Election Time Research Articles

A Data-Driven WSN Security Threat Analysis Model Based on Cognitive Computing

In this paper, we use cognitive computing to build a WSN security threat analysis model using a data-driven approach and conduct an in-depth and systematic study. In this paper, we develop a simulation platform (OMNeT++-based WSN Security Protocol Simulation Platform (WSPSim)) based on OMNeT++ to make up for the shortcomings of current WSN simulation platforms, improve the simulation capability of WSN security protocols, and provide a new technical means for designing and verifying security protocols. The WSPSim simulation platform is used to simulate and analyze typical WSN protocols and verify the effectiveness of the platform. In this paper, we mainly analyze the node malicious behavior by listening and judging the communication behavior of the nodes, and the current trust assessment is given by the security management nodes. When the security management node is rotated, its stored trust value is used as historical trust assessment and current trust assessment together to participate in the integrated trust value calculation, which improves the reliability of node trust assessment; to increase the security and reliability of the management node, a trust value factor and residual energy factor are introduced in the security management node election in the paper. According to the time of management node election, the weights of both are changed to optimize the election. Using the WSPSim simulation platform, a typical WSN protocol is simulated and analyzed to verify the effectiveness of the platform. In this paper, the simulation results of the LEACH protocol with an MD5 hash algorithm and trust evaluation mechanism and typical LEACH protocol as simulation samples are compared; i.e., the correctness of the simulation platform is verified, and it is shown that improving the security of the protocol and enhancing the security and energy efficiency of wireless sensor networks provide an effective solution.

Neurology Trainee Attitudes Toward Neurointervention: Results From an International Survey

BackgroundThe rapidly changing treatment landscape for large vessel occlusion acute ischemic stroke, now more than ever, has added to the complexity of emergent decision making and the demand for neurointerventionists. Ensuring exposure of neurology trainees to neurointervention and the availability of well‐defined pathways for those interested in this career is crucial. Here we report the results from our large survey of neurology trainee attitudes toward neurointervention training.MethodsAn online survey targeting trainee impressions on the current state of vascular neurology, neurocritical care, and neurointervention training was conducted as a mandatory requirement for trainee registration in the Society for Vascular and Interventional Neurology Break meeting in April 2020. Quantitative results are reported in proportions, and qualitative results are described. Chi‐square test was used to determine association between categorical variables.ResultsOf the 725 respondents from 49 countries who participated in this conference, 450 (62%) were trainees. A total of 30% of trainees did not have access to neurointervention training, and 40% believed that neurology residency, vascular neurology, or neurocritical care fellowship do not adequately prepare them for a career in neurointervention. A total of 237/321 (73%) trainees whose institutional neurointervention practice included neurologists or a mix of subspecialty backgrounds including a neurologist had an opportunity to spend elective time in a neurology–angiography suite compared with 49/89 (55%) if the institutional neurointervention practice consisted of neurosurgeons or radiologists alone (P=0.001). A total of 49% of trainees each preferred the introduction of a mandatory or an elective neurointervention module during residency. A total of 60% of trainees preferred no to minimal exposure at the medical student level.ConclusionsThis international survey of trainees reinforces the existing gap in neurointervention exposure for neurology trainees. Inclusion of neurointervention faculty that come from a neurology training background and exposure to neurointervention will be crucial to support trainees interested in a neurointervention career pathway.

The media, electoral campaign rallies and government’s hypocrisy of physical distancing in the COVID-19 era: The Nigerian experience

Purpose: In several democracies an electoral campaign rally is a direct contact communication tactic politicians and political parties adopt to present themselves and their programmes to the electorate, with the ostensible aim of persuading these targets to cast their ballot for the party and its candidate. Through the media these mass campaign gatherings are relayed to thousands of voters outside the venues of these events. In fact, in several instances regular programming on TV has been suspended for live coverage of campaign rallies sponsored by politicians and their parties. Mediated images of mammoth crowds converged at campaign grounds is an eloquent testimony of the mobilisation and management prowess of campaign managers of politicians at an election time. But in the COVID era, it is disturbing, not only because of the health risks posed by such large gatherings in defiance of the state-run NCDC established COVID-19 protocols on physical distancing, but more worrisome that the same governments that have mounted public enlightenment campaigns on measures to check the spread of COVID-19 using billions of donor funds, and have threatened to sanction violators of COVID-19 protocols (and have in certain cases made good their threat) are behind these mass campaign rallies where physical distancing rules are violated. Therefore, the study analyses the health and political implications of electoral campaign rallies using the 2020 governorship election campaign rallies in Edo and Ondo States as case studies.
 Methodology: A combination of semi-structured interview, personal observation and in-depth literature review was adopted to analyse the health and political implications of lawmakers becoming lawbreakers as it concerns the violation of public health rules in these campaigns by the incumbent governors of these states.
 Findings: It was found that rallies can cause a spike in infection in society, as the Edo case has confirmed. Results suggest that to these governors winning a second term came first before the lives of citizens, and that politics, it appears, supersedes every other protocol, including public health protocols in the pandemic. Hypocrisy and negligence are implicated as causal factors in the conduct of these two governors. It is believed that these have bred the mistrust between government and citizens in Nigeria.
 Unique Contribution and Recommendation: Digital electoral campaign is recommended to reduce physical contact that could endanger the health of citizens as a result of mass-attended election campaign rallies.

Evaluating the Role of Media during Elections: The Case of Local Elections of 31st March 2019 in Turkey

This article attempts to discuss the importance of pluralist perspective on the basis of the election coverage and aims to understand how elections are reported and whether election news includes policy debates in a democratic public sphere. It also assesses the political news during election times according to its democratic values and compares differences and similarities in commercial news media over the case of local elections dated 31st March 2019 in Turkey. The findings have shown that the election news coverage was not included any critical and pluralist debate on policy issues, instead, concentrated on the polling data, polemics, and campaign tactics. In conclusion, it has been seen that the digital-born news site also has similar mainstream attitudes and the commercial media has been in line with media logic by disregarding critical debates.

An Analysis of the Existence of Political Business Cycle in Nepal

This paper tries to analyze whether the ‘Political Business Cycle (PBC)’ exists in Nepal or not. The term PBC is coined to describe the fluctuation in economic activities from the intervention of the political actors before the election expecting to be re-elected in the forthcoming election. The abuse of political power in manipulating fiscal and monetary policies by the ruling party prior to the election period has become normal in developing countries like Nepal. The incumbent tries to convince their voters by increasing the size of the populist public expenditure before or during the election period. Nepal can’t be exceptional in the case of public resource manipulation during the time of the election. Democracy was restored in Nepal after the people’s political movement of 1990 and after that six consequent general elections were completed. The study used the annual data set from 1990/91 to 2017/18 and employed the ordinary least square method in three different models to capture the relationship among the variables used in the study. Real GDP, government consumption expenditure, and fiscal deficit are used as dependent variables of each model whereas government capital expenditure, transfer payment and subsidy, and total tax revenue are taken as independent variables under the study along with introducing election as a dummy variable. The results showed a positive relationship between the variables, but not enough to confirm the opportunistic political business cycle. The study recommends policymakers ensure policy consistency considering non-intervention in fiscal policies at the time of election.

Preparing for a Career in Pediatric Hospital Medicine: A Needs Assessment and Recommendations for Individualized Curricula.

The individualized curriculum within residency programs allows residents to tailor their elective time toward future career goals and interests. Our objective was to identify experiences and activities that would foster resident interest and enhance preparation for a career in pediatric hospital medicine (PHM). Electronic surveys were distributed to pediatric hospitalists, PHM fellowship directors, and graduating PHM fellows. These stakeholders were asked to identify key experiences for residents to explore before entering fellowship or practice. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis were performed on survey responses. Forty-six percent of PHM fellows (16 of 35), 42% of pediatric hospitalists (149 of 356), and 58% of fellowship program directors (35 of 60) completed the survey. All 3 groups identified complex care as the most important clinical experience to gain in residency. Other highly valued clinical experiences included pain management, surgical comanagement, and palliative care. Lumbar puncture, electrocardiograph interpretation, and airway management were identified as essential procedural skills. Nonclinical experiences that were deemed important included quality improvement, development of teaching skills, and research methodology. All groups agreed that these recommendations should be supplemented with effective mentorship. Identification of key clinical experiences, nonclinical activities, and mentorship for residents interested in PHM may assist with tailoring the individualized curriculum to personal career goals. Incorporating these suggested experiences can improve preparedness of residents entering PHM.

Wound infection in elbow fractures: Incidence and new management protocol.

Wound infection in elbow fractures: Incidence and new management protocol.

Iman, Harapan, dan Kasih: Kekuatan dalam Kerapuhan Manusia Menghadapi Pandemi Covid-19

This article intends to unravel the power of faith, hope and love in dealing with human weaknesses in facing Covid-19 pandemic. This epidemic has disrupted the order of human life as a whole, both private and public. The government has responded by seeking various things, starting from implementing physical distancing policies up to implementing the limitation of community activities. In addition, vaccination activities continue to be intensified. The purpose of all this is to slow down the pace of the Covid-19 pandemic. We have to appreciate these efforts. From the other side, we realize that to solve this problem we cannot rely merely on government efforts. The community must play an active role. In addition to complying with health protocols, the self-quarantine sought by community needs to be appreciated. However, these efforts need to be accompanied by strengths which come from within humans, namely faith, hope and love, as a complement to these external efforts. To describe this problem, the author uses qualitative research methods. The author studied a number of articles, such as Joerg Rieger, Hope versus Hope: Confronting Despair in Ancient and Present Times (2020); J.M. Child, Truth, Hope, Compassion in Times of Corona Virus and Presidential Elections (2020); and other documents related to this research. The results of this study confirm that the strength of the inner human forces altogether with solidarity performed by community can help to overcome the Covid-19 outbreak.

Resident Night Float or 24-hour Call Hospital Coverage: Impact on Training, Patient Outcome, and Length of Stay

The impact of neurosurgical resident hospital coverage system, performed via a night float (12-hour shifts overnight) or a 24-hour call, on neurological surgery resident training and patient care is unknown. Retrospective review comparing night float and 24-hour call coverage on trainee surgical experience, elective time, annual program surveys, patient outcomes, and length of stay. The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center Neurosurgery residency program, Columbus, Ohio. The neurosurgical residents from 2016 to 2019. Monthly cases performed by junior residents significantly increased after transitioning to a 24-hour call schedule (18 versus 30, p < 0.001). There were no differences for total cases among program graduates during this time (p = 0.7). Trainee elective time significantly increased after switching to 24-hour call coverage (18 versus 24 months after the transition; p = 0.004). Risk-adjusted mortality and length of stay indices were not different (0.5 versus 0.3, p = 0.1; 0.9 versus 0.9; p = 0.3). Program surveys had minimal change after the transition to 24-hour call. Transitioning from a night float to a 24-hour call coverage system led to improved junior resident case volume and elective time without detrimental effect on patient-related outcomes.

CRIMINALIZATION OF POLITICS CHALLENGE TO INDIAN DEMOCRACY

The political system of "Parliamentary Democracy" which the Constituent Assembly adopted was built on the ideals of democratic republic, popular sovereignty and secularism. In India, because of its heterogeneous political-socio-economic structure, it was decided to implement this concept owing to the notion that a political representative would act as a catalyst to integrate the country. The politicians were seen as personifications of social service, leadership, and sacrifice by the people of the Country. People were expecting Gandhian ideology in politics. But today, India's growing criminalization of politics is an important element of the political life of the country. The emerging scandals and occurrences in government are an indication of loot and malfeasance in governance. From the viewpoint of the law and order, one can notice a clear decline over the decades, and the situation now is such that getting convictions for significant offences has become a lot more difficult. This is because politicians turn to criminals during the time of elections. When criminals and antisocial elements are under pressure from law enforcement agencies, they also go to politicians to seek support. As a result, the process of obtaining incriminating evidence in criminal investigations is greatly hindered by the politicians. Now things have only gotten worse. As criminals realize that politicians can be elected through the use of muscle power, more and more of them try to run for office themselves. A good number of them have contested for the elections and been elected as well. In fact, there are several of them who now hold ministerial positions. Recent experience has shown that if someone is elected to a legislative or ministerial position- all criminal charges against him go into drawers where they are forgotten about forever. The fall-out in other sectors has been no less devastating, since political criminalization has devastated the health and clean functioning of our democratic political system.

The Road Not Yet Traveled: Distinction in Critical Care Cardiology through the Advanced Heart Failure and Transplant Cardiology Training Pathway

As the acuity, complexity, and illness severity of patients admitted to cardiac intensive care units have increased, the need to recognize critical care cardiology (CCC) as a dedicated subspecialty in cardiovascular disease has received increasing support. Differing viewpoints exist regarding the optimal pathway for CCC training. Currently, all proposed CCC training pathways involve permutations of individual training years culminating in subspecialty certification across multiple disciplines; however, there are significant disadvantages to these training paradigms. We propose an innovative, pragmatic approach to CCC training through tailored subspecialty training in advanced heart failure and transplant cardiology (AHFTC), using elective time to enrich AHFTC training with skills and experiences necessary to become a highly skilled critical care cardiologist. The completion of this pathway would lead to completion of AHFTC training with a novel designation: distinction in critical care cardiology.

The impact of national democratic representation on decision-making in the European Union

ABSTRACT The extent to which decision-making in the European Union (EU) is responsive to national democratic representation has profound implications for understanding how the EU works in practice and for assessing it normatively. The contributions to this special issue examine key aspects of national representation, including national public opinion, elections and partisan government control. They do so with a shared theoretical approach and a newly updated common dataset, which facilitates cumulative knowledge. Here, we identify some of the main findings and their implications. Despite seismic political changes in many national arenas, EU decision-making is marked by more continuity than change. The evidence indicates that EU decision-making does respond to national democratic processes, but in ways that are highly conditional. For instance, member states' negotiating positions in the EU are shaped by public opinion and national parties' positions, but this responsiveness is conditioned by the presence of Euroscepticism, the timing and competitiveness of national elections and coalition politics. We discuss the contrasting implications of the findings from the perspectives of promissory representation and liberal democratic theory.

Electoral Governance and Human Rights Amid Pandemics in Africa: Key Lessons from the Early COVID-19 Experience

AbstractOver 25 African countries had planned elections for 2020. In the face of the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in March, states resorted to one of two courses of action: adherence to planned electoral timelines in the shadow of the outbreak, which largely led to record low voter turnouts and hastened the spread of the virus; or adjourning elections with ill-defined election programming, constitutional tensions and unrest over delayed polls. The global health crisis not only frustrated the organization of the electoral process but set severe challenges to democracy, the rule of law and human rights in the region at a time of landmark elections, notably in Ethiopia, Burundi and Malawi. This article analyses initial state responses in electoral administration in light of international electoral norms, and interrogates the role of national and regional mechanisms in securing safe, inclusive, timely, free and fair elections amid new infectious disease outbreaks.

No Honor in Genocide: A Case Study of Street Renaming and Community Organizing in the Wake of National Decolonization Efforts

The United States hosts countless streets, structures, and cities named after colonial and military leaders. Although many of these white historical figures, like Robert E. Lee, were revered in their own eras, modern history now acknowledges their involvement in immoral acts such as slavery and genocide. As they recognize that individuals responsible for such traumatic events should no longer be honored, the citizens of many towns and cities across the nation are attempting to rename their public properties. These efforts, however, rarely prove straightforward; the process of renaming a single road, for example, requires a thorough understanding of city ordinances and codes, coordination between various government entities, strong public support, and collaboration between multiple community stakeholders. This case study highlights and examines such critical components of the renaming of a road in the City of Spokane, Washington. Named after a mid-1800s U.S. military leader who contributed to the genocide of Native Americans and the slaughter of hundreds of their horses, Fort George Wright Drive had served as a mile-long arterial in Spokane for more than 34 years. Although both local Native Americans and other Spokane community members had attempted several times since the 1990s to change the name of the road, their efforts did not finally lead to success until December of 2020. This report also elucidates how Tribal community activism remains uniquely tied to Native culture. Tribal members from the surrounding reservations and Natives living in the City utilized Tribal art, oral history, as well as Tribal songs to advocate for change. These Indigenous songs have been passed down for the 168 years since the hanging of Tribal warriors by Colonel Wright in 1858. To change the name of the road, Natives and white allies also took more tangible actions: projecting messages on buildings, writing letters, organizing meetings, coordinating teach-ins, and staging rallies/marches. This study documents how extensive organizing between the Spokane Tribe, other local Tribes, the Spokane City Council, the Spokane City Plan Commission, and community activists ultimately led to the renaming of Fort George Wright Drive to “Whistalks Way.” Whis-talks was the daughter of Chief Polatkin and wife of Qualchan. She rode alongside her husband into battle and carried the medicine eagle feather staff into the U.S. military post to parley. The Spokane Tribe selected Whis-talks, later adapted to “Whistalks” without the hyphen, to not only honor women warriors of the battlefields of the 1800s, but to also honor the Spokane Tribal women of our families today. With this new name, the Spokane Tribe honors the female warriors who daily fight to protect and preserve our culture, our lifeways, our families, our lands, our environment, and our Tribe. Further, this report will illustrate the critical role that timing of elections and nationwide events can play in such efforts, particularly when coinciding with nationwide events.

The Gendered Harassment of Parliamentary Candidates in the UK

AbstractThis article explores the role gender plays in the harassment, abuse and intimidation (HAI) of parliamentary candidates in the UK at election time. Using data from the Representative Audit of Britain surveys (2015–2019) this article takes an intersectional approach to investigate whether trends identified in 2017 suggesting that women candidates reported more incidences of HAI and were more likely to be concerned for their personal safety as a result than men, remain apparent in the subsequent election. Results suggest that HAI is getting worse for candidates in general, and the gender gap is widening. About three in every four women experienced some levels of fear while campaigning.

Decreasing inpatient chemotherapy initiation delays at Memorial Regional Hospital.

225 Background: Between June and December 2019, hematology-oncology patients admitted for elective chemotherapy at Memorial Regional Hospital had a median delay of 10 hours to initiate chemotherapy infusion from time of admission. This contributes to increased cost to the healthcare system and patient dissatisfaction. By September 2020, elective inpatient median time from admission to chemotherapy initiation at Memorial Regional Hospital will be reduced by 20%. Methods: Multidisciplinary team formed to evaluate the time from admission to initiation of chemotherapy for patients who are electively admitted for chemotherapy in 8 Central based on time stamps available in the electronic health records. Patients electively admitted by a non MCI oncologist were excluded. Data collections included time stamp between each process from admission to administration of 1st chemotherapy. Longest time lapse between each process was counted as an occurrence/contributor to delay. Top 80% contributors identified from Pareto chart allowed team to identify countermeasures. Priority Matrix of implementation in PDSA cycle based on highest impact and ease of implementation. Statistical process control chart was developed. Results: (see table). Conclusions: PDSA Cycle 1, obtaining labs 24-48 hours prior to admission, resulted in a 10% reduction in chemotherapy initiation time. PDSA Cycle 2, enhancing “ok to treat” communication, resulted in a further reduction of time to treatment. The combination of PDSA Cycle 1 &amp; 2 resulted in a 40% reduction in time to chemotherapy initiation, exceeding the planned aim of 20%. Balance measures reflected no reduction in the mean number of overnight stays between baseline and PDSA Cycle 2 (4 nights) that could contribute to a decreased cost. Results and recommendations to adopt at all inpatient oncology departments within the healthcare system will be presented to leadership for support. Data automation through collaborative efforts with information technology is in process to assist with continuous monitoring. Future state, the quality improvement tools gained from ASCO QTP will be utilized to evaluate and improve workflow issues in the outpatient oncology setting. Nationally recognized organizations are encouraged to propose a benchmark for admission time to first chemotherapy administration based on the evaluation of current available data. Additional studies are needed to evaluate chemotherapy treatment delays in other settings.[Table: see text]

From targeted private benefits to public goods: Land, distributive politics and changing political conditions in Colombia

• There is a political land cycle (PLC) in Colombia: land allocations are higher in electoral years than in non-electoral ones. • The PLC is dependent on political conditions: its size is reduced by half after the implementation of a deep political reform. • The reduction was stronger in areas where increases in political competition and fiscal and administrative capacity were higher • These changes generate incentive and capacity effects affecting the costs and benefits of distributive politics resources. • This led to a re-composition of the distributive politics portfolio: from private targeted benefits towards public goods. This paper analyzes how changes in political conditions affect distributive politics. We study the case of Colombia, focusing on the strategic allocation of land in relation to the electoral cycle. Relying on over 55.000 municipality-year observations on land allocations, exogenous timing of elections and sociodemographic controls, we show that there is a political land cycle (PLC), and that this cycle is dependent on the local political conditions in place. We analyze the changes in the PLC derived from the implementation of a deep political reform that increased political competition and the fiscal and administrative capacity of the state, doing so heterogeneously across municipalities. We show that the PLC decreased by half after the reform, with this reduction being stronger in municipalities in which political competition and fiscal and administrative capacity increased the most. The heterogeneous reduction in the PLC does not appear to stem from an aggregate weakening of distributive politics, but rather, from a re-composition of the distributive politics portfolio: away from the allocation of private targeted benefits like land, and towards the strategic allocation of public goods. We discuss the incentive and capacity effects explaining this re-composition likely affecting the relative costs and benefits of different types of distributive politics resources. The results evidence the importance of understanding not only the territorial dimension of distributive politics, but also how the specific traits of resources determine distributive politics strategies and their resilience to contextual changes.

AS A RESULT OF THE TRANSFORMATION IN PRODUCTION RELATIONS, THE SEARCH FOR A NEW VISION IN TURKISH LABOR UNIONISM

After experiencing its half-century golden period between 1950-2000, the system of trade unionism and collective bargaining, which arose with the concern of turning the class political struggle, which entered the agenda of humanity into a peaceful situation, faced a crisis of existence and function. A change in the understanding of Labor Relations and Business Management, a change in the perspective of working and production with modern human resource management techniques, has led to the need to reproduce the system of trade unionism and collective bargaining. Globalization, international competition and small businesses succumbing to mass production have led to trade union monopolism and cumbersome organizations. Trade union organizations have fallen behind the human resource vision they represent and have begun to fade in the trap of wage unionism. This led to a trend of changes in the way trade unionism was conducted, but the components of new trade unionism did not fall into place. The traditional collective bargaining system, which can find a living space thanks to the introduction of wage costs against the price-quality-sales performance in production, has had to express itself again as this cycle begins to be questioned. The main concerns about trade unionism have changed as follows: It has become vital that unionism is peace-oriented rather than fight-oriented, compromise-oriented rather than debate-oriented, solution-oriented rather than Problem-Oriented, Development and life-oriented rather than wage-oriented, strategy and employment-oriented rather than bargaining-oriented. Therefore, especially in trade unionism, it is clear that there is a need for “trade unionism and community bargaining system reform”, which begins with the qualifications and election times of trade union managers and extends to managing flexible working models and from there to the correct perception and correct interpretation of international company relations and paves the way for entrepreneurship. Keywords: Trade Unionism, Collective Bargaining, Labor, Industrial Relations, Productivity, Innovation, Human Resources

What’s on offer: how do parties appeal to women voters in election manifestos?

ABSTRACT Existing research has tended to examine party manifesto appeals to women voters as a homogenous group however we know relatively little about how parties appeal to different groups of women voters. Yet there are strong incentives for parties to respond to and reflect diversity in women’s voting behaviour. Through a gendered analysis of party manifestos at the 2015, 2017 and 2019 British general elections, we investigate the spread and reach of parties’ policy appeals to women voters. We find that, while the principal state-wide parties are increasingly recognizing women’s diversity in their policy pledges, some groups of women remain marginalized from parties’ electoral agendas. Our findings extend the empirical and analytical understanding of how political parties make gendered appeals during election times and to whom. We argue the way parties seek to appeal to the diversity of women is important for the analysis of both issue ownership and interparty competition for women’s votes. Additionally, we make a normative case for parties to recognize diversity and intersectionality in their manifesto policy promises.

They’re Not Just Words: The Verbal Style of U.S. Presidential Debate Rhetoric

ABSTRACT Televised U.S. presidential debates are the most-watched, if not the most-researched, political events in history. While prior studies have largely focused on general election contests, this longitudinal content analysis used DICTION software to parse the effects of election level, partisanship, and time on the candidates’ word choices or verbal styles in 35 general and 121 primary election debates. The results indicate that general election debate rhetoric contained significantly more optimism and certainty than primary debate rhetoric. Additionally, the rhetorical cleavage between the parties was located in the primary debates where the Democratic candidates used significantly more rhetorical realism, activity, and commonality than Republican candidates who used more rhetorical certainty. Further, we also found significantly less rhetorical certainty in the 2010s and the 2020 general election debate rhetoric than in the 1960s and 1970s. Finally, we found interaction effects on optimism and realism that also supported our propositions that U.S. presidential candidates’ rhetoric is meaningful at the semantic level, and that their verbal styles may reveal informative perspectives on the speakers and their speech acts.