Electrical Diagram Research Articles

ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЕ ПЕЧАТНОЙ ПЛАТЫ C КОНТАКТНЫМ УСТРОЙСТВОМ ДЛЯ КОНТРОЛЯ ПАРАМЕТРОВ СЕРИЙНО-ВЫПУСКАЕМЫХ ТРАНЗИСТОРОВ

The article discusses the design of a printed circuit board of a contact device designed to control the electrical parameters of serial produced transistors. This contact device is a double-sided printed circuit board. The developed electrical circuit diagram of this device is given, the components included in it are listed. The process of designing a printed circuit board, which includes several stages, is described. The topology of a double-sided printed circuit board made using the Altium Designer program is shown. The criteria for the design of this topology are highlighted. The used circuit board layers are described. Next, based on the created Gerber files, using the high-quality production technology of a printed circuit board layout was made. In the future, a printed circuit board made in this way can be used to test the electrical parameters of transistors.

APPLIED ASPECTS OF USING THE SIMPLIFIED MODEL OF FACTOR INFLUENCE ON THE HOMOGENITY OF COFFEE GRAIN GRINDING

The article examines the results of experimental determination using the designed information and measurement system based on the Arduino Nano 3.0 platform of coffee grinding time values, motor shaft rotation speed, and motor stator temperature. A Mahlkönig EK 43 coffee grinder was used to grind coffee beans. The structural and functional diagram and electrical connection diagram of the elements of the measuring system are presented. A simplified model of factor influence on the homogeneity of coffee grain grinding is proposed. On the basis of the conducted dispersion analysis of the simplified model of factor influence, the values of the amount of information on each of the parameters affecting the homogeneity of the grinding, taking into account theirmutual influence, were obtained. It was established that the time of grinding gives the greatest amount of information and is the main factor that significantly affects the homogeneity of grinding.

Ohm My: An Electrifying Method of Summing Arithmetic Sequences

We give a physical proof, via electrical circuit diagrams, of the formula for the sum of the first n terms of an arithmetic sequence using resistance.

The Integrations of Elementary Science Teachers’ Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge Components during COVID-19: Teaching Electric Circuits and Circuit Diagrams

The Integrations of Elementary Science Teachers’ Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge Components during COVID-19: Teaching Electric Circuits and Circuit Diagrams

Seven-hole graphene photonic crystal

This study investigates the spatial electric field and band diagram of 2D photonic crystals using COMSOL simulation. This paper establishes two models to analyze the characteristics of photonic crystals. The first model involves digging seven standard round air columns from hexagonal graphene material and filling a central air column with tin oxide medium. The air columns disrupt the overall periodicity, and the electron wave function in the electric field graph is localized around the six air columns. The second model consists of six standard round tin oxide dielectric columns and a middle standard round graphene dielectric column, separated by air. The overall periodicity is disrupted, and the electron wave function in the electric field graph is localized around the six-tin oxide dielectric columns. This paper finds that disordered impurities in the 2D crystal structure can disrupt the periodicity of the lattice, leading to the localization of the electric field. These discoveries enhance our comprehension of the characteristics of photonic crystals and their possible uses in diverse domains.

Design and implementation of the safety system of a solar-driven smart micro-grid comprising hydrogen production for electricity & cooling co-generation

This article presents a comprehensive description of the safety system of a real installation that comprises PV panels, lithium-ion batteries, an electrolyzer, H2 storage, a fuel cell, and a barium chloride/ammonia thermochemical prototype for heat recovery and cooling production. Such a system allows for the increase of the overall efficiency of the H2 chain by exploiting the waste heat and transforming it into a cooling effect, particularly useful in tropical regions like French Polynesia.The study provides a great deal of detail regarding practical aspects of the system implementation and a consistent reference to the relevant standards and regulations applicable to the subject matter. More specifically, the study covers the ATEX classification of the site, the safety features of each component, the electrical power distribution, the main safety instrumented system, fire safety and the force ventilation system. The study also includes safety assessment and a section on lessons learned that could serve as guidance for future installations. In addition, an extensive amount of technical data is readily available to the reader in repository (P&ID, electrical diagrams, etc.).

Investigation of the behavior of plasma jet in the presence of water under different grounded conditions

AbstractPrevious researches have demonstrated that the ground electrode would influence the performance of the plasma jet. In this study, the characteristics of plasma jets underwater for different grounded conditions are investigated. The influence of airflow rate, and electrode length underwater are experimental studies. When the water is grounded, it would provide another charge channel for the discharge, much more ions would be transferred to the water. The length and discharge intensity would be enhanced. Besides, the length of electrode underwater would also influence the performance of the plasma jet. It is found that the shorter the electrode length, the larger the ratio of plasma jet length to electrode length. Furthermore, an electric diagram is promoted to explain the corresponding mechanism, by analyzing the resistance and capacitance under different working conditions, the theoretical explanation under different experimental working conditions is given, and further analysis demonstrated that the accumulation of charges in water during the discharge process would be the main reason to influence the propagation of plasma jet under water.

Power consumption regulation of enterprises for reducing of the energy system peak loads

Purpose. To propose measures for a partial solution to the problem of evening peak loads ensuring in the energy system of Ukraine by regulating the power consumption modes of industrial enterprises. This approach will reduce the level of such loads and align the power consumption profile. The methods. The methods of operations research and analysis of technological processes are used. The operation modes of the Ukrainian operating coal mines were studied and their electrical loading diagrams, which are formed by the appropriate technological processes, were analyzed. Findings. A comparative analysis of electrical loading diagrams of the power system and power consumption profiles of industrial facilities and the residential services was performed. The analysis showed the similarity of the electrical loading diagrams of coal mines, which is due to the typical mode of their operation, namely the presence of three work shifts (for coal mining) and one repair shift (for equipment maintenance). This creates prerequisites for the use of such enterprises as consumers-regulators of active power. As a result of which ways of "mitigation" of the problem of peak loads ensuring of the power system were proposed. Originality. The patterns of formation of the electric loading daily profiles for coal mines, determined by the operating mode of enterprises, were established.A new approach is proposed, which consists in changing the daily operation mode of coal mines, namely, moving the repair shift to a time that coincides with the period of evening peak loads in the Ukrainianpower system. Practical implementation. The practical value of this work lies in reducing the level of power consumption during peak loads in the power system,what is currently a very urgent problem for Ukrainian energy complex. The proposed approach allows to use the normal operation mode of a coal mine with the preservation of all necessary technological processes as an effective consumer-regulator of active load.

Penerapan Algoritma Boruvka Pada Jaringan Listrik

This research was conducted in Tanjung Pinggir, Siantar Martoba District to determine the optimization of electrical installations using the Boruvka algorithm to find a minimum spanning tree node with a minimum number of 3 consecutive nodes. Edges that do not form a circuit. Based on data obtained from PT. PLN (Persero) UP3 Pematangsiantar, then a picture of the installed network graph is obtained. The results obtained for the electrical installation diagram were obtained by using Python and the 2,591 meter Boruvka algorithm to obtain a minimum spanning tree. In this case, the electricity distribution cable is reduced by 41 meters compared to the previous total installation of 2,632 meters.

Unique electric and dielectric features of dipole-pair substituted barium titanate ferroelectric ceramics (I): electrical characterization

A comparison study of pure barium titanate BaTiO3, dipole-pair [Ga3+, Ta5+] substituted barium titanate Ba(Ga3+, Ta5+)0.005Ti0.99O3 ([Ga3+, Ta5+]: BaTiO3), single ion [Ga3+] substituted barium titanate Ba(Ga3+)0.01Ti0.99O3 ([Ga3+]: BaTiO3), and single ion [Ta5+] substituted barium titanate Ba(Ta5+)0.01Ti0.99O3 ([Ta5+]: BaTiO3) ferroelectric ceramics have been conducted in order to discern the unique electric and dielectric properties derived from dipole-pair substitution. The band gap, DC resistivity, relative permittivity, dissipation factor, and complex impedance have been measured and analyzed. The dipole-pair substituted material is demonstrated to be an excellent dielectric, which possesses high electrical resistivity, high activation energy, significant dielectric diffuseness, high relative permittivity and low dissipation factor, due to charge compensation and creation of dipole-pairs in barium titanate solid solution ceramic matrix. The single substituted (acceptor and donor, respectively) samples behave more like traditional semiconductors, which have lower electrical resistivity, lower activation energy, and exhibit strong dielectric anomaly and large dissipation factor due to charge imbalance (electrons and holes) in part compensated for through additional defect creation. The relaxor-like behavior of the dipole-pair substituted sample is distinguishable from the classic relaxor through electric properties and structural phase diagram and is anticipated to spark more attention and further exploration. The unique features of electric resistivity and dielectric diffuseness of the dipolar-pair engineered BaTiO3 affords opportunity for designing properties of novel relaxor-like ferroelectrics.

INFORMATION AND MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR PROBLEMS OF TECHNOLOGICAL CONTROL OF MAYONNAISE

In modern automated production, the main trend in the development of measurements is the transition to machine control and the use of more complex information and measurement systems capable of controlling the technological process. In this connection, the value of the metrological characteristics of each of the measuring channels, which take into account the metrological characteristics of all the blocks included in the measuring channel, increases. The possibility of expanding systems during operation or the possibility of changing their structure depending on production tasks essentially complicates the regulation of requirements for such systems, unlike conventional measuring devices, which are «finished» products, but makes it possible to use key elements of the system to create based on them a new system for solving other problems. This principle is clearly demonstrated in this work. A modern information and measurement system is presented to meet the needs of food industry enterprises specializing in the production of various types of mayonnaise. Mayonnaise is the most common semi-solid seasoning in the world, which can improve the taste of food. The need to develop such a system is related to the fact that there is a need to automate the mayonnaise production process to eliminate the influence of subjective factors on the production process and, in this regard, to improve the quality of products. The fulfillment of this task is achieved by maintaining the parameters of the technological process within the established tolerance limits. Control of the technological process of making mayonnaise and influence on it is possible only thanks to the development of an information and measurement system, which is able to receive information from the object of control thanks to the use of high-precision sensors and influence the technological process through the actions of executive devices. All this makes it possible to avoid an emergency situation and ensure the required quality of products. The structural diagram of the system, the main elements of its elemental base, on the basis of which the electrical schematic diagram of the information and measurement system was developed, are presented. An analysis of errors and uncertainty was carried out, which confirms the high accuracy of the proposed version of the system construction.

ASYNCHRONOUS ELECTRIC MOTOR WITH SINGLE-PHASE STATOR WINDING

The current standard considers the efficiency of electric motors only in terms of power efficiency and does not pay attention to the so-called economic efficiency - the power factor that affects the loss of electricity in the motor supply network and depends on its energy excellence.This ill-considered approach to establishing the energy efficiency class is a significant shortcoming of the European standard and requires its refinement. The single-phase power supply network in housing and communal services has led to the fact that modern motor compressor units of refrigerators, air conditioners, etc. are equipped with single-phase asynchronous electric motors. An innovative single-phase asynchronous AC motor for motor-compressor units of household appliances is considered in the paper. The stator winding of it is composed of two identical series-connected coils enclosed in half-slots of the stator with a spacious offset of 900.The phase shift of the currents in the coils is provided by a capacitor connected in parallel to one of the coils. The proposed motor is technological in production, has higher specific power and energy efficiency than existing models and meets the IE-3 class energy efficiency. Equivalent electrical circuit and vector diagram of currents for this motor have been developed and shown. They are intended for its mathematical simulation, calculation of static operating characteristics, analysis of dynamic properties at operation in the electric drive system, and also at the level of design work.

Experimental study of a universal high-speed ac collector motor

AC collector motors with power from tens to hundreds of watts are widely used in electric drives of flexible production systems, industrial robots, automation systems and vehicles. The most common is the use of universal alternating current collector electric motors. They are called universal because they can work from both an alternating current and a direct current network. They have the ability to smoothly change the speed of rotation of the drive - its shaft, which sets the executive mechanism in motion. An actual direction is conducting experimental studies of universal alternating current collector motors, which are used as a drive for hand-held power tools. This is done through the use of a specially developed experimental stand that takes into account the peculiarities of the operation of such electric motors. The purpose of the work is an experimental study of a universal AC collector motor to evaluate its parameters and characteristics. To evaluate the parameters and characteristics of such a motor for the drive of a hand-held electric tool, an experimental stand was developed, which takes into account the high speed of rotation of the output shaft of the device and allows smoothly changing the load to obtain operating characteristics. The hand-held electric tool of the world-famous manufacturer Makita, model GA5030, is used as the research object. Structurally, the drive motor is a collector machine of variable voltage with series excitation. The speed of rotation of such motors is regulated by changing the power supply voltage supplied to the motor. The structure of the experimental stand for the study of high-speed universal collector machines was developed, all components were selected and the stand was correctly assembled, according to the developed basic electrical and assembly diagram. Using the developed stand, the operating characteristics of the engine under study P1, Ia, η, cosϕ, n, M= f(P2) were recorded. The engine under study meets the stated characteristics. The value of the nominal efficiency is within 36% with a rather large value of the power factor cosϕ≈0.98.

Reliability, availability, and life-cycle cost (LCC) analysis of combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) integration to data centers considering electricity and cooling supplies

The utilization of digital technology is increasing rapidly and it is causing a growth in the number of data centers around the world. Data centers provide essential services, making them known as mission-critical. Like other mission-critical facilities, data centers often use reliability and availability analysis to evaluate the level of safety of their operations. Reliable electricity and cooling supplies are vital for the data center’s operation, and almost all data centers rely on the power grid to feed their electrical and cooling systems. However, the power grid is considered an unreliable source, and power grid fragility is a raising concern among data center operators. An alternative to the power grid is a sustainable combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) system, which can supply continuous electricity and cooling to a data center while providing local energy generation, energy cost saving, and emission benefits. To understand the impact of a CCHP integration on the reliability and availability of a grid-fed data center, an up-to-date electrical topology design and reliability block diagram models were created that take into account both electricity and cooling supplies. The results showed that the overall system reliability of a grid-fed data center increased from 49.23% to 74.62% with a CCHP integration. In terms of availability, a grid-fed data center with 2N redundant topology achieved the industry-accepted high availability level of 0.99999, also known as 5-nines. Moreover, the use of CCHP at the grid-fed data center increased the availability from 5-nines to 7-nines for the overall system. Thus, CCHP integration to a grid-fed data center provided higher reliability and availability for the overall system for even 2N redundant topology data centers. Moreover, based on the life-cycle cost (LCC) analysis, integrating CCHP systems into data centers has a promising outcome. However, when conducting an LCC analysis, we recommend considering the realistic cost of downtime along with the reliability-related exposure to properly assess the viability of alternative energy systems by data center investors and operators.

Construction of intelligent terminal equipment for Electric Internet of Things based on edge computing model

Abstract In order to solve the problem of electric Internet of Things intelligent terminal equipment construction, in this essay, aiming at the research of electric Internet of Things networking scheme, an electric Internet of Things intelligent terminal equipment system with edge computing technology is designed. Through MATLAB2017 simulation of electric intelligent terminal equipment effect diagram, the test hardware environment uses Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-3770 CPU@3.40 GHz type processor, and data memory is 160 GB, The server operating system is WindowsServer2017. The results show that the success rate of edge computing in cloud data networking is not superior to the other two methods. The success rate of networking is 40%~50%, but the success rate of networking data is significantly higher than that of optical fiber communication and terminal access networking. The success rate of edge computing networking can reach 70%, while the success rate of terminal access networking is about 55%. Fiber optic communications can only reach 45%. Compared with the other two methods, edge computing is more stable and has a higher success rate. This system has short communication delay and large communication pulse width, which can not only solve the problem of long delay time in traditional networking mode, but also use fewer communication lines and save power resources.

Knowledge-based engineering and computer vision for configuration-based substation design

Introduction: As the increase in electrification poses new demands on power delivery, the quality of the distribution system is paramount. Substations are a critical part of power grids that allow for control and service of the electrical distribution system. Substations are currently developed in a project-based and manually intensive manner, with a high degree of manual work and lengthy lead times. Substations are primarily sold through tenders that are accompanied by an inherent need for engineering-to-order activities. Although necessary, these activities present a paradox as tender processes must be agile and fast. To remedy this shortcoming, this article outlines a knowledge capture and reuse methodology to standardize and automate the product development processes of substation design. Methods: A novel framework for substation design is presented that implements knowledge-based engineering (KBE) and artificial intelligence methods in computer vision to capture knowledge. In addition, a product configuration system is presented, utilizing high-level CAD templates. The development has followed the KBE methodology MOKA. Results: The proposed framework has been implemented on several company cases where three (simplified) are presented in this paper. The framework decreased the time to create a 3D model from a basic electric single line diagram by performing the identification and design tasks in an automated fashion. Discussion: Ultimately, the framework will allow substation design companies to increase competitiveness through automation and knowledge management and enable more tenders to be answered without losing engineering quality.

Intelligent Diagnosis Model of Working Conditions in Variable Torque Pumping Unit Wells Based on an Electric Power Diagram

Because of the problems, such as the lack of an electric power diagram atlas under different working conditions and the difficulty in intelligent diagnosis of variable torqued pumping unit wells, this paper proposes a diagnosis model of working conditions based on feature recognition. The mathematical relationship model between the polished rod load and motor output power is derived based on the analysis of geometric structure, motion law, and process of energy transformation and transfer of the variable torque pumping unit. It can calculate the electric power diagram based on a dynamometer card. On this basis, the electric power diagram atlas is created, and the feature analysis and eigenvalue extraction of the electric power diagrams under different working conditions are carried out to realize the direct diagnosis of the working conditions in the variable torque pumping unit wells. The application and analysis of examples show that the electric power diagram atlas created in this paper has good practicability, and the working condition diagnosis model accuracy is high. It can provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the intelligent diagnosis of oil production working conditions and improve the intellectual management level of the oilfield, which is conducive to reducing production management costs and improving the oilfield’s production efficiency and benefits.

Ideal Solar Cell Electrical Parameters and Ideality Factor Effect on the Efficiency

The determination of the electrical conversion efficiency (η<SUB>C</SUB>) is particularly important to evaluate the performance of a solar cell. For the evaluation of the efficiency by considering the ideal solar cell characterized by an absence of parasitic resistances and using the characteristic equation which corresponds to the equivalent electrical diagram, we determine the electrical parameters such as: the saturation current density (J₀), the short-circuit current density (J_sc), the open-circuit voltage (V_oc), the maximum power density point (J_m, V_m) and the fill factor (FF). The saturation current density is determined using fundamental semiconductor notions. The effect of the ideality factor on the electrical efficiency and the various parameters is also highlited. The results are applied to heterostructures based on CuInS₂ and CuInSe₂. The performance of the cell increases with a raising of the ideality factor (η) for the ideal solar cell model. By varying the ideality factor from 1 to 3, the calculated efficiency varies theoretically from 8.4% to 25.3% under AM1.5 solar spectrum for the structure based on CdS(n)/CuInS₂(p) named model (b) with a photocurrent density evaluated at 17 <i>mA.cm</i>^-2 by numerical calculation method. The efficiency varies from 6.8% to 20.45% for the structure based on CdS(n)/CuInSe₂(p) named model (a) with a photocurrent density evaluated at 31 <i>mA.cm</i>^-2 for the same used parameters. The open-circuit voltage varies from 0.5 V to 1.5 V for model (b) and from 0.27 V to 0.8 V for model (a). The results obtained (efficiency and electrical parameters) for each model remain within the range of experimental values published in the literature for solar cells based on chalcopyrite materials such as CIGS (CuIn_xGa_1-xSe₂ or CuIn_xGa_1-x(S_ySe_1-y)₂), and thus allowing to validate the different methods established to model the studied phenomena.

Модернизация системы подачи кабеля судна-кабелеукладчика

The article considers the methods of upgrading the system of cable supply from the vessel. The system controls operation of the electric motor, through which the cable is unwound from the reel, and regulates the position of the guide which delivers the cable into the water. The need to create an automatic system for laying cable from a ship, which will provide the minimal deformation and minimal cable consumption, is proved. The first system is designed to control the speed of the electric motor that unwinds the cable from the reel. Adjustment is carried out due to the signal from the tension sensor (current signal is 4 - 20 mA). The signal goes to the programmable logic controller. The analog output signal from the controller (the current signal also ranges within 4 - 20 mA) is fed to the frequency converter, which, in turn, changes the rotation speed of the electric motor in accordance with the prescribed program. The second system is designed to change the position of the guide delivering the cable overboard. The proposed system compensates for the change in the position of the cable in the water under the influence of the current. The adjustment is made depending on the signal from the angle change sensor, which will go to the programmable logic controller. The first system is considered in detail, its electrical circuit diagram and electrical functional diagram are presented, as well as other elements of the system (sensor, programmable logic controller). A description of the circuit operation is given

Influence of ambient temperature in the city of Portoviejo, Ecuador on the energy performance of photovoltaic modules

&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;The research analyzes the influence of the average temperature on the performance of specific photovoltaic solar modules under the environmental conditions of the city of Portoviejo, province of Manabí, Ecuador. The research is carried out using the qualitative methodology. Its main objective is to determine the influence of temperature on the energy performance of photovoltaic modules under the region's environmental conditions. Two electrical diagrams with different configurations were designed, which were analyzed and simulated using the MATLAB Simulink software. The results obtained show the direct relationship between the electrical parameters of voltage, current intensity, and power with the temperature value on the surface of the modules. It is concluded that the modules generate a higher value of voltage, electric current intensity, and electric power at a lower temperature, regardless of the level of solar irradiation they receive.&lt;/span&gt;