoT have been avoided by most of them due to its cryptic nature and requiring technical skills prior to its replete use. The development of IoT is well ahead of its need to be and linked to an inability of adopting its fast-paced changes along with the lack of strong business operational models. This paper contributes to the developing of a smart home where electrical appliances would react according to the environment while users would be able to control them through smart gadgets. The conventional setup of arranging and organising the electrical appliances is compared to the newly-developed, several patterns have been observed through which carbon footprints and electricity consumption could be reduced. The collected data has been analysed and it proves that IoT does not only helps save energy consumption but also to save the environment. This paper also highlights the challenges faced by consumers who are affected by the penetration of IoT into their lives along with benefits of infusing IoT applications. The overall theme of this paper is, therefore, to make the consumer understand the benefits of IoT applications into their lives using Arduino setup to control electrical home appliances as a benchmark.

Disturbance power simulation in EMI filter design of an Inverter-Driven Air Conditioner

In CISPR 14, conducted-EMI emissions and disturbance power are regulated as EMC standards for home electric appliances such as inverter-driven air conditioners. If EMI filter design can not conform to these two standards, longer measurements and redesign are required. Therefore, not only the conducted-EMI emissions but also the disturbance power simulation technique are required. In this paper, we construct the disturbance power simulation technology of the inverter-driven air conditioner, and report the result of comparing the simulation and measured value.

Home Appliances Efficiency Improvements for Energy Conservation in Debre Berhan City; Ethiopia

This paper presents the analysis of efficiency improvements of home appliances such as Electrical Stove (Injera Mitad), Electrical Showers, Kerosene Stoves, Charcoal Stoves and Small Electrical Stoves for energy conservation. Most of the existing stoves have been manufactured by small facilities without any regard for energy efficiency standard and safety. It suffers from many shortfalls, such as, poor insulation, lack of temperature regulation, bulkiness and overall poor design that encourages wastage of heat. The energy efficiency of the ordinary electric stove is very low since much of the heat energy is lost through the bottom, its sides, on the top part of the oven and also due to the much delay in the existing Injera baking procedure. The overall efficiency of the electrical shower is affected by the reservoir efficiency and the characteristics of the pipe. Kerosene and charcoal stoves have high heat energy loss due to lack of insulation to their external cover. Therefore, the efficiency of those electrical home appliances can be improved by minimizing the losses through their covers and parts. This can be achieved by selecting appropriate low thermal conductivity materials and insulations.