Accumulation Of Electric Energy Research Articles

Thermodynamic study for the recovery of lithium and cobalt from waste batteries

Lithium and cobalt are a fundamental raw material for the manufacture of portable batteries, widely used in mobile phones, laptops, electric cars, etc., due to their properties in the accumulation of electrical energy. While it takes approximately 250,000 kg of lithium ore or 750,000 kg of brine to extract 1,000 kg of lithium, it takes only 28,000 kg of discarded lithiumion batteries to obtain the same amount of metal. For this reason, this project seeks to improve and optimize the recycling process through the selective precipitation of lithium (Li) and cobalt (Co) from ammonium oxalate (NH₄)₂C₂O₄ and sodium carbonate Na₂CO₃, through a detailed study of variables such as reagent concentration, pH and temperature. This will be achieved through thermodynamic simulations, with the aim of maximizing the recovery of lithium and cobalt from discarded batteries

Alternative Energy Sources Usable in Automotive Transport

The research focuses on the methodology of preparing a concept and application scenarios for alternative sources of energy in transportation. The ideas and interpretations are not strictly limited to automobile transport but also reach into other areas of using and processing energy. The conceptual approach to the choice of sources, with the aim of securing the efficient use of energy conversion, is illustrated on the model embodiment embedded in a passenger car; the relevant presentation is centered on an experiment focusing on the linear arrangement of a driven electromagnetic generator. This involves generating and collecting energy for not only the accumulation of electrical energy using relatively independent systems, but also for direct use within driving needs. In the modeled example, the supplied energy is assumed to be in a range of constant power from p = 10 W to 50 kW (200 kW). The given example of the design of the choice of energy conversion sources and the use of generators in a passenger car shows the possibilities, limitations, and variants for demonstrating the requirements relating to a simple driving mode. The application of a linear or cylindrical internal combustion engine is considered for a specific set mode of the car. Variants of suitable uses of the accumulated energy in compressed air are proposed. The use of light and thermal forms of energy is considered for additional forms. As an experimental example, the use of generators derived from vibration harvesters is shown. The proposed energy generation arrangement can be controlled and optimized for specific transport tasks. The generation and accumulation of energy can be employed in the form of electrical energy, as kinetic energy for direct use in driving, or to accumulate in compressed air for later use. Solar energy can be used directly or can be accumulated. The combustion unit can serve as a source of kinetic energy or also to store energy for further use. The concept of alternative sources is based on known methods of use in other industries. The model combination of resources and its simple analysis in the concept of resource selection is demonstrated on an example of an application in passenger cars.

Synthesis and Characterization of NiCo2S4-MOF-ZIF-67@rGO for Efficient Electrochemical Energy Storage

Abstract A nanocomposite, NiCo2S4-MOF-ZIF-67@reduced grapheme oxide was produced via a straightforward and scalable hydrothermal process. The product nanocomposite was characterized using different techniques including Infra red spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical measurements. This nanocomposite was found to be composed of NiCo2S4 nanoparticles embedded in a MOF-ZIF-67 matrix, which was anchored onto rGO sheets. The NiCo2S4-MOF-ZIF-67@rGO nanocomposite exhibited excellent electrochemical performances. These properties make the NiCo2S4-MOF-ZIF-67@rGO nanocomposite a potential electrode substance in the case of electric energy accumulators and conversion devices such as primary and rechargeable Li cells and high performance ultra-capacitors. The simple and scalable synthesis method used in this study also suggests that this material has potential for large-scale production.

АСПЕКТИ ПОБУДОВИ СИСТЕМИ ЕЛЕКТРОПОСТАЧАННЯ АВІАЦІЙНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ З ВИКОРИСТАННЯМ ДЖЕРЕЛ РОЗОСЕРЕДЖЕНОЇ ГЕНЕРАЦІЇ

The aviation industry is a component of the transport structure of any developed country. In Ukraine, among other types of transport, air transport occupied a worthy place before the armed confrontation. Undoubtedly, the time will come and the further restoration of air transport in Ukraine is inevitable. Unmanned aerial vehicles, which have become indispensable components of reconnaissance operations, are also actively developing today. The main factor in ensuring the functioning of aviation enterprises is electricity supply. Undoubtedly, the power supply systems of aviation enterprises are made with double redundancy, however, as world and domestic experience shows, there is still a need to increase the level of reliability of the power supply systems of aviation enterprises. Therefore, the task of introducing additional generating capacities into the power supply systems of aviation enterprises remains relevant. The advantages of implementing the proposed power supply scheme for aviation enterprises using distributed sources of electrical energy are: the block structure of the system, which consists of typical electrotechnological devices, which makes it possible to relatively quickly provide electricity to responsible consumers of electrical energy, and makes it possible to increase generation capacity in the future. Meanwhile, today's promising ones are electric energy accumulators based on hydrogen technologies, among which fuel cells should be singled out. Not the last role is played by the safety of operating fuel cells in the conditions of aviation enterprises, which maintains aviation safety at a sufficient level. The article highlights the vision proposed by the authors regarding the reconfiguration of the existing power supply systems of aviation enterprises using sources of distributed generation. This approach should increase the safety of operation by accumulating systems on the reliability of power supply systems of aviation enterprises. The proposed power supply system using sources of distributed generation for operation in the conditions of aviation enterprises makes it possible for the power supply system of these enterprises to acquire new properties due to the modularity of generating units of sources of distributed generation of electric energy.

Development of operation algorithm of electric drive of an electric vehicle in urban cycle

BACKGROUND: Increasing energy efficiency of an electric vehicle is one of the most relevant issues at the current state of transport development. It is known that chemical current sources used in traction electric drive of vehicles have low specific power, low efficiency and high cost that makes the electric transport development difficult.
 AIMS: Making the choice of strategy of manufacturing of electric vehicle with batteries.
 METHODS: The mathematical models of various vehicle driving cycles, such as: the UNECE Regulation 83 urban cycle, NEDC, WLTC, JC08, EPA HWEET were used in the study that made possible to confirm adequacy of the developed structural model of the electric drive.
 RESULTS: The structural layout of the traction electric drive of an electric vehicle with combined energy source has been developed; the algorithm of its operation in the urban driving cycle has been defined. Electric transport efficiency was assessed during the study. The analysis showed that vehicles with solely chemical on-board energy sources do not have any prospects due to unsatisfactory technical properties and consumer attributes. Review of capacitors was performed in order to define the possibility of using them as energy source for next-generation vehicles. The study revealed sufficient advantages of capacitors in many respects. Analysis of vehicle motion in urban cycle was performed in order to develop the optimal design. The electric drive layout with a lithium-ion traction battery as the main energy source and a capacitor as the additional energy source was chosen.
 CONCLUSIONS: This solution makes it possible to develop the electric drive with optimal mass and dimensional parameters, to increase service life of energy storage and mileage without recharging of a vehicle. In addition, the combination of two electric energy accumulators and the developed algorithm of their operation makes it possible to achieve high efficiency of energy transferring.

DECENTRALIZATION – THE MAIN WAY FOR THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE ENERGY INDUSTRY OF UKRAINE

Topicality. The events of November 2022 showed the absolute instability of Ukraine's centralized energy system. Up to 40% of the centralized energy infrastructure was disabled in two days. Millions of people were left without electricity, heat and water for a long time. Therefore, it is very important to develop the energy sector of the state in the future, taking into account the needs of Ukraine's decentralization policy, in particular, local communitiesAim and tasks. The purpose of the research is to determine the imperatives of decentralization of the energy sector of Ukraine. The main way of developing the energy system of the state is the transition from a centralized to a distributed system. The location of generation systems in united communities makes it possible to switch to systems of cogeneration of electric and thermal energy to increase the efficiency of installed capacities and save fuel significantly by up to 40%.Materials and Methods. The methodological basis for the formation of regional policy should become the best of the world and European practices of the country`s energy sector development. Active use of the methods of system analysis, expert assessment on the implementation of decentralization systems of the energy industry is a guarantee of achieving the priorities of national security of Ukraine in the post-war period. Priority support from the EU and others international donors refers to those projects and programs aimed at decentralization, decarbonization, local economic sustainability and energy independence.Research results. The research substantiates that local communities have great opportunities for using alternative renewable resources for the generation of electricity and thermal energy. First of all, it is biomass, biogas, solar energy, wind energy and geothermal energy. In particular, the authors proved that due to the installation of means of electric energy accumulation, it is possible to raise the level of use of the installed capacities of solar and wind power plants by another 50% and to bring the total level of use of the installed energy capacities to 70%.Conclusions. The active implementation of alternative energy sources into economic practice can become the basis of the national security of the state in the post-war period. It is suggested that Communities use nearby agricultural waste and solid household waste as fuel instead of imported fossil fuel. It is also proposed to create local electric networks combined into virtual power plants within the framework of united communities, including not only all types of generation available on the territory, but also systems of short-term and long-term storage of electric energy. For the long-term storage of large amounts of electrical energy, it is suggested to use accumulators based on cryogenic liquids. It has been proven that due to the installation of means of electric energy accumulation, it is possible to raise the level of use of the installed capacities of solar and wind power plants by another 50% and to bring the total level of use of the installed energy capacities to 70%. Virtual power plants make it possible to significantly increase the amount of generated (consumed) electricity without additional investment costs. Such technologies meet the requirements of the European Union for candidate countries to join the Union and open the possibility of financing projects related to the restoration of the energy system of Ukraine based on renewable sources and advanced energy-efficient technologies.

Status and prospects for the development of mobile power sources

The physicochemical foundations of the basic structures and technologies for the production of promising electrolytic cells for the accumulation of electrical energy with a specific energy intensity for reusable cells of 350–500 W ⋅ h/kg at the first stage and 1000 W ⋅ h/kg at the second stage have been developed. Along with traditional chemical current sources and ionistors, supercapacitive capacitor structures with a thin dielectric in a double electric layer and hybrid capacitors appear, in which energy is accumulated both in a double electric layer and due to electrochemical processes. This approach makes it possible to reduce the internal resistance of electrolytic cells, which leads to a decrease in heat generation during operation and, accordingly, an increase in specific energy consumption, operational safety, a decrease in charging time, and an increase in specific power. A promising anode is a nanostructured electrode material, which is a carbon-based matrix filled with a nanostructured reactive material. Promising materials for filling the carbon matrix are Li and its alloys, Si, Al, Na, Sn, Mg, Zn, Ni, Co, Ag, and a number of other materials and their compounds. The influence of the specific area of the carbon material, dielectric constant, addition of a chemically active substance on the specific energy consumption has been studied. The theoretical values of the specific energy capacity of hybrid capacitors with a metal-air system are calculated. A thin-film technological complex has been developed that ensures the creation of a new generation of electrode materials, the design of which is a carbon matrix with a highly developed surface, in which there is a tunnel-thin dielectric, on the surface of which a chemically active material is placed.

The Accumulation of Electrical Energy Due to the Quantum-Dimensional Effects and Quantum Amplification of Sensor Sensitivity in a Nanoporous SiO2 Matrix Filled with Synthetic Fulvic Acid.

A heterostructured nanocomposite MCM-41<SFA> was formed using the encapsulation method, where a silicon dioxide matrix-MCM-41 was the host matrix and synthetic fulvic acid was the organic guest. Using the method of nitrogen sorption/desorption, a high degree of monoporosity in the studied matrix was established, with a maximum for the distribution of its pores with radii of 1.42 nm. According to the results of an X-ray structural analysis, both the matrix and the encapsulate were characterized by an amorphous structure, and the absence of a manifestation of the guest component could be caused by its nanodispersity. The electrical, conductive, and polarization properties of the encapsulate were studied with impedance spectroscopy. The nature of the changes in the frequency behavior of the impedance, dielectric permittivity, and tangent of the dielectric loss angle under normal conditions, in a constant magnetic field, and under illumination, was established. The obtained results indicated the manifestation of photo- and magneto-resistive and capacitive effects. In the studied encapsulate, the combination of a high value of ε and a value of the tgδ of less than 1 in the low-frequency range was achieved, which is a prerequisite for the realization of a quantum electric energy storage device. A confirmation of the possibility of accumulating an electric charge was obtained by measuring the I-V characteristic, which took on a hysteresis behavior.

ТЕХНИКО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ОЦЕНКА ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ФОТОЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКОЙ СИСТЕМЫ ДЛЯ ЭЛЕКТРОСНАБЖЕНИЯ ОБЪЕКТА АПК

The studies were carried out in order to propose a criterion for the technical and economic assessment of photovoltaic systems layout options, which allows providing consumers with electric energy at a cost lower than the current tariff in the Unified Electric System, and meeting the requirements for the payback of projects in the energy sector. The theoretical basis for the search for an economically viable option for the layout of the modules of the photovoltaic system was the mathematical formulation of the optimization problem using the following criterion: the cost of generated electrical energy is lower than or equal to the current tariff of the power system for consumed electrical energy. At the same time, the requirement that the payback period of the project does not exceed the standard value of 8 years was taken into account. On the example of a processing agricultural enterprise located in Rostov region, taking into account the peculiarities of its development and the regime of insolation of the territory, consumers were identified, on whose roofs it is possible to install photovoltaic systems. The mode of operation involves generation within the power supply system of the enterprise without generation beyond the point of balance. The analyzed changes in the technical and economic indicators of a photovoltaic system with an increase in its power, if the latter operates with the accumulation of electric energy and taking into account the load schedule, made it possible to identify that 5 photovoltaic systems with a maximum power of 0.4 kW to 71 kW of total installed power can be installed on the territory of the enterprise. with a power of 77.4 kW. But only for four of them the proposed criterion is met: the payback period is not more than 8 years (5.7 ... 7.4 years), and the cost of generated electrical energy (4.0 ... 5.5 rubles / kWh) is lower than the current tariff (8.3 rubles/kWh). The excess of electricity generation by photovoltaic systems, compared to the load of consumers on the roof of which they are located, is directed to the power supply system of the agro-industrial complex for the power supply of other consumers, which makes it possible to realize the solar energy resource to a greater extent at the geographic location of the object.

Hierarchical heterostructure built on the basis of SiO2 dielectric matrix and supramolecular complex β-cyclodextrin-ferrocene: Fabrication, physical properties and applications

The paper presents the results of the study of the characteristics of SDM<β-CD<FC>> clathrate. The method of X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the identity of the components of the formed clathrate SDM<β-CD<FC>>. Vibration magnetometric analysis revealed the fact of iron oxidation in the ferrocene structure with the formation of ferromagnetic iron compounds. The nature of the change in the frequency behavior of its impedance, dielectric constant, and dielectric loss tangent have been established under normal conditions, in a constant magnetic field, and under illumination. The obtained results testify to the manifestation of quantum capacitance, the inductance of photo- and magneto-resistive and capacitive effects, and magneto-induced quantum accumulation of electric energy. The I–V characteristics are oscillating in nature, like the I–V characteristics in the Coulomb blockade. Along with this, the I–V characteristics do not pass through the origin, thus fixing the thermo-EMF, spin EMF, and photo-EMF.

SIMULATION OF THE WORK OF PHOTOELECTRIC PLANTS

The article draws attention to the fact that nowadays the demand for energy is not decreasing, but its cost is increasing. The need to research the parameters of photovoltaic modules and the capabilities of microprocessor technology for this is substantiated. It is noted that the scheme of electric distribution networks has become more difficult to operate, and the algorithms and methods of reliable and optimal management of modes are changing due to the modernization of the infrastructure of electricity supply and electricity consumption of the district. Nowadays, renewable energy sources are installed in the electrical distribution system at various levels of power supply and power transmission between the substation and consumers. Due to damage to the electrical equipment, there may be interruptions in the power supply, which unintentionally cause "islanding". During operation, situations sometimes arise when the power supply system of the "islands" is promptly de-energized starting from the points of connection of the "islands" to the unified electric power system. This happens based on the results of measuring the parameters of the mode of local electric power systems or based on the results of mathematical modeling of processes in local electric systems when, for example, the current levels of nodal voltages will not allow the use of an "island" electric network. For the purpose of researching processes in local electrical systems with photovoltaic plants, the article proposes their physical model in the form of a research bench, which can be used during the practical training of future employees who will manage the modes of distribution electrical networks with photovoltaic plants and maintain the equipment of such networks, systems and electrical stations Algorithms for optimal management of generated power, consumption and accumulation of electric energy tested using the proposed stand are designed to show the operating personnel ways of high-quality operation of distribution electric networks under the conditions of implementation of the Smart Grids concept.

Quantum accumulation of electrical energy at interfacial boundaries in heterophase inorganic / organic clathrates

The work is devoted to the current problem of finding new ways and mechanisms of high-density electric energy accumulation. As a result of the conducted researches the system which allows to accumulate an electric charge at the expense of quantum effects and the phenomena without use of chemical reactions is offered. The basic idea was to form a material with a colossal area of the inner active surface with a sharply anisotropic chemical bonding character. Accordingly, the main goal was to create and study electrode materials based on intercalant heterophase structures with different types of hierarchy, capable of storing electrical energy at the quantum level. Based on the results of impedance spectroscopy, it was found that the obtained clathrate structures are promising for use as a cavitand electrode in a quantum battery, and, most importantly, can significantly increase its capacity

Functional Energy Accumulation, Photo- and Magnetosensitive Hybridity in the GaSe-Based Hierarchical Structures

We report on the complex GaSe-based hierarchical structures GaSe(CS(NH2)2), GaSe(SmCl3) and GaSe(CS(NH2)2(SmCl3)) synthesized by an intercalation method. The conductive properties of synthesized clathrates and their relation to hierarchical structural complexity were explored by an impedance spectroscopy technique. The impedance response, thermostimulated discharge spectra, and photo- and magnetoresistive effects are reported. Based on the obtained results, the impurity energy spectra were calculated. A strong low-frequency inductive response, observable in the GaSe(SmCl3) clathrate, makes this material promising for the development of gyrator-free nanodelay lines potentially applicable in nanoelectronics. Hierarchical GaSe(CS(NH2)2(SmCl3)) clathrate, on the other hand, reveals hysteresis of the current–voltage characteristics, apparently confirming an accumulation of electric energy at interphase boundaries. A relevant spin battery effect, observable experimentally in stationary magnetic fields, demonstrates a principal possibility of the electric energy accumulation at a quantum level.

������� ��������� ��������������������� ������� � �������������� ����� ����������� ����

Reduction of the resources consumption for generating the electric power, improving the parameters of a vessel electric network is one of the purposes of sea transport development. A direction of researches is hybridization of generation sources and the electric energy accumulation devices. The given concept is based on division or simultaneous use of several various energy sources, the choice and combination of which are intended for improving the power systems parameters. The overwhelming majority of modern sea-crafts use the systems of distribution of an alternating current. However, with introduction of power electronic converters into the power supply systems, the direct current networks with integration of sources and devices for accumulating electric energy, connected to a distributed DC bus, are increasingly being used in the fleet. This direction is one of the decisions for fuel consumption minimization, especially, for the vessels demanding high degree of maneuverability and various running cycles. The possibilities of a ship hybrid electric power system are defined in the paper. Comparison of various architectures of the given system is performed. The block diagram of the hybrid electric power system is considered. Formulas for calculating static load are given. The equations describing electromagnetic processes of the asynchronous electric motor as the propulsion electric motor are written down. The device for accumulating electric energy is considered. The calculation of the energy released by the propulsion electric motor during braking or reverse, which can be directed both to the braking resistor and stored in special systems of electric energy storage. The computer model of considered hybrid electric power installation on the basis of computer program SimInTech is made.

A research into the operation of a system of electric energy accumulation as part of a cyber-physical real time simulation facility

Introduction: the frequency and capacity control, as well as the maintenance of electric energy systems rely on the choice of the items of equipment that comprise a particular electric energy system. Generators are the core items of equipment comprising traditional electricity systems, while in off-grid electricity systems this function is assumed by the power-driven converter equipment coupled with energy accumulation systems. The main problem of these systems consists in a fast response generated by the power-driven converter equipment to the changing environment. Excessively fast responses, given by the controllers, make the whole off-grid electricity system unstable.Methods: the resolution of the problem of an unstable off-grid electricity system requires the use of algorithms for the control over inverters and frequency converters, designed according to the principle of a virtual synchronous machine that applies voltage and frequency droops. The model of an electricity system has been produced. It has six key elements: a basic balancing inverter, two generators, lithium-oil battery simulation, an interface converter and a real time digital simulator (RTDS). The model was used to perform an experiment to implement two-way data transmission from RTDS to converting facilities and to verify the performance capability of the algorithm and the electricity system as a whole.Results and discussion: as a result of this experiment, the contact was made between RTDS, Generator 1, Generator 2 and the basic balancing inverter through interface converters. This electricity system is resilient and failure-free.Conclusion: data communication was organized between the real time module of digital simulation and Generator 2. Control commands were delivered from the digital simulation module through interface converters, and their execution monitoring was used as a feedback. The operation of grid-forming and grid-filling converters of a self-contained electricity system was stand tested at the MIPT Centre for Engineering, and optimization algorithm performance results were obtained in respect of a battery used in the course of the application of virtual synchronous machines.

Electric energy storage units for distributed energy systems

Introduction: there is much concern about power supply to small and remote villages and industrial facilities, such as crude oil and gas fields, in the present-day power industry. Systems using renewable energy sources are the most innovative solutions to this problem. The need for electric energy storage units complicates the use of renewable energy sources. Versatile types of storage units, working on different principles, are in use now. Flywheels, working on the principle of mechanical accumulation of energy, are of particular interest.Methods: both traditional and advanced designs of electric energy accumulation systems are analyzed in the article. Recent advancements in machine building, power engineering and structural materials are contributed into structural elements of an electric energy accumulation system.Results and discussion: basic strengths and weaknesses of electric energy storage units were identified in the course of the analysis. The author substantiated the need for new effective electric energy storage units working on the principle of mechanical accumulation of potential and kinetic energy. The conclusion is that advanced engineering solutions, such as flywheels and energy efficient reversible electric machines, can boost the efficiency of electric power storage systems. The solution underlying the design of an energy efficient storage unit is offered to electric power industry players.Conclusion: the storage unit under development has flywheels and energy efficient reversible electric machines. It improves the energy efficiency of both classical power generation systems and those using renewable energy sources.

The Arctic: Ecology and hydrogen energy

Hydrogen fuel cells being hydrogen energy storage devices are the most effective and environmentally friendly for energy accumulation and storage. Direct current provides the accumulation of electric energy and is therefore necessary when using renewable energy sources.The social and environmental aspects, as well as climatic and glaciological features of the Arctic development in terms of energy supply are considered. The most expedient ways of complex development of the Arctic are shown. In terms of large and unique stationary projects a number of shortcomings is marked. They are high cost and long-term construction, incomplete autonomy and insufficient solution of ecological and waste processing problems. Incomplete autonomy is due to the need for transportation of materials, products, replacement crews and personnel, as well as insufficient logistics and transportation difficulties on the mainland in summer and by sea in winter. Ecological and waste processing problems are associated with the use of traditional methods of burning solid and liquid fuel using coal or fuel oil, polluting the environment. Switching to the liquefied natural gas (LNG) for electric propulsion and power supply will significantly improve the environmental situation. The research performed on the mathematical model of the multifunctional energy complex (MEC) showed the possibility of uninterrupted power supply of local load from the centralized network, diesel generator (DG) and the electricity storage (ES); by that DG is used to save fuel as a backup source. The proposed technologies of power generation based on hydrogen or low-power nuclear power plants (LPNPPs) allow, along with improving the environment, to increase the energy efficiency of the direct fuel conversion plant and provide integrated waste processing. The small population of the Arctic, its mobility when using the rotational method require the integrated development of mobile energy and life support systems of low power up to 30 MW using LNG or LPNPPs, completed by renewable energy sources (RES). If the hydrogen installation is both a source and a storage of electricity, the use of LPNPPs and especially RES require energy storage devices. These hydrogen or electrochemical cycle storage devices are the most progressive in the world energy sector and their applicability significantly depends on the development of the service infrastructure. Typing and replication of power supply sources will solve the problem of development of remote and isolated regions of the Arctic through the integrated use of innovative technologies for generation, storage, transmission and distribution of electricity, life support, utilization and recycling of wastes, environmental conservation using hydrogen energy and digital control and monitoring systems.The climatic conditions of the Arctic and the presence of LNG determine the use of hydrogen as a source for generating electricity, heat, water and air.

Study of braking energy recovery impact on cost-efficiency and environmental safety of vehicle

The article addresses the evaluation of the impact of regenerative braking on fuel consumption and, consequently, on pollutant emissions from vehicles operated under conditions leading to frequent acceleration and deceleration. We assume that the vehicle is equipped with a system of conversion and accumulation of electric energy obtained only from braking. Basic analyzed characteristics are determined by a comparison of gasoline engine operation modes with braking energy recovery and without it. As initial physicomathematical tools, we use relationships of propulsion power and energy analysis and propulsion drive operation, which were previously suggested by one of the authors. As an example of using the mentioned relationships, the article presents the analysis results for a vehicle moving in the low-speed segment of the WLTC driving cycle. Energy passing through the battery and energy reserve in it are calculated. It is assumed that the accumulated braking energy makes it possible to start moving at the next segment not using the gasoline engine; the engine starts its operation only after the energy in the battery is exhausted. Superposition of the curves of gasoline engine operation modes with and without recovery allows us to estimate changes in the energy generated. In order to account for different values of specific fuel consumption, the authors use an adjustment factor, which takes into account pollutant emissions from the vehicle depending on the average speed. Functions of changes in fuel consumption and pollutant emissions when using regenerative braking are obtained by the integration of values. The authors compare the obtained results with the results of road tests of vehicles with the energy recovery system. The materials suggested expand our knowledge of the operational properties of vehicles with electromechanical and electrical power units

Storage System for Solar Plants

Power supply to consumers, especially in remote areas, is often subject to emergency power outages. This leads to numerous problems such as the breakdown of household appliances and electronics, the inability to provide vital functions in homes and special institutions, and production failure. Also, grid companies sometimes cannot efficiently provide energy to private consumers due to insufficient capacity of the power grid. This journal discusses the use of power plants on alternative energy sources and systems of accumulation of electric energy connected to renewable energy sources. Such systems can be used in parallel with the existing electric power grid, as well as directly by autonomous consumers. This journal also describes the possibility of providing electric power to individual consumers using solar panels in combination with a system of accumulator batteries. The process of charge–discharge of capacitive batteries in the photovoltaic module–battery system is studied in order to increase the efficiency of low-power autonomous power plants. Studies show an increase in the efficiency of the system designed for the individual consumer by 30%, as well as the possibility of uninterrupted operation. The proposed model of the combined photovoltaic and storage system avoids the problems associated with emergency power outages. More importantly, for various Russian Federation regions that are neither close to the generating facilities nor have reliable uninterrupted electricity supply, the presented system can significantly extend both the time of efficient use of energy resources and the service life of the equipment.

The concept of a hybrid traction power supply system

The growing shortage of energy resources to provide heavy traffic and high-speed traffic necessitates the development of a new power supply scheme for a traction network using sources of distributed generation of electric energy. Application of asymmetric distributed traction power system with the use of distributed generation allows to increase electric energy efficiency of the feed system of rolling stock, reduce its material capacity and increase the reliability of the functioning of the railway system as a whole. The proposed structure of the hybrid electric traction system involves the creation of a new paradigm aimed at ensuring high demands on the voltage and specific power in the traction network, which will allow to improve the quality and safety of the transportation process when increasing the energy performance indicators. This paradigm will allow to form a new philosophy of building traction power systems. The key elements of this philosophy are decentralization of generation and consumption of electric energy, the use of intelligent electric equipment, distributed power supply management in a single information space of the energy process during transportation. The peculiarity of the proposed work is the optimal combination of technological processes of transmission, consumption of electric energy and transportation, taking into account the specific conditions of functioning of the electrified section: points of connection of power sources and their type, profile of the track, schedule of trains, types of rolling stock and equipment. Conceptually, the hybrid traction power system is an electric hub, in which the inputs are generating points, and the output is the power supply system of the rolling stock. The internal structure of the electric power objects of the hub is determined by the type of transformation and accumulation of electric energy and ways of managing these objects in real time.