Electric Fan Research Articles

Rancang Bangun Farming Box Dengan Pengaturan Suhu Menggunakan Fuzzy Logic Controller

Implementation of control systems has been carried out in many fields of science. One of it applications is in the agriculture fields. In this research we implemented a control system on farming in a box. Farming in a box is a system that uses old shipping containers for the purpose of growing plants in any environment. Inside shipping containers is fully assembled hydroponic pipe with air temperature control. In this research was built a little farming box from acryclic to imitate a shipping container. Main focus of this research is design an air temperature control using fuzzy logic controller. Fuzzy logic controller was choosen because many existing farming box use on off controller. In some application, fuzzy logic controller has better performance than on off controller. Farming box temperature is controlled by blowing cool air using an electric fan. In this case, cool air is produced by cold side of peltier. Electric fan speed is controlled by pulse width modulation signal (PWM) that generated from microcontroller. Air temperature data feedback is obtained from DHT 11 sensor that installed in a acrylic box. Sensor is physically connected with microcontroller and Fuzzy logic controller is embedded in microcontroller as an algorithm. Fuzzy logic controller was design with error temperature and error difference as an input, and duty cycle of PWM signal as output. Fuzzy logic controller system performs to reduce the temperature from 31,6 ° C to set poin 28° C in 71 seconds. Steady state error obtained by 1.28% and better than uncontrolled system that obtain steady state error 7,14%.

Bleeding Puppets: Transmediating Genre in Pili Puppetry

Bleeding Puppets: Transmediating Genre in Pili Puppetry

An Android Based Home Electrical Appliance Control System

Electric bulbs, television sets, fans and other home appliances are usually controlled largely with human effort using mechanical switches. However, over the past decade, there has been drastic improvement and advancement in consumer electronics and embedded systems. This has ensured a home environment where appliances can be connected and controlled using wireless technology and an Android smart phone. This study demonstrates the design of an automated system to assist and provide support in order to fulfill the needs of the physically disabled and elderly ones in controlling electrical appliances in homes. The heart of the control system is the wireless Bluetooth technology which provide remote access from a smart phone to a Bluetooth module and then to a control and switching unit. Bluetooth wireless connection enables the system to communicate with a Java application on an Android smart phone without cable. The user can easily touch on the phone screen to control the home appliances linked to the system. This method which requires minimal human effort is able to assist the disabled, sick and elderly people who have difficulties with locomotion. Thus, a control system has been designed which offer a low design, installation ease, quick response time and a user friendly interface in controlling home electrical appliances.Keywords - Android Phone, Bluetooth, Microcontroller, Relay and Switching

Conversion of maize straw into nitrogen-doped porous graphitized carbon with ultra-high surface area as excellent oxygen reduction electrocatalyst for flexible zinc–air batteries

Rational design and preparation of waste biomass derived carbon as air electrode catalysts are pivotal for large-scale sustainable development of Zn–air battery, simultaneously promoting waste resource reuse. Herein, a three-dimensional nitrogen-doped porous graphitized carbon (MS-NPC) is designed by employing maize straw as carbon precursors. The N-doping can cause increased active sites for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), and the FeCl3 activated porous graphitized structure provides an efficient O2 and electrolyte pathway toward easily access to active sites. The resultant N-doped porous graphitized maize straw carbon (MS-NPC) surprisingly exhibits high specific surface area (1483 m2 g−1), high nitrogen content (4.70%), a rather positive onset potential (0.985 V vs. RHE) and large limiting current density (5.8 mA cm−2), which is even better than most reported leading results based on biomass-derived carbon. Density-functional-theory computations confirm the synergetic effect between N-doping and FeCl3 activated porous graphitized structure are promising to accelerate ORR process which is the essential reason for high ORR catalytic performance of MS-NPC. Furthermore, a primary Zn–air battery (ZAB) designed with MS-NPC electrode displays a maximum power density (127.9 mW cm−2), super specific-discharge-capacity (794 mAh gZn−1 at 300 mA cm−2), longtime stability, ZnO immunity and flexible properties. Practical testing verifies that the home-made ZAB can easily power LEDs and electric fans, thereby presenting a promising strategy for the development of economical and highly active carbon as excellent ORR electrocatalyst from waste biomass.

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN AUTO-TEMP CONTROL SYSTEM FOR DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER

Unreliability and interruptions facing power supply are evidence of the excessive heat generated in power systems, as a result of the inefficiency of oil cooling medium employed in distribution transformers. The design and implementation of a prototype automatic temperature control system is to be employed as a method towards solving the above stated problem of excessive temperature rise in distribution transformers. The prototype design consists of a PIC microcontroller programmed in C language, an LM35 temperature sensor, an electric fan and other diverse electronic component. It operates a mechanism that detects temperature rise in the transformer and automatically turns on the cooling fan at extreme temperature conditions. A 16x2 LCD is employed as the medium for temperature display unit of the transformer. The resulting prototype functions in a way that it has the ability to detect every 1ºC rise and reduction in the temperature of the transformer. Thus, at extreme temperature conditions, the automatic temperature control system diminishes the excessive heat generated in the transformer to the appropriate working temperature condition.
 Orjiewulu, J. C. | Department of Electrical Electronics Engineering, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria.

Design of fault diagnosis algorithm for electric fan based on LSSVM and Kd-Tree

Currently, the complexity of mechanical equipment is increasing rapidly together with the poor working environment. If a fault occurs, how to find the fault in time becomes a poser. Motivated by this existing problem, based on the analysis of the fault characteristics of electric fans, a fault diagnosis algorithm model based on Least Square Support Vector Machine (LSSVM) and Kd-Tree was proposed. This algorithm was based on the LSSVM optimized by the Cuckoo Search (CS). This paper used the “one-to-many” principle and the sigma threshold method to introduce k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN) which was implemented by Kd-Tree as a secondary classifier to optimize the model. In data preprocessing, the data based on time series was first processed by Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) and the energy ratios were calculated, and the the above results were degraded by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and normalized. On top of that, in case of the uncertain fault types, the Fuzzy C-Means clustering algorithm (FCM) optimized by Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) was proposed to provide a priori knowledge for the model. In this paper, the algorithm model, FCM and other parts were verified to prove that the performance and generality of the algorithm were better than those of general classification algorithms, and relevant experiments were conducted for different data processing methods to expand the universality of the algorithm.

Development of Automatic Mini Fan with Human Detector by Using PIR Sensor

This project will present the design, construction, development, control and evaluation of an automatic function of electric fan. Fan is the important thing for circulation of air. The development of Automatic Mini Fan with Human Detector System by Using PIR Sensor presented in this project is required to fulfill the requirement of technologies today and it had been fabricate with new design. The automatic mini fan with two types of power supply which is Alternating Current (AC) and Direct Current (DC) can continuously function if one of the power supplies cannot be used. The human detection systems by using PIR sensor are implemented in this project and the detection range is up to 13 feet. The temperature sensors which maximum 70°C that are used in this project can automatically control the speed of fan up to 225 rpm. This automatic mini fan with human detection system contains combination of sensor, controller, motor and two types of power supply that controlled by Arduino UNO as the main controller. This project also presents the expected performance of the automatic mini fan with human detector system which the fan can rotate 0° to 180° and the construction of hardware and software development to gather the performance data. Finally, this project can give many benefits to people because it is portable and can save electricity. The result of this project becomes useful in the future.

이중 구조 날개 선풍기 사례 연구를 통한 선풍기 바람 특성 연구

본 연구에서는 선풍기 성능에 중요한 역할을 하는 선풍기 바람 특성을 이해하기 위해 CFD 해석과 실험을 수행하였다. 선풍기 날개에 따라 발생하는 바람 특성을 보다 명확히 이해하고자 연구 대상으로는 이중 구조 날개 선풍기를 선정하였으며, 일반 선풍기를 비교군으로 고려하였다. 가시화 실험을 통해서 각 선풍기의 유동 특성을 파악하였으며, CFD 해석을 통해서 세부 분석을 수행하였다. 또한, 속도 측정 실험 결과를 이용하여 FFT 분석을 함으로써 선풍기 바람을 자연풍 바람과 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과 이중 구조 날개라는 독특한 날개 디자인이 일반 선풍기와 비교하여 차별화된 바람을 만드는 데 기여함을 확인하였다.

Household income inequality aggravates high-temperature exposure inequality in urban China

The exposure to extremely high temperatures varies across population groups. Those with better adaptation strategies (such as air conditioning) suffer less. This paper combines China's daily mean temperature data with comprehensive national survey data at the household level and estimates the relationship between high-temperature exposure and adaptation behavior of urban dwellers. We find that the usage of air conditioning and electric fans by urban households in China increases with their summer high-temperature exposures. The rise in the number of days with extreme heat (mean temperature exceeding 80 °F) induces the purchase and use of air conditioning. High-temperature adaptability varied across households—the rich are more likely to increase air conditioning usage to cope with the high-temperature discomfort; while the poor are less likely to afford such a market product for adaptation, they suffer more from high-temperature exposure. Such a variation in the affordability and usage of market products to adapt to climate risks will exacerbate the climate-induced inequality.

Evaluation of wearing comfort of dust masks.

Dust masks are widely used to prevent the inhalation of particulate matter into the human respiratory organs in polluted air environments. The filter of a dust mask inherently obstructs the natural respiratory air flows, and this flow resistance is mainly responsible for the discomfort experienced when wearing a dust mask. In atmospheric conditions seriously contaminated with fine dust, it is recommended that common citizens wear a dust mask in their everyday lives, yet many people are reluctant to wear a dust mask owing to the discomfort experienced when wearing it for a long time. Understanding of physical reasons for the discomfort is thus crucial in designing a dust mask, but remains far from clear. This study presents a technique to quantify the wearing comfort of dust masks. By developing a respiration simulator to measure the pressure loss across a dust mask, we assessed the energy costs to overcome flow resistance when breathing through various types of dust masks. The energy cost for a single inhalation varies with the mask type in a range between 0 and 10 mJ. We compared the results with the survey results of 40 people about the wearing comfort of the dust masks, which revealed that the wearing comfort crucially depends on the energy cost required for air inhalation though the dust mask. Using the measured energy cost during inhalation as a parameter to quantify the wearing comfort, we present a comprehensive evaluation of the performance of dust masks in terms of not only the filtering performance but also the wearing comfort. Our study suggests some design principles for dust mask filters, auxiliary electric fans, and check valves.

Thermodynamic analysis of a sustainable hybrid dryer

In this study, an energy and exergy analysis of the drying process of corn was developed for a hybrid dryer coupled with a PV system. The differential of the dryer is the fact that the PV system was used to feed an electrical heater and fans and also to preheat the drying air through the use of the PV panel rear side as heat exchanger, increasing the air temperature before the inlet of the solar collector. The performance of solar drying processes is extensively investigated in the literature, but usually the drying chamber is used as control volume in the analysis. The main contribution of this work is the assessment and comparison of the performance of the dryer using three different control volumes in the thermodynamic analysis: only the drying chamber, the drying chamber and the solar collector, referred to as solar dryer and the complete drying set, corresponding to the drying chamber, the solar collector and the PV module. The results indicated that the efficiency values found are greatly affected by the control volume used, with variations of the exergy efficiency ranging from 22.2% to 45.0%, depending on the control volume used. It was found that the higher efficiencies were found selecting the drying chamber as control volume (as usually chosen by most works from literature). For the complete drying set, the individual contributions of the exergy rates were evaluated. It was concluded that the main contribution to the input and output exergy are the heat transfer and the outflow exergy rates, respectively.

Parameter Optimization of a Bi-copter Type Unmanned Aerial Vehicle to Avoid Propeller-induced Vibrations During Hovering

The vibration parameters of a bi-copter-type unmanned aerial vehicle is optimized by considering operational vibration with payloads. The double electric ducted fan loads, which transmit excitations to the fuselage, are predicted and compared using optimization methods. While the minimum vibration amplitude for stress will be achieved at 7.69 Hz, it will be 9.80 Hz. for minimum deformation without sacrificing safety factor requirement. It ensures sensitive vertical acceleration. It is not seen significant differences on results from screening and genetic algorithm methods. Correlations between frequencies and structural responses are determined. It is observed that the stress and deformation amplitudes of the structure decreases at increasing frequencies up to the next natural frequency. While the highest amplitude is seen at the first frequency, it decreases in increasing modes. The airframe structural model’s operational frequency must be 7.69 or 9.80 Hz to achieve sensitive vertical acceleration. Subsequently, it is aimed to develop an autonomous task by the implemented system controlled by various algorithm as a future work.

Electric fans: A potential stay-at-home cooling strategy during the COVID-19 pandemic this summer?

Current public health guidance designed to protect individuals against extreme heat and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is seemingly discordant, yet during the northern hemisphere summer, we are faced with the imminent threat of their simultaneous existence. Here we examine the environmental limits of electric fan-use in the context of the United States summer as a potential stay-at-home cooling strategy that aligns with existing efforts to mitigate the spread of SARS-COV-2.

Water Molecule-Triggered Anisotropic Deformation of Carbon Nitride Nanoribbons Enabling Contactless Respiratory Inspection

The exploitation of the interaction between nanostructured matter and small molecules, such as H2O at interfaces via dynamic hydrogen bonding, is essentially the key for smart, responsive nanodevic...

Physiological Sensors Based Emotion Recognition While Experiencing Tactile Enhanced Multimedia.

Emotion recognition has increased the potential of affective computing by getting an instant feedback from users and thereby, have a better understanding of their behavior. Physiological sensors have been used to recognize human emotions in response to audio and video content that engages single (auditory) and multiple (two: auditory and vision) human senses, respectively. In this study, human emotions were recognized using physiological signals observed in response to tactile enhanced multimedia content that engages three (tactile, vision, and auditory) human senses. The aim was to give users an enhanced real-world sensation while engaging with multimedia content. To this end, four videos were selected and synchronized with an electric fan and a heater, based on timestamps within the scenes, to generate tactile enhanced content with cold and hot air effect respectively. Physiological signals, i.e., electroencephalography (EEG), photoplethysmography (PPG), and galvanic skin response (GSR) were recorded using commercially available sensors, while experiencing these tactile enhanced videos. The precision of the acquired physiological signals (including EEG, PPG, and GSR) is enhanced using pre-processing with a Savitzky-Golay smoothing filter. Frequency domain features (rational asymmetry, differential asymmetry, and correlation) from EEG, time domain features (variance, entropy, kurtosis, and skewness) from GSR, heart rate and heart rate variability from PPG data are extracted. The K nearest neighbor classifier is applied to the extracted features to classify four (happy, relaxed, angry, and sad) emotions. Our experimental results show that among individual modalities, PPG-based features gives the highest accuracy of as compared to EEG- and GSR-based features. The fusion of EEG, GSR, and PPG features further improved the classification accuracy to (for four emotions) when interacting with tactile enhanced multimedia.

Effects of in-play cooling during simulated tennis match play in the heat on performance, physiological and perceptual measures.

The aim of this crossover study was to investigate whether a cooling intervention during simulated tennis match play in the heat could affect players' performance, physiology, perception of effort, and well-being. Eight competitive male tennis players performed two testing sessions of 45-minute simulated tennis match play on a hard court at 31.8±2.1°C and 48.5±9.6% relative humidity. During change-of-end breaks, the cooling interventions (COL) consisted of cold-water ingestion (ad libitum) and an electric fan facing the players at a distance of 1 m combined with an ice-filled damp towel around the neck and on the thighs or no cooling (CON) were applied. Measures of performance, heart rate, blood lactate concentration, tympanic and local skin temperature, sweat loss, perceived exertion, and thermal sensation as well as ratings of recovery were recorded in both sessions. Paired-samples t-tests showed no significant differences (P>0.05) in any of the measures between COL and CON. Effect size (ES) calculations indicated moderate evidence that COL was beneficial to local skin temperature (ES=-0.95) and thermal sensation (ES=-0.77). At the individual level, a positive response to COL was found in some players for heart rate, local skin temperature, thermal sensation, and ratings of recovery. A likely inability of COL to improve players' performance or reduce thermal strain during tennis match play in hot humid conditions was found at the group level. However, some players may be more likely to benefit from COL. Therefore, the use of COL should be individualized.

Effect of cooling strategies on overall performance of a hybrid personal cooling system incorporated with phase change materials (PCMs) and electric fans.

The effect of four cooling strategies on cooling performance of a hybrid personal cooling system (HPCS) incorporated with phase change materials (PCMs) and electric fans in a hot environment (i.e., Tair=36±0.5°C, RH=59±5%) was investigated. Twelve healthy young male participants underwent four 90-min trials comprising 70min walking and 20min resting periods. Cooling strategies adopted in this work were CON (control), PCM-control (PCMs were removed at the end of exercise), Fan-control (fans were switched OFF during the initial 20min) and PCM&Fan-control (fans were turned ON after 20min exercising and PCMs were removed after the 70-min exercise). Results demonstrated that the control of electric fans could suppress the mean skin temperature rise to 34.0°C by over 15min and also cut down the energy consumption of the HPCS from 15.6Wh to 12.1Wh over the entire 90-min trials. Thus, it is recommended that fans should be turned off at the beginning of hot exposure and switched on once participants felt warm. Our findings also showed that the removal of fully melted PCM packs from the HPCS could enhance the evaporative cooling effect brought about by air circulation. The removal of melted PCMs significantly reduced the physical load by 37.3% and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were decreased by 3.5-4.2 RPE units. This could also help quickly restore the PCM energy for future usage. In summary, cooling strategies demonstrated in this work could improve HPCS's overall cooling performance on workers while working in the studied hot environment.

Analysis of energy consumption, emission and saving opportunities in an educational institute in northeast India

Rapid declination of fossil fuel and environmental pollution is a matter of concern for modern society. A substantial part of these fuels is used for generation of power. Thus, conservation of electricity can slow down the decaying of these fuels, expenditure of money and environmental pollution. Educational institutes are one of the leading consumers of power. There are a lot of opportunities by which electricity in institutes can be preserved. This study explores and analyzes building-wise and equipment-wise energy consumption during the summer season in a typical institute located in the north-eastern part of India. The possibilities of curbing electricity, money, fossil fuel and the emission of greenhouse gas have also been investigated in the paper. It has emerged from the result that electric fans and lighting arrangements draw maximum electricity in summer. They devour 72.99% of the total energy used in the institute. Adoption of some simple methods for energy conservation can save 13,779.60 kWh of electricity and 35.39% of its bill per month. Thus, 3030.91 kg of natural gas can be retained and consequently, 15,114.88 kg of greenhouse gas can be prevented from emission.

DEVELOPMENT OF A CENTRIFUGATION-BASED PLANT DESIGN TO IMPROVE THE TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC INDICATORS OF FRITS

The technical solution aimed at reducing the energy loss of the enterprise during drying of the frit is considered: the exclusion of the electric heaters and fan, the use of centrifugation for the developed design of the installation. Analysis of the static and dynamic characteristics of the installation was performed in APM FEM with a uniform load distribution along the bottom of the rotor. The functional problem of smooth starting and braking of the centrifuge drum was solved using an adjustable electric drive with a frequency converter, which provides step control up to 5 rpm. The annual economic effect of the implementation of the installation for drying frits is calculated.

The study of sweep frequency response analysis for inspecting the performance of transformer

Transformer had been widely used for supplying electric power to many motors, such as electric pump, fans, or conveyors. The motor voltage may vary that is depending on its power and speed between one to another motor. The load needs the transformer which generate the proper voltage. Unfortunately, the working performance of transformer is slowly decreasing because of its daily operation. The repetition of the transformer technical assessment by observing the transformer performance is needed. This study provides the periodical inspection of high-power transformer in maintenance and outage condition in the one of utility sites in Indonesia. The checking activity maintenance the eligible performance of the user device. The measurement of Sweep Frequency Response Analysis (SFRA) in the 5th unit had been inspected once in every six years. The measured result was obtained in 2007 and 2013. SFRA test diagnoses the characteristics of transformer winding and core by injecting low voltage at a certain frequency. If SFRA diagnoses the winding fault, then the transformer should be replaced or should get a major maintenance. The result of SFRA measurement provides the transformer winding and core still in a good condition because the shrinkage does not exceed 20% of its standard percentage. Therefore, the 500 kV power transformer, located in PT. YTL East Java, does not have to get serious maintenance.