Election Management Body Research Articles

Legal Study of the Role of the Honorary Board of Election Administrators in Realizing Democratic Elections

The primary goal of this research is to evaluate the role of the Honorary Council for the Implementation of Elections in prosecuting election organizers who break the code of ethics, as well as to understand how the DKPP imposes sanctions on election organizer members who breach the code of ethics. This study employed normative legal research. The author's study reveals that where Article 1 paragraph (24) indicates, "The Election Organizer Honor Council, hereinafter abbreviated as DKPP, is an entity in charge of dealing with infractions of the Election Organizer's code of ethics. The provisions that mention the sanctions for violations of the election organizer's code of ethics are regulated in DKPP Regulation No. 1 of 2021 concerning the Second Amendment to the regulation of the Election Organizer Honorary Council No. 3 of 2017 concerning Procedural Guidelines for the Code of Ethics for General Election Organizers Article 31 paragraph 4 indicates that if the DKPP's finalization judges that the Respondent and/or Reported Party breached, the DKPP imposes sanctions in the form of a written warning, temporary dismissal, or permanent dismissal. Thus, it is determined that the implementation of the code of ethics in Indonesia, particularly in the election management body, DKPP, must prevent violations of the code of ethics committed by election organizers in order to ensure democratic elections.

Social Media and Information Integrity in Elections in Nepal

This paper intends to explore how elections are being influenced through social media and what managerial measures have been adopted to promote information integrity in the electoral context of Nepal. This paper found that the political parties along with candidates and the Election Commission of Nepal enhanced the use of social media for disseminating electoral information in the elections. Moreover, besides the informational aspect of the social media in elections such as discussions, deliberations as well as concerns over disinformation and misinformation in elections, the aspects of emotional appeal and response are also found dominant. In this context, for promoting information integrity and deterring information pollution in elections, the Election Commission of Nepal as an independent election management body is found to have used a 3-P strategic model composed of promotional, preventive and punitive approaches with having a focus on informational aspect of social media in elections. However, dependingon the deep-rooted social and cultural values, prevalent information culture, information behavior, globalized information environment as well as subject to the level of individual educational status and media literacy in the populace, myriad challenges including informational and emotional deceptions tend to appear in elections in Nepal.

Extraordinary parliamentary elections in Ukraine during martial law

The article is devoted to the little-studied issue in Ukraine of the legislative ban on extraordinary, or early, parliamentary elections during the period of the special legal regime of martial law. The subject of the study is such a type of early parliamentary elections as interim elections of people’s deputies. The relevance of the researched issue is determined by the ongoing martial law regime in Ukraine and the legislative ban on holding any elections, the necessity of which arises during this martial law. It is noted that the difference between ordinary and extraordinary parliamentary elections in the conditions of this martial law is that the ban on holding ordinary parliamentary elections leaves the country with a valid parliament, and the ban on holding extraordinary parliamentary elections deprives the country of a valid parliament. In order to investigate the legality of the application of this ban to the interim elections of people’s deputies, the following was analyzed: first, the legislative justification of the state election management body in Ukraine regarding the non-appointment and non-holding of these interim parliamentary elections during this martial law, using the example of the latest case from December 13, 2023; and secondly, the publications of Ukrainian scientists regarding these interim parliamentary elections in the conditions of this martial law. It was found out, firstly, that this ban is not a norm of the Constitution of Ukraine neither for scientists nor for the state election management body, and secondly, that this ban does not have an indisputable link of consistency with the Constitution of Ukraine: some legal researchers claim , that this ban corresponds to Article 64 of the Constitution of Ukraine, but other researchers of this Article 64 come to conclusions that exclude the possibility of consistency of this ban with this article of the Constitution of Ukraine. It is substantiated that the content of Article 64 of the Constitution of Ukraine has three meanings regarding the interim elections of people’s deputies during this martial law: 1) they can be held, 2) they can not be held, 3) they can be held with a limited number of voters. It is proposed to consider as an alternative to this prohibition of by-elections of people’s deputies during this state of war martial law electoral qualification - a special and temporary restriction of the circle of voters for holding these by-elections in the conditions of this war. A variant of this qualification is proposed - the qualification of a legal entity.

Where Are the Sore Losers? Competitive Authoritarianism, Incumbent Defeat, and Electoral Trust in Zambia's 2021 Election.

How do electoral turnovers shape citizen perceptions of election quality in competitive authoritarian regimes? We argue that electoral outcomes are crucial for determining perceptions of electoral quality. While detailed evaluation of electoral trust is complex in competitive autocracies with institutional uncertainty and polarized electoral environments, turnovers send strong and unequivocal signals about election quality. Previous literature has noted a strong partisan divide in electoral trust in competitive authoritarian regimes, but turnovers can boost trust among both incumbent and opposition supporters. We test this argument in the case of Zambia's 2021 election, a case where a ruling party lost despite electoral manipulation and strong control over the Election Management Body (EMB). Empirically, we leverage the first-ever panel survey carried out during Zambian elections. Comparing trust in elections before and after the election, we find that perceived election quality increased after the 2021 electoral turnover among both losers and winners. We find that trust in elections increased the most among winning opposition supporters. Moreover, despite the outgoing president's attempt to portray the election as fraudulent, losing ruling-party supporters also increased their trust in elections after the turnover. The study has important implications for the literature on democratic consolidation and institutional trust.

Developing a Unique Identifier of Smallest Possible Ballot Area that Create One-One-Match with Voting Unit Identifier for Efficient Election Management in Jos South LGA Plateau State, Nigeria

The in-efficient approach adopted in managing election data by the Election Management Body (EMB), coupled with none-application of Geographic Information System (GIS) resulted into series of election fraud, particularly in the 2023 general election and the recent off-season governorship elections in Kogi, Bayelsa and Imo States in November 11th, 2023. That is why this article aimed at using GIS in developing unique identifier for the smallest possible ballot area that create one-one-match with voting unit identifier, in order to effectively manage election process. That is why, developing a unique identifier of smallest possible ballot area that create one-one-match with voting unit identifier for efficient election management is so generic, particularly when establishing a geo-spatial election database. A Geo-Relational Database Management System (GRDBMS) on MySQL format was developed after a detailed study data needs assessment which provides a ‘strong entity relation’ table. The result at prompt of ArcGIS using ‘Polling unit’ as the Strong Entity (SE) revealed in tabular format showing one-one-match voter. That is, each voter is designated a specific ballot point, name and address geo-coded and other bio-metric characteristics in spread sheet. This indeed enable the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) to effectively plan for election and be the owner and custodian of election fundamental datasets for election planning processes.

Geo-enabled election for efficient management of election processes in Du District of Plateau

One of the major reasons adduced by the military junta in the recent waves of coup-d’etat experienced in Africa and some West-Africa sub-region was floored election process hence the need for geo-enabled election process that is vivid. The aim of this article is to geo-enabled the entire election process by delineating and standardizing electoral Constituencies and Wards to a convenient size that is relative to the demographic characteristics. The fidelity of an election process in Nigeria can only be preserved and sustained by geo-enabling the entire process in phases. The recent past election trajectory in Nigeria revealed different election maleficent that defiled all election protocols and standards. The three key stakeholders involved in election processes may not be exonerated from these election improprieties especially the political pundits and the election management body (INEC), because of their varying interests; although there are some gullible electorates willing to mortgage their votes for a morsel of bread. The article demonstrated a proto-type geo-enabled election process of Du district (constituency) in Jos South LGA of Plateau State by using GIS and GPNAS to structure both spatial and attribute election data in order to delineate effectively constituency and ward boundaries and carry all stakeholders along. The result include Constituency map with a well defined boundary, roads linking ballot places; ward maps and table showing the geographic coordinates of ballot areas. The article has unveiled to all the stakeholders what to expect from the election umpire, navigate to ballot places and how to plan effectively before, during and after election.

Geo-coding of Voter’s Residential Address: A Panacea to Election Malpractice in Jos South LGA of Plateau State, Nigeria

According to NSGIC’s Geo-Enabled Elections project 2017-2019, transiting from the un-verifiable election method to Geographic Information System (GIS), elections management requires a sound plan, effort, and resolve. The inherent technical capacity of GIS visualization and analytical advantages involves replacing non-spatial ‘voter’s address file’ systems with election district and voter location data in a GIS format. But in practice, it require some additional investment, technology and resolve to answer the most frequently asked question from the electorates ‘If the election management body (INEC) in Nigeria knows the geographic locations of their voters’. This task of-course require a relentless efforts from INEC and building the staff capacities continuously. The file geodatabase of point attribute data set of all voters in the study was exported to ArcMap of ArcGIS into the geo-coder, where parameters were set for both urban and rural at prompt. The result on a spread-sheet format revealed name of each voter, the demographic characteristics, location (in terms of latitude and longitude) and shortest or nearest voting point. This reduces to a great extent multiple voting, reduce apathy and help INEC plan effectively.

Absolute Authority Of Bawaslu In Handling Election Violations Post The Determination Of The National Results

Indonesia is a country that adheres to a democratic system, and the people are an essential element where people can freely express their opinions and choose leaders according to their wishes. Bawaslu exists as an election management body tasked with overseeing the implementation of elections throughout the territory of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. The purpose of this research is to see the absolute bawaslu authority in handling election violations post the determination of the national results, research methodology of literature studies, and review of Indonesian laws and regulations with the conclusion obtained by Bawaslu has the authority to receive and follow up on reports relating to alleged violations of the implementation of laws and regulations regarding elections before setting the results nationally. Bawaslu is not responsible for dealing with election violations after the determination of the results nationally, which is because the case was after the determination.

Stakeholders Mapping in Election Management in West Nusa Tenggara Province

Purpose: This study aims to analyze stakeholder mapping as a model for strengthening the role of stakeholders in election management. This model explores the success of election management using a collaborative approach between election management bodies, namely the General Election Commission, the Election Supervisory Body, and election stakeholders. Method: The object of study is limited to the 2019 elections in West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) Province. This study uses a qualitative method with a case study approach. The findings of the research show that the stakeholders collaborating in election management are mapped using the hepta-helix model, namely the collaboration model of seven stakeholders: (1) the election management body; (2) the government; (3) the business world; (4) NGOs; (5) mass media; (6) universities; and (7) political parties. Results and Conclusions: This finding proves that election management has implemented the concept of collaborative governance. Nonetheless, collaborative governance in election management does not place all collaborative actors in decision-making. Specifically for the decision-making stage, this is the function of the election management body, while other actors function as a support system in the management of election management. The weakness of collaborative election management practices is that the categories and functions of each actor as a stakeholder have not been mapped. Research implications: This study recommends that the application of the collaborative governance model in election management should be preceded by the preparation of stakeholder mapping into the main, key, and secondary stakeholder categories with their respective functional roles. Originality/value: The findings of stakeholder mapping in election management emphasize that the application of the concept of collaborative governance from Anssel and Gash which is well established in the science of public administration will only be successful if it is supported by stakeholder mapping initiated by Grimble and Wellard, as well as the election stakeholder model initiated by Allen Wall.

Electoral management for a maturing democracy: A look at the contribution of the South African Electoral Commission

ABSTRACT This article seeks to provide a reliable indication of the contribution of the Electoral Commission of South Africa as an example of an election management body (EMB) in cultivating a mature democracy in South Africa. The measure of a maturing democracy is operationalised by applying the concept of the quality of democracy combined with the ideal role of elections in democracies. The discussion then focused on the EMB’s institutional framework (constitutional and legislative), as well as on perceptions of its performance and on its reputation as a democratic agent, approached from a social constructionist perspective. The main conclusion is that the commission has and continues to make a significant contribution to South Africa’s maturing democracy, but that its contribution is tempered by a decline in the public’s trust – possibly a reflection of the decline in South Africans’ trust in democracy in general.

DISCOURSE ON ELECTION DISTRICT ARRANGEMENTS OF DPR RI

Article 187 paragraph (5) Law Number 7/2017 (Election Law) stipulates that the arrangement of the electoral districts for DPR members and the number of seats for each electoral district is determined by the legislators by attaching them in Appendix III Election Law. The existence of these provisions prompted the Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) Association for Elections and Democracy (Perludem) to submit a judicial review to the Constitutional Court. With the issuance of Constitutional Court Decision Number 80/PUU-XX/2022, the arrangements regarding electoral districts have undergone quite significant changes. This research is a normative legal research with a qualitative type. The problem approach used is the case, statutory, and comparative approach. The results of the study show that the arrangements regarding electoral districts have undergone significant changes after the issuance of the Constitutional Court Decision Number 80/PUU-XX/2022. This change can be seen from the authority to prepare and allocate seats which were previously in the hands of the legislators (through Annexes III of the Election Law) to the KPU (through KPU Regulations). In addition, several electoral arrangements in Brazil can be adopted by Indonesia, including regarding the proportional calculation method, population data, and the election management body as the institution authorized to manage electoral districts.

Constructing Democracy: The Underlying Factors That Create a Healthy Democracy

Objective: This paper seeks to analyze how three different factors affect the health of a democracy: voter turnout, electoral system, and election management body. Background: While extensive literature discusses voting’s impacts on policy, little literature specifically correlates it with democratic health. For years, scholars have debated the merits of various electoral systems, especially regarding the structure of new democracies in Africa and Asia. Most scholars agree that there is not one particular system that is universally advantageous over the rest; instead, the optimal system depends on the country in question and the specific goals and criteria. This paper will analyze 9 main electoral systems (Table 1) and their impacts on the health of democracy. Election Management Bodies (EMBS) manage the operations of an election. The 3 main types are Governmental, Independent, and Mixed. Methods: Various datasets from International IDEA, are used to achieve the objective of this paper. For each main question, boxplots are generated to visualize the distribution of democratic health across the categories. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is used to determine whether any statistically significant differences exist. Results: The first ANOVA model reveals that nations with a high health of democracy have a greater average voter turnout than those with medium health of democracy, and likewise for medium and low. Furthermore, a statistically significant difference exists between List PR and TRS regarding their impacts on a democracy’s health. Finally, Governmental EMBs are associated with high-performing democracies, while Independent EMBs are dominant in Authoritarian regimes. This is statistically significant.

INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT OF GENERAL ELECTIONS COMMISSION AND THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2024 ELECTION

This article explains the General Elections Commission (KPU) institution in facing the 2024 General Election (Pemilu). The main aims to understand the process of forming an election management body and its institutional transformation as well as the readiness of the KPU in facing the 2024 simultaneous elections. This paper tends to use verstehen analysis which developed by Weber, to look within the institution and slightly oriented towards phenomenological analysis developed by Berger and Luckmann. This research employs genealogical perspective as theoretical perspective. In general, this article concludes that to hold clean election, independent and credible institutions are needed. Therefore; First, it is necessary to strengthen the capacity, technical capabilities and the substance of election organizers, support from human resources with integrity is needed to produce elections with dignity; Second, the readiness of regulations and policies related to all stages of the election and election program can be carried out in accordance with the regulations and stages that govern them; Third, strengthening the organizing institutions to encourage voter participation through outreach and voter education in order to have critical, intelligent voters, and those who reject money politics, not easily mobilized and anti-hoax.

The Role Of The Regional Election Commission (Kpud) For Increasing Voter Participation (Study In Timor Tengah Selatan District, Ntt Province)

One indicator of the success of holding elections is increasing voter participation, so the Regional General Election Commission (KPUD) of TTS Regency, as the election management body, must strive to increase voter participation to exercise their right to vote. This research uses qualitative methods and a case study approach and is located in TTS District. Primary data in this study were taken through direct interviews with KPUD members and the community involved and not involved in the 2019 TTS Regency Election with a total of 38 informants, while the secondary data in this study were taken from library data, journals and election documents for 2019 then the collected data were analyzed using data analysis techniques from Yin (2008: 34) which were predominantly carried out in case study research. The results of the study found that the role of the TTS Regency KPUD in increasing community participation was through; (1) Electoral education, namely using; (a) conducting outreach, (b) forming democracy volunteers and (c) establishing election smart houses but the turnout rate of voters in TTS Regency is still low due to factors of no KTP, distance to the residence, wandering, not having a mobile phone, apathy and resignation, being late find out information and the lack of signal coverage in TTS District in several locations

Kekuatan Eksekutorial Putusan Badan Pengawas Pemilu dalam Penyelesaian Pelanggaran Administrasi Pemilihan Umum

Abstract: The Election Supervisory Body (Bawaslu) is an election management body that oversees the implementation of elections under the provisions of law to receive, examine, review, and rule on violations of the election administration. The decision issued by Bawaslu and its apparatus is intended so that the decision can be directly implemented (self-executing) and is mandatory, therefore, it might arises questions supposing the General Elections Commission (KPU) did not implement the decision made by Bawaslu. Apart from that, another question arises about the executorial power of the Bawaslu in resolving the matter of the election administrative violations. Purpose: The method used in this research is normative legal research. There are several approaches in legal research, however, using this approach will have the author able to obtain information from various aspects in seeking the answer to the issues. The approach in this research is a statute approach. Design/Methodology/Approach: The method used in this research is normative legal research. There are several approaches in legal research, however, using this approach will have the author able to obtain information from various aspects in seeking the answer to the issues. The approach in this research is a statute approach. Findings: As stated in the provisions of the General Election Law, “KPU, Provincial KPU, and Regency/Municipal KPU are “obliged” to implement the decision of Bawaslu, Provincial Bawaslu, and Regency/Municipal Bawasul no later than 3 (three) working days from the date the decision is read.” If the decision is not implemented, “In the event that the KPU, Provincial KPU, Regency/Municipal KPU, PPK, PPS, or the Contestants do not implement the decisions of Bawaslu, Provincial Bawaslu, Regency/Municipal Bawaslu, therefore Bawaslu, Provincial Bawaslu, Regency/Municipal Bawaslu file a complaint to DKPP.” Originality/Value: There have not many studies of the executorial power of the Bawaslu decision, therefore the author considers this as original research.

Pendanaan Lembaga Penyelenggara Pemilu (EMB)

This article reveals that the financial funding of the election management body (KPU) to support the stages of general election management still relies on the state budget. This condition happens considering that elections are a five-year periodic agenda in accordance with the foundation of the constitution. There are three models of election financing, namely core cost or direct financing; diffuse cost or indirect financing; and integrity costs or financing to develop the integrity of organizers so that elections run democratically. This research used the literature method, combined with the results of direct observation, and it found that the dependence of election financing on the state makes the KPU inflexible in drafting election financing activities because it must consult with the government as the owner of the budget and the DPR as political stakeholders.

PARTISIPASI DAN REPRESENTASI PEREMPUAN DALAM PENYELENGGARAAN PEMILU

Realizing equal access for women and men to be actively involved in politics and the political decision making process still requires special attention from stakeholders in various countries in the world. One of the crucial problems is that there is still an imbalance in the composition of men and women in representative institutions. So far, the focus of women's rights in politics has always looked at the representation of women as candidates for legislative, executive, and even management members in political parties and very rarely discusses women's representation as election organizers such as in the General Election Commission (KPU), Election Supervisory Agency (BAWASLU), as well as the Election Organizing Ethics Council (DKPP). Women's political rights are essentially not only about the presence of women in political parties and parliaments but in the whole process of organizing elections, including election monitoring. Professional election management institutions are one of the determinants of democratic elections. The opening of access and opportunities for women to become members of the election administration is one of the indicators used to determine whether the election management body has democratically.

With Corona 시대의 선거방역과 민주주의의 과제

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of the corona virus pandemic on South Korea's general election. We are paying particular attention to the election campaign and voter turnout. It will also analyze the impact on candidates' election campaigns and overseas elections. Election campaign spending has been cut in the 2020 general election due to the corona virus pandemic. Voter turnout for overseas elections has also dropped significantly. These two results mean that the corona virus is negatively affecting the election. How ever, early voting rates are increasing. The reason is that they chose early voting to avoid congestion on election day. In the with Corona era, flexible operation of election system and election law is required. A change in the role of the electoral management body is necessary, but an active role, not a passive one, is required. In the 2020 general election, the election management body made the process of election prevention transparent. Polling stations Voter participation is increasing as the quarantine process is made public. In South Korea, the issue of confidence in voters and election management bodies has become a political issue.

Challenges and problems in the recruitment of ad hoc workers of election management body at the local level: Evidence from Banyumas

The prevailing national regulation on the recruitment of PPK, PPS, and KPPS staff sets forth that those temporary officers can be of service for only two periods of general election and cannot be involved afterwards. This regulation actually has positive aspect, but is not easy in its implementation. This article aims at examining the challenges and problems faced by the election management body at local level (Regency KPU) in preparing the human resource of ad hoc staff for the 2019 general election in Indonesia. This article was based on a qualitative research conducted in 2020 in Banyumas Regency, Central Java. This article shows that challenges that had to be faced by Regency KPU in the recruitment of ad hoc employees were the duration of screening and the way village leaders socialized the information regarding the recruitment. Whereas, the involvement of young generation and women as general election ad hoc workers in Banyumas was still low because of a number of factors, from know-how of general election to having lack information of the recruitment. This study concludes that actor’s action choice is limited by a number of matters, such as the path previously taken, rules regulating the agency, and social-political context.

Post-election litigations outcome and the credibility of the election management institution in Nigeria, 1999-2019

Over the years, Nigeria has continued to search for better ways of consolidating her fragile democracy. This study therefore, seeks to examine how the electoral process, particularly post-election litigations have contributed to strengthening democratic governance in Nigeria within the period under study. To achieve this, the study adopted the Liberal Democratic Theory as a theoretical guide and ex-post-facto research design. The Documentary Method of data collection was employed for collecting data while the Qualitative Descriptive Method was used for analyzing the data. The study found that the credibility of the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) has been truncated at different periods. Again, both the post-election litigations outcome and the credibility of the election management body (INEC) were dependent on the credibility of the leadership of INEC at different periods. In order words, if the leadership of INEC lacks credibility, it will definitely impact on the credibility of the elections, the post-election litigation outcomes and the overall credibility of INEC as an institution. The study therefore recommends that proper scrutinizing of the leadership of INEC be always done before appointment, to ensure that people of integrity are appointed into such office since their actions immensely shape the electoral process.