Electric Amplifier Research Articles

Innovation leads the way to attractive inertial fusion energy reactors–Prometheus-L and Prometheus-H

Abstract Two conceptual inertial fusion energy (IFE) reactor design studies employing innovative system concepts have been completed for the US Department of Energy. These concepts enable power plants with inertially confined plasmas to be economically competitive with other energy sources and provide safety and environmental advantages. A KrF driver employs 960 electric discharge laser amplifiers to enhance driver reliability and target illumination with a loss of one or more amplifiers. A non-linear laser architecture uses Raman accumulator cells to combine and enhance the beam quality and stimulated Brillouin scattering cells for beam compression. Optical delay switchyards maximize the utilization of beam energy to provide proper beam pulse forms to the target. Grazing incidence metal mirrors are the final optical elements that employ a high rigidity SiC support structure and graded thickness aluminum reflective surface material to obtain a life-of-plant optical element with a direct line-of-sight to the target within 20 m of the target. Sixty of these laser beamlines symmetrically illuminate the direct-drive target. A performance and economic systems code determined the optimum laser beam energy as 4 MJ corresponding to a target gain of 124. When pulsed at 5.65 Hz, the fusion power is 2807 MW. To reduce the cost of traditional, lengthy, multiple-beam heavy ion drivers, a single-beam LINAC driver with storage rings was adopted. A charge state of two was used to shorten the length and cost of the driver. An ion energy of 4 GeV reduced the number of beams. The LINAC is rapidly pulsed 18 times. Pulses are contained in storage rings and combined to form 2 prepulse and 12 main beams. These are subdivided to illuminate the indirectly driven target from two sides. Triplet coil sets ballistically focus the beams on the outside of the blanket. Channel transport is proposed to deliver the beams in two 6 mm diameter channels to the target. A total beam energy of 7 MJ is delivered to the target to obtain a gain of 103 and fusion power of 1818 MW at 3.54 Hz. A common reactor design is used for the laser and heavy ion beam systems. Low activation SiC material is used for the first wall and blanket systems. The first wall is protected with a thin film of liquid lead that is evaporated by each microexplosion and recondensed between explosions, thus providing protection and vacuum pumping of target debris. A lithium oxide breeder is cooled with low pressure, high temperature helium that minimizes stored energy and improves system safety and activation. The plant Level of Safety Assurance is one, and waste disposal is class C or better. Double-walled steam generators maintain low tritium permeation to the environment. High-temperature helium and first wall lead coolants are used with a 42% efficient, advanced Rankine cycle to deliver a power output of 1000 MW for both plant designs. All systems were optimized to deliver the lowest cost of electricity.

Water Transport Along Textile Fibers as Measured by an Electrical Capacitance Technique

A new experimental apparatus has been developed for studying water transport behavior along a bundle consisting of a few textile fibers. In order to detect the small amount of water that travels along fibers, we used an electrical capacitance technique and constructed an apparatus with a specially designed electric amplifier circuit and condenser electrodes between which sample fibers are set. We studied nylon, polyester (PET), and rayon fibers and found that there exists a minimum (critical) number of constituting fibers (CNF) when water transport occurs, depending on the fiber type. These CNF values were ten, ten, and two for nylon, PET, and rayon, respectively. We discussed these results on the basis of the wettability of the fibers.

Optical architecture for performing bipolar associative memory

A new architecture for performing outer-product Hopfield model associative memory has been proposed by using the polarization-encoding method. In this architecture the multiplication is performed by rotating the polarization of the light that is passed through, and optical associative memory with bipolar binary inputs and bipolar analog interconnect weights can be realized. Also, no electric differential amplifiers need to be used in the architecture, so it may be realized by all-optical construction.

Detecting Velocity on a Linear Moving Object by Induction Electromotive Force.

It is tried to develop the Induction Electromotive force type Velocity Detector (IEVD) that detects directly velocity of linear moving objects. The IEVD can directly detect velocity with high resolution, without contact on an object and dosen't give any effect on the object. The IEVD detects electromotive force in proportion to velocity from the pararell electrodes on belt-shape resistor film. The IEVD is constructed with resistor film with two pararell eloctrodes, magnets and yoke moving with an object and some electric circuits. The circuit of detector is simply constituted with electric adder circuit, amplifier and low-pass filter.From simulation on electric circuit about resistor film, error of IEVD is low when resistivity of resistor film is high and resistivity of electrodes on resistor film is low. From experiment, it becomes clear that output of IEVD is in proportion to velocity of standard detector. For more large output voltage, some resistor films are put in layer and magnet is made wider.

Picosecond time response of a transverse electric atmospheric CO2 laser amplifier

The gain of an atmospheric pressure CO2 laser amplifier was measured as a function of the input pulse duration for the first time using optical free-induction decay pulses. It was found that the gain decreases rapidly for pulses shorter than 150 ps, in agreement with the gain bandwidth predictions.

SIGNAL TRANSDUCER OF FABRIC DEFECTS AND ITS PERFORMANCES

In scanning the surface of fabrics with a light spot, we can get the power of the reflection or transparency that periodically changes according to disposition, diameter or bend of the threads. Then, on application of a digital computer, a digital pattern of fabric is represented by a twodimentional array of points showing the reflection and transparency distributions of fabrics by a suitable scanning light spot.On detecting the defects by the reflection or transparency from fabrics, it is necessary to design the size and shape of the scanning light spot at the fabrics in consideration of the some kinds of defects and the inherent noises being due to the normal fabric structures, also the frequency band determined by the resolving power and the scanning speed that are suitable to the electric amplifier system.In general, the spaces between the threads in fabrics are much smaller than the thread diameters. When width of the scanning light spot is smaller than the thread diameter, we can detect the characters of the thread and thread interval in every each warp direction. When length of the scanning light spot is a little larger than the thread diameter, average characters of a few threads will be detected, eliminating the noises caused by the twists and fluffes of the threads. In our experiments, the width of the scanning light spot was set 0.2mm and length 5mm in consideration of practrical usefulness.Moreover, the frequency band f needed to design of the electro-optical amplifier is given by f=V/2b where V is scanning speed of the light spot, 240×103mm/sec, and b is resolving power, 0.2mm.Confirmation of the size and shape of the light spot, transient properties and frequency responses of the signal transduser was discussed with the some experimental equipments.

Magnetic pickup arrangement for stringed musical instrument

An improved magnetic induction type pickup arrangement incorporated in an electric guitar having a pair of three-coil magnetic type pickup units operable to produce enhanced outputs. The electric guitar includes a switching mechanism for selectively controlling the connection of the three-coil pickup units across the guitar's electric amplifier.

Electric Rock: The Rock Musician's Guide to Electric Guitar and Amplifiers. By Richard Robinson

Electric Rock: The Rock Musician's Guide to Electric Guitar and Amplifiers. By Richard Robinson

TEA Laser Medium Diagnostics

From an interferometric study of the medium in a 10.6-μ transverse electric discharge pulsed laser amplifier, a time history of the index of refraction is presented from t=0 to t=21.5 μsec. These data agree favorably with the predictions based on a linearized hydrodynamic model for pulsed heat deposition in a gas by a row of discrete discharge pins. The spatial extent of the gain profile is comparable to the refractive-index distribution for times appropriate for lasing (<10 μsec). In this time interval, medium distortion is less than 0.1 fringe at 10.6 μ.

直結式電磁記録器の倍率係数を算出した実例

直結式電磁記録器の倍率係数を算出した実例

Cinefluorography employing split-image television type image amplifiers.

In September 1955 Russell Morgan read (1), and in January 1956 published (2) a paper concerning the history and theory of image amplification. He dealt particularly with his own system that employs an RCA Image Orthicon but mentioned research that was in progress on television type amplifiers that are directly sensitive to x-rays without the necessity of first converting them into visible light. The x-ray image amplifier developed recently for General Electric by their Mr. John E. Jacobs is an instrument of this latter type. This report will describe its construction and operation and point out certain important differences between it and the amplifiers of Westinghouse, Philips, Morgan, and Moon. Preliminary cineradiographic results using the General Electric amplifiers will be presented. The Westinghouse (3) and Philips (4) amplifiers (Figs. 1 and 2) have been shown repeatedly at radiological meetings in recent years, are available commercially, and have enjoyed some clinical use in Europe and the United States. They are so similar in construction and operation that a description of one serves for both. An x-ray beam, having passed through the part that is being examined and the glass wall of the tube, falls on a cathode “sandwich” consisting of a thin, spherically curved disk of radiolucent material (such as aluminum or magnesium) coated with a fluorescent salt (such as activated zinc cadmium sulfide) surfaced with a photoelectric layer (such as activated cesium oxide). The x-ray quanta are converted into photons of visible light by the fluoroscopic screen, and the light causes electrons to be emitted by the surface layer of photoelectric material. These electrons are focused, accelerated, and delivered to a small anode that is coated with a phosphor (such as activated zinc cadmium sulfide), where they are converted back into a visible image many times brighter than the original. Such amplifiers are simple to construct and operate and could be produced cheaply if volume sales could be attained, but they have several faults, including the need for three conversions from one type of energy to another, with considerable loss at each conversion. 1. An invisible x-ray image is converted into a visible light image 2. This visible light image is converted into an invisible electron image 3. The invisible electron image is converted back into a visible light image Moon's method, which employs a scanning x-ray tube (Figs. 3 and 4), constitutes an entirely different approach to the problem (5, 6). A sharply focused, high-energy, electron beam scans a water-cooled tungsten target, producing x-rays at each of its myraid points of impingement. A tiny beam of these x-rays emerging from a pinhole in a lead baffle sweeps through space in synchronism with the scanning electron beam and falls on a large, dense, “water-clear” crystal of calcium fluoride, which absorbs it almost completely and converts it into light.

増巾器を併用する電磁記録器の倍率係数

増巾器を併用する電磁記録器の倍率係数

On the Cold Backward Extrusion of Steel

The cold backward extrusion process was applied to the pressing of low carbon steels or JIS S 10 C and S 20 C, used for mechanical construction, and was compared with the forming process of aluminium, copper and their alloys. As to measurement, the new types of the load dynamometer and displacement measuring device utilizing electric resistance wire were laid out and, load and stroke of the punch were measured simultaneously without the aid of the electric amplifier. Then relation between maximum load and area reduction, effect of working velocity, and hardness distribution of extruded shells were obtained in this process.

増倍光電管による記録 -長周期地震計の高倍率記録-

Observations by seismograph-galvanometer couples are carried out at many observatories. But it may be considered that seismic wave form will be deformed by the process of changing the motion of pendulum into electric current, especially when electric amplifier is equipped with.To obtain undeformed seismographic recording with high magnification, the author has adopted the multiplier phototube (Mazda MS-6S), which was used as a direct amplifier. The light sensitive plate is struck by light beams changing proportional to the displacements of pendulum. This phototube is connected directly to power tube 6V6 which feeds electric current proportional to the displacement of pendulum to the recorder.Experimental observation was put in practice by a seismograph, period 2 seconds, damping ratio about 30. But the long period seismograph could not be uséd because of the predominance of daily ground inclination at our observatory.

The nuclear moment of the indium atom

The investigation described here is a continuation of an earlier one carried out by two of the authors in which certain lines in the first spark spectrum of indium were studied and the conclusion drawn that the nuclear moment of that atom was probably ½ h /2π. During the time that elapsed between the completion of this work and its publication there appeared a paper by Jackson describing an examination of certain lines in the arc spectrum which led to an I value of unity. Two of the lines λ4511, λ4102 observed by him had appeared on our plates and been measured by us, the structure recorded in the two cases being quite different. In proceeding with the research it was therefore decided first to revise the work on these lines and then to direct our attention to lines in the ultra-violet region of the arc spectrum. The discharge tube used was very similar to Jackson’s. It was made from quartz and consisted of two wide portions 8 cm. in length and 2·5 cm. in diameter joined by a narrower one 4 cm. in length and 0·8 cm. in diameter. The electrodes were made of sheet copper wrapped around the wide parts of the tube and were coupled inductively to an oscillating circuit with a frequency range of 10,000 to 14,000 cycles. Two U. V. 861 General Electric screen grid radio frequency power amplifier tubes operating in parallel were used. A small amount of indium trichloride (Hilger’s H. S. brand) was introduced into the tube, which was then evacuated. It was usually necessary to heat the tube slightly by means of a bunsen to start the discharge, but once this was done no further heating was necessary.

Triode Valves as Electric Amplifiers

AMONG the most exquisite tools that modern wireless telegraphy now proffers to investigators working in the fields of pure science, that known as the amplifier stands out as being of the most obvious promise in various directions. The amplifier offers the means of magnifying varying electro-motive forces and currents, otherwise imperceptible, so that they come within the range of ordinary laboratory measuring and recording instruments. It was developed during the war to a high pitch of excellence, not only for the improvement of wireless telegraph signals, but also for other kinds of signalling and for listening under water and under the ground-that is to say, it has been fully developed for the magnification of the high-frequency currents used in wireless telegraphy and for currents of telephonic frequency. Descriptions of the apparatus have now been published in many places, and the tool as thus developed will in due course take its place in the laboratory. For many purposes, however, an amplifier that will faithfully magnify slow variations of a current or electro-motive force is demanded, and since little has been published about such apparatus, the following notes of methods used in the writer's laboratory during the past few years are now. presented.