Election Debates Research Articles

고등학생을 위한 선거토론 듣기 교육 내용 연구

Objectives In this study, in preparation for the lowering of the election age, the contents of election debate listening education, one of the important political events, were studied so that adolescents can exercise their current or future responsible voting rights. Methods To this end, in this study, the functional theory of Benoit, a theoretical framework mainly used when analyzing election debates, was analyzed to suit learners, and the 19th presidential candidate debate data was discourse-analysis. Results As a result, election debates could be largely divided into claims in policy and person categories, and policies could be divided into past actions, policy mistakes, and future plans and general goals. And in the debate at the person level, it could be classified into individual qualities, leadership ability, and political ideals. In particular, in the data of this study, colorist attacks frequently appeared in terms of past achievements and actions, and fierce battles were fought over the issues of costs and required budgets in relation to pledges. And much of the time was spent attacking personal qualities. Conclusions Learners should understand that each candidate's utterance in the election debate is a high strategic outcome and analyze the effectiveness and appropriateness of these strategic aspects. This study also provided implications for this.

Far-Right Populism Online: Did Vox’s Community Reproduce the Party’s Discourse During the April 2019 Campaign?

In April 2019, VOX, a far-right populist party, won seats for the first time in the Spanish parliament. VOX successfully used social media to participate in the electoral debate and to establish a more direct link with its followers. We investigated how the VOX online community was structured during the election campaign and to what extent the most influential profiles spread the party’s messages. We accordingly analysed two samples, one composed of tweets and retweets that used the hashtags #28A, #28Abril, and #28AbrilElecciones, and the other composed of metaphorical expressions identified in tweets by influencers. Applying social network analysis to the first sample, we studied the form and structure of the network and identified key profiles in the VOX community, i.e., influencers, builders, and bridges. Using critical metaphor analysis with the second sample, we identified the main frames used by VOX influencers to explore whether they reproduced the party’s populist discourse. We found that the VOX online community in 2019 did not only include party supporters or members but was composed of varied profiles. For this reason, the populist metaphorical framing used by the VOX leadership was only partially disseminated.

What factors explain the broadcasting of televised election debates? Empirical evidence from Germany

Televised election debates are considered as the most important single campaign event. While a large body of research has analyzed their content, processing, impact, and media coverage, it has not yet been examined under which conditions candidates agree to debate. This is remarkable, as debates are a matter of course in only a few countries, and candidates are always renegotiating their participation with the television networks. Using a dataset covering all German federal and state elections between 1994 and 2022 ( N = 108), we demonstrate that the broadcasting of televised debates is more likely if (1) there was a debate in the last election, (2) the fragmentation of the party system is low, and (3) the race is close. Furthermore, the likelihood for debates increases over time; also, the introduction of debates on the national level has stimulated the broadcast of debates in state elections.

Election promises on children's wellbeing and health 2015 to 2021 - a study of Finnish voting advice applications database.

According to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, children's views should be heard in policymaking. But it remains unclear to what extent children's wellbeing is considered in election promises. We investigated the extent to which Finnish political candidates consider children and their wellbeing in their election promises. We used YLE, the national broadcaster's voting advice application database, and analysed some 35,000 politicians' election promises made in the 2015 and 2019 parliamentary and the 2017 and 2021 municipal elections. We calculated the proportion of candidates who mentioned children and examined the content of the election promises in which children were mentioned. Logistic regression models were used to examine the role of the background of the characteristics of candidates. In the 2015 and 2019 elections, some 12% and 19% of candidates, respectively, mentioned children in their election promises. The figures for the 2017 and 2021 municipal elections were higher at 19% and 24%, respectively. In the 2021 election, the candidates considering children in their election promises were younger and had higher education qualifications. Inspection of a random set of 350 promises indicated that common issues mentioned in respect of children were education and hobby activities. Concrete proposals to improve the wellbeing of children were rarely put forward. Political candidates are increasingly considering children in their election promises but concrete proposals to improve the wellbeing and health of children are rare. Effective policy solutions to improve the health of children should be discussed in election debates.

TACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION OF THE REDUCTION STRATEGY IN THE ELECTION DEBATES OF H. CLINTON AND D. TRUMP

Objective. The objective of the present article is to analyze the materials of the pre-election debates of H. Clinton and D. Trump in order to study the tactical implementation of the strategy of reduction as an effective means of manipulative influence. Methods. The main scientific results are obtained using a set of general and special research methods, namely: analysis of video and audio materials of election debates, comparison, synthesis, systematization and generalization of scientific literature. Results. Discourse is one of the most important categories of communication that reflects speech interaction. The subject of special scientific interest in our study is political discourse, in which one of the leading roles is played by manipulative influence on the audience by choosing appropriate tactics, strategies and language tools. The texts of the election speeches of the presidential candidates Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump were chosen as illustrative material for the study of manipulative influence strategies. In our study, we rely on the classification of strategies and tactics of manipulative influence, which was proposed by researcher O. Mikhaleva, because this classification allows us to comprehensively consider the main strategies used in political discourse and, consequently, to achieve their goals. In particular, the researcher singles out the strategy of reduction, strategy of increase, strategy of theatricality. In our article, we looked in detail and analyzed the use of American politicians to reduce the strategy. It is established that both candidates actively use the strategy of reduction, which is implemented through appropriate tactics. The strategy for reduction is represented by such tactics as analysis — “minus”, discrediting the opponent, impersonal accusation, exposure, insults, threats.

Televised Election Debates in a Deliberative System

Are televised election debates (TEDs) a blessing for democracy, educating citizens and informing them of their electoral options? Or should they be viewed as a curse, presenting superficial, manipulating rhetoric in one-way communication? In this article, I evaluate TEDs from a deliberative point of view, focusing on the potential positive and negative outcomes of framing by politicians, as well as on the pros and cons of displaying emotions in debates. I argue that the use of these two rhetorical devices in TEDs is potentially helpful in inspiring deliberation, perspective-taking and subsequent reflection in both politicians and voters. This leads me to conclude that televised election debates should be critically approached as communicative venues with potential deliberative qualities.

'Sleepy Joe' and 'Donald, King of Whoppers': Reality Monitoring and Verbal Deception in the 2020 U.S. Presidential Election Debates.

The 2020 U.S. Presidential election was a campaign that could be characterized as 'one of the nastiest presidential campaigns in recent memory,' partly because the general election debates were highly contentious and featured frequent interruptions and several insults and invectives between candidates. This research compared the language used in the debates to fact-checked truths and lies using a Reality Monitoring (RM) deception detection algorithm in Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) to investigate the veracity of real-life high-stakes verbal messages in the political context. We found that overall RM scores were lower and not significantly different between debate language and fact-checked lies, and RM scores were significantly higher in fact-checked truth statements, indicating that most debate language uttered was deceptive. This result supports the finding that the RM algorithm in LIWC distinguishes truth from lies and debate language in the context of politics. The 60.7% classification rate in this study may reflect a problem with the relatively short word counts of fact-checked lie and truth statements, but most probably reflects individual candidates' deviations in RM features used in their statements. Each individual has a style that they use in communication-'the way people talk and write have been recognized as stamps of individual identity.' Even with a corpus of many statements from the same individual candidates, they probably regularly amplify certain features of RM and diminish other features of RM in their truthful and deceptive messages. This is a fruitful area of research that could be explored in future studies.

STRATEGI KETIDAKSANTUNAN DALAM VIDEO DEBAT PEMILIHAN PRESIDEN TAHUN 2019

The goal of this article is to identify and explain impoliteness strategies in the 2019 presidential election debate and to evaluate the role of impoliteness used in the 2019 presidential debate. Qualitative descriptive is the kind of method that used by the researcher. The data was gathered from four YouTube videos of the 2019 presidential election debates and analyzed using the distributional and identity methods. This study used the theory of impoliteness by Jonathan Culpeper (2005) which withhold politeness, sarcasm or mock politeness, negative impoliteness, positive impoliteness, dan bald on record impoliteness. Based on the research result, it is found negative impoliteness was the most frequent impoliteness strategy, accounting for 43%. The speaker demonstrated his superiority by accusing and condemning the flaws of others in this strategy.Keywords: Impoliteness, Impoliteness Strategies, Debate, Election

Food for Thought: A Longitudinal Investigation of Reflection-Promoting Speech in Televised Election Debates (1985–2019)

In televised election debates, politicians confront each other side-by-side to publicly debate their political viewpoints. As a result, these debates have the potential to promote reflective reasoning in citizens. However, concerns are voiced regularly about politicians’ increasing use of one-liners, slogans, and empty phrases, and decreasing use of elaborate and thoughtful argumentation, which may lower the debates’ reflection-promoting potential. Despite concerns, systematic empirical evidence testing whether reflection-promoting speech is declining is extremely scarce. This study contributes to filling this gap by (1) identifying four reflection-promoting speech components, that is, provision of justifications, substantive information, accessible communication, and engagement with others’ perspectives and (2) conducting a longitudinal quantitative content analysis (1985–2019) of Belgian election debates through the lens of their reflection-promoting potential. The results of all studied speech components point in the same direction: reflection-promoting speech in election debates has not declined, showing that allegations surrounding debates should be considered with caution.

Key Words as Markers of the Communicative Behavior of the Discursive Personality of the Nominee to the USA Presidency (Based on the Genre of Pre-Election Debates)

Introduction. This paper presents an analysis of the language indicators of communicative behavior of US presidential candidates during election debates. The scientific novelty consists of determining the specifics of the characteristics of the communicative behavior of the discursive personality, which form the basis of the corresponding social type, which can be identified using the methods of linguistic analysis. The study of the discursive personality is reduced to a description of the types of its performative actions; identification of types of communicative tonality that characterize the manner of behavior of a discursive personality and make it recognizable; identification of axiological characteristics of the studied discursive personality. The relevance of the work lies in the study of the problematic aspects of the discursive personality, explaining the specifics of the models of communicative behavior in situations of political communication.Methodology and sources. This study used the methods of corpus linguistics and the interpretative method of discourse analysis. The texts of the genre of election debates, which took place from 2000 to 2020, became the empirical basis of this study. The volume of the corpus of these texts amounted to more than 1.5 million words. A corpus method of keywords, which allows to identify unique tokens of pre-election speeches of each of the presidential candidates; a qualitative analysis method that explains typical communicative actions that representatives of the two ruling parties of the United States, were used to establish the characteristics of the communicative behavior of US presidential candidates.Results and discussion. The results of a comparative study of the discursive personality of the US presidential candidate representatives of the Republican and Democratic parties are presented. The study of keywords showed typical tactics of communicative behavior of candidates for US presidential candidates of the Democratic and Republican parties. It is established that presidential candidates from both parties use prosecution tactics in election debates, Republicans are more likely to resort to direct accusation tactics accusations of violating pragmatic, instrumental values, Democrats prefer indirect accusation tactics, which are based on accusations of violation of moral norms and values by political opponents.Conclusion. The discursive personality of the US presidential candidate reflects the variable socio-ideological component of political discourse, which is manifested in a specific set of speech strategies and tactics and language structures that implement them.

Digital Broadcasting Network and the Emerging Democratic Culture in Nigeria: The 2021 Anambra Guber Debate Experience

Series of election debates made available to the masses through the use of digital broadcast media technologies have been conducted in different places among different candidates running for different elective positions in different countries. As part of the political activities preceding the elections, the impact of these election debate aired through digital broadcasting technology on the voting decision of the citizens have not been examined Nigeria. Against this background, this study evaluated exposure to 2021 gubernatorial election debate and its influence on voting decision and choice of candidate among residents of Awka metropolis. The democratic participant theory was used while the survey research method was adopted in surveying 400 respondents sampled from Awka metropolis. Findings demonstrated that election debate influence voting decision and encourage candidate evaluation among the respondents. It was concluded that election debate is an important election activity that benefits both the electorate and the candidates. It was also found that the use of digital broadcast technology was applauded by the respondents for is capacity in strengthening democracy. It was recommended among others, that election debate should be made compulsory for all candidates running for all elective positions in Nigeria.

The (cyclical) path towards impoliteness in electoral debates

This work proposes, first, an approach to the agonal character of electoral debates, and then analyses the nature of the acts of (im)politeness that appear in them. From there, it presents a triangular theoretical-methodological framework, based on the analysis of functional impoliteness strategies, linguistic-discursive mechanisms for their implementation and social repercussions of impolite acts. Within the first of these three axes, a dynamic quantitative analysis is carried out. This analysis demonstrates the growing appearance of impoliteness in electoral debates, as well as the cyclical nature of this growth ‒ which is increasingly accelerated ‒ in successive sections of these speech events. This quantitative analysis is based on the face-to-face debate between Mariano Rajoy and Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba days before the Spanish general elections in November 2011.

Comparación entre la cobertura de la prensa a campañas presidenciales y la agenda de los periodistas que conducen debates

La cobertura de campañas tendería a preferir temas de juego estratégico y personalización sobre propuestas de políticas públicas. En cambio, se espera que los debates electorales en televisión sean un momento diferenciador de la rutina periodística. Mediante un análisis de contenido, se compara la agenda de los periodistas en cuatro debates presidenciales chilenos con la de la prensa escrita en la cobertura de las respectivas campañas. Los resultados muestran que los periodistas en los debates se concentran en las políticas públicas, mientras que la prensa lo hace en las estrategias o en temas políticos.

Analysis of the Twitter discourse in the 2019 electoral debates in Spain: a comparative algorithmic study

This article analyzes and compares the following of Twitter users during the two electoral debates of the general elections in Spain in April and November 2019. Through the collection of the official hashtags #ElDebateDecisivo (970,706 tweets) and #DebateElectoral (821,521) respectively from 9 am on the day of the debate until 2 am the following day, we analyzed the polarity and basic emotions of the messages posted on the social network using algorithms with R software. A network theory study was also carried out to determine each account’s affiliation to each group. The results show a polarization in the network, with well-defined groups with hardly any relationship with other groups of different ideologies. It is also observed that the entry of a new player, Vox, into the second debate completely alters the rest of the center-right parties, which end up seeing it from a much more negative perspective. This entry does not involve major changes among the left-wing parties, but it does mean an increase in fear.

Walking with Bourdieu into Twitter communities: an analysis of networked publics struggling on power in Iranian Twittersphere

ABSTRACT This paper offers some insights into Twitter as a political field, based on Bourdieu’s field theory. Networked publics, as agents of this field, are competing overpower by performing networked practices. To investigate this field, we focused on two networked practices: networked framing and narrating. Persian Twitter in 2017 presidential election provides a good context to analyze how such a field is constituted. Combining a social-network analytic approach with discursive and textual interpretations, we analyzed a corpus of 2,596,284 tweets. We identified three main networked publics in the retweet network: reformists, conservatives, and diaspora users. Having identified the most influential users in each community based on PageRank metric, we thoroughly investigated all of their tweets. The results show that ordinary users constituted the major population of conservative and diaspora publics. The reformist community included mostly journalists and to a lesser extent media. Findings also confirm that all networked publics used the same strategies to gain more power in the field. They produced quite the same frames and narratives to compete with each other. Moreover, the battle was more about the routine and electoral debates, not the legitimacy or entity of regime. Hence, none of the networked publics challenged the hegemonic discourse in Iran significantly.

LANGUAGE POLITENESS STRATEGIES OF LEADER CANDIDATE IN REGIONAL ELECTION GORONTALO PROVINCE

This study examines how language politeness strategies are used in simultaneous regional election debates in Gorontalo Province. This study used a descriptive qualitative approach to language politeness strategies. Data collection were carried out by observation and direct observation by recording the utterances of regional leader candidates in the simultaneous local election debates in Gorontalo Province. Data were analyzed qualitatively. The results showed that there are three language politeness strategies in the simultaneous Regional Leader election debates in Gorontalo Province, (1) bold on-record strategies, (2) positive politeness, and (3) negative politeness strategy. It is suggested that politicians are able to understand politeness and language behavior in political campaigns.

Conflict in Televised Election Debates

Conflict in Televised Election Debates

Features of the South Korean election debates

Features of the South Korean election debates

TRANSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF PRESIDENTIAL DEBATE BETWEEN TRUMP AND BIDEN IN 2020

This study was aimed at investigating the transitivity properties (processes, participants, and circumstances) used in the presidential debate between Donald Trump and Joe Biden in presidential election debate in 2020. The aim of this study was also to investigate the types of transitivity processes and the most dominant process occured in the debate. Using a library study, the data were obtained from two transcription of debate. The data were analyzed qualitatively using Halliday’s (1994) and Halliday and Halliday Matthiessen (2014) theories.The findings showed that all types of processes, including material, mental, verbal, relational, existential, and behavioral processes, were found. The material process was significantly applied both two debaters. This indicates that the debaters had progressed to the stage of the material process. In other words, they all focused on the speaker's objectives, they were aware of the realization aspect of society action. To conclude, it was about the intentions, purposes, and directions of the arguments in the presidential debate between Trump and Biden about the critical crisis that the US was facing.Keywords: Systemic functional linguistics, transitivity processes, presidential debate between Trump and Biden.

Application of Functional Theory of Political Discourse in Chilean presidential debates to determine the influence of journalists in the contents

Within the growing academic interest over electoral debates, the role of the journalists who conduct the debates in determining the tenor of the answers has not been sufficiently studied. We used Chile as an extreme case, given the predominant role that the debate moderators receive here, thanks to the “journalistic panel” format utilized in them, where they take turns to interview the candidates. As a framework to describe these contents, we used Functional Theory of Political Discourse by William Benoit. Our data show that, indeed, the candidates use different combinations of said functions, depending on the different frameworks established by the rules for each debate. Clearly, the candidates tend to defend themselves from the attacks of the journalists, rather than their rivals’; and they use other strategies when the rules allow them more freedom.