Extension Of Elbow Joint Research Articles

A reevaluation of the manus structure in Triceratops (Ceratopsia: Ceratopsidae)

ABSTRACT A Triceratops, NSM PV 20379, excavated from the Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation, Bowman County, North Dakota, USA, confirms the articulation of the right forearm. Detailed study of the forelimb anatomy presented here indicates the manus is in a semi-supinated orientation. This reconstruction is based upon the following morphology: the row of the metacarpals was arranged in an ‘L’-shape in proximal view, as is the distal articular surface of the forearm is in articulation; the second digit is directed parallel to the rotational plane of the elbow joint, reinforced by neighboring digits I and III, and these three inner digits are articulated with the broad articular surface of the radius. Arrangement and directions of robust inner digits seem to be suitably arranged for a powerful stroke exerted by the elbow joint extension. Cerapods, including ceratopsians and ornithopods, share following morphology of the manus: long and robust metacarpals II and III, ungual phalanges on digits I to III, reduced digits IV and V, and a divergent metacarpal V. A laterally oriented manus with reduced outer digits is present in the basal bipedal group of the Cerapoda. Although reversal to a quadrupedal stance and a evolution to a large, heavy body occurred independently in many lineages of Cerapoda, the basic features of the manus were retained throughout Neoceratopsia.

The Clinical Observation on the Influence of Guo's MaQian Decoction on Joint Flexion and Extension of Elbow and Knee Joints of Moderate Skeletal Fluorosis

Objective To observe the degree of joint flexion and extension of elbow and knee joints of moderate skeletal fluorosis patients before and after treatment and to assess the effects of Gun's MaQian decoction in treating moderate skeletal fluorosis. Methods 54 moderate skeletal fluorosis patients were randomly recruited into a treatment group and a control group. The treatment group was treated with Gun's MaQian decoction initially, and changed to be treated with GuKangNing capsule after 8 weeks' treatment. The control group was treated with placebo at first, and also changed to be treated with GuKangNing capsule after 8 weeks. Results Joint flexion and extension of elbow was improved greatly in both groups after the treatment, while the treatment group showing better effects than the control group (P<0.05). The improvement of joint flexion and extension of knee had not showed a statistical significance after the treatment. A 24 weeks follow-up to the joint flexion and extension of both elbow and knee revealed obvious improvement and the difference between the two groups were significance (P<0.05). Conclusion Gun's MaQian decoction can improve the flexion and extension of elbow and knee in moderate skeletal fluorosis patients. Key words: Skeletal fluorosis; Nux Vomica; Elbow and kneejoint; Activity

Joint Torque and Angle Estimation by Using Ultrasound Transmitted through Human Muscle

We have proposed a brand-new noninvasive method of joint torque and joint angle estimation by using ultrasound sensor for detecting muscle movement. In this study, the movement of biceps muscle and triceps muscle of human arm are detected with the ultrasound sensors. These muscles have a relation to contraction and extension of elbow joint. We conducted an examination of joint torque estimation under constant joint angles. We also conducted an examination of joint angle estimation under constant joint torques. In these examinations, torque or angle on the elbow joint was measured by using a torque sensor or an 1-Link Arm. The estimations were carried out with Nonlinear regression equations. Correlation coefficients between measured torque/angle and estimated one were calculated. The results show that these estimations by using ultrasound were successful.

Is isometric strength loss immediately after eccentric exercise related to changes in indirect markers of muscle damage?

This study tested the hypothesis that the magnitude of maximal isometric strength (MVC) loss immediately following eccentric exercise (MVC-post) would relate to changes in other indirect markers of muscle damage following exercise. Eighty-nine men were recruited from the same student population and performed 24 maximal eccentric actions of the elbow flexors. Commonly used markers of muscle damage such as relaxed and flexed elbow joint angles, range of motion (ROM), upper-arm circumference, muscle soreness, and plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity were measured before, immediately after, and 1-4 d after exercise. Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficients (r) between change in MVC-post and other markers of muscle damage, as well as MVC during recovery days, were calculated. Changes in MVC-post ranged from -72.8% to -17.6%, and correlated significantly (p < 0.01) with MVC at 1 (r = 0.59), 2 (0.63), 3 (0.61), and 4 (0.62) d after exercise. Reduction in MVC-post also correlated significantly (p < 0.05) with changes in relaxed (r = 0.50) and flexed elbow joint angles (-0.40), ROM (0.55), arm circumference (-0.45), peak palpation (-0.34) and extension muscle soreness (-0.48), and peak CK activity (-0.59). However, the r values were not necessarily high, and MVC-post poorly reflected the distribution of some measures, such as peak CK activity (124 - 50 440 IU x L(-1). These results suggest that MVC-post is not a strong correlate of the changes in markers of muscle damage following eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors.

The effect of task instruction on the excitability of spinal and supraspinal reflex pathways projecting to the biceps muscle

There is controversy within the literature regarding the influence of task instruction on the size of the long-latency stretch reflex (M2) elicited by a joint displacement. The aim of this study was to investigate if the previously reported task-dependent modulation of the M2 is specific to the M2 or can be explained by an early release of the intended voluntary response. We took advantage of the fact that the M2 is absent when the duration of the applied perturbation is less than a critical time period. This allowed us to examine modulation of muscle activity with and without the contribution of the M2. In addition, we applied transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the primary motor cortex to examine the modulation of corticomotor excitability with task instruction. Elbow joint extension displacements were used to elicit a stretch reflex in the biceps muscle. Subjects were instructed to "do not intervene" (DNI) with the applied perturbation, or to oppose the perturbation by activating the elbow flexors in response to the perturbation (FLEX). Electromyographic (EMG) activity in the time period corresponding to the M2 was significantly facilitated in the FLEX task instruction both with and without the presence of the M2. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) elicited by TMS were also facilitated during the FLEX condition in the absence of the M2. EMG and MEP responses were not facilitated until immediately prior to the onset of the M2. Paired-pulse TMS revealed a significant reduction in short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) during the M2 response, but the level of SICI was not altered by the task instruction. We conclude that the task-dependent modulation of the biceps M2 results, at least in part, from an early release of the prepared movement and is accompanied by an increase in corticospinal excitability that is not specific to the M2 pathway. Task-dependent modulation of the response cannot be explained by an alteration in the excitability of intracortical inhibitory circuits.

野球オーバーハンド投球における上肢・上肢帯筋活動の表面筋電図分析

In order to investigate muscle activity during overhand baseball pitching, surface EMG analysis of muscles in the shoulder girdle and upper limb was performed. The subjects were two college baseball players. Surface EMG was recorded from 25 portions of 16 muscles: the long and short head of the biceps brachii, the coracobrachialis, the brachialis, the lateral, medial and long head of the triceps brachii, the anterior, middle and posterior deltoid, the sternocostalis of the pectoralis major, the latissimus dorsi, the upper, middle and lower trapezius, three portions of the serratus anterior, the pronator teres, the flexor carpi radialis, the flexor carpi ulnalis, the extensor carpi radialis, the extensor digitorum, the extensor carpi ulnalis, and the brachioradialis. After rectifying the surface EMGs, their linear envelopes were extracted with a digital low-pass filter. The duration, timing and similarity of these muscle activities before and after ball-release were analyzed quantitatively through auto-correlation and cross-correlation analysis of the envelopes. The biceps and the brachialis were activated in the cocking phase and follow-through phase, and played a role in preparing for acceleration and deceleration in each phase. The triceps was activated in the acceleration phase and elbow joint extension, and contributed to the increase of ball speed by minimizing the moment of inertia about the longitudinal axis of the upper limb. The coracobrachialis was activated from the cocking phase until ball-release, and contributed to the horizontal extension of the shoulder joint. The latissimus dorsi and the pectoralis major were activated in the acceleration phase, and the duration of their activity was shorter than that of the other muscles. The activities of the trapezius and the serratus anterior differed between the two subjects. These activities in one subject were simultaneous in the acceleration phase, and those in the other were separate in the cocking phase. These activities probably represent differences in the control of scapula motion during pitching. The peak activities of the forearm muscles were concentrated in the ball-release phase, and the duration of activity was longer in the extensor muscles than in the flexor muscles. This type of correlation analysis is useful for extracting information about muscle activity during baseball pitching.

2A1-12 上肢屈曲・伸展運動のパワーアシストのためのユーザの動作意図の識別について(講演,パワーアシスト,日本機械学会 オーガナイズドセッション)

2A1-12 上肢屈曲・伸展運動のパワーアシストのためのユーザの動作意図の識別について(講演,パワーアシスト,日本機械学会 オーガナイズドセッション)

Replantation of high severed upper arm: a case report

目的 报告一例上臂高位断肢再植的治疗结果.方法对1例左上臂高位断肢患者的病史,术后功能的恢复进行分析.结果本例患者术后再植肢体肿胀不明显,创面一期愈合.139d后,手指出现轻微的屈指运动,6个月后,左手出现触觉痛,8个月后,骨折线模糊,主动运动肩关节外展30°,前屈20°,肘关节屈75°,伸0,腕关节背伸0,掌屈15°,大小鱼际肌及手内在肌轻度萎缩,呈爪形手,被动屈曲时指尖能接近掌指关节,伸指受限,被动活动度达正常范围,腕关节近端痛觉,触压觉及温冷觉明显恢复,左手感觉尚未恢复.结论上臂高位离断再植的适应症是肢体完整,缺血时间短,神经非根性撕脱伤,且患者年轻,全身情况良好,应尽量给予再植。

여자 창던지기 도움닫기 최종 1보 착지와 릴리즈 국면의 운동학적 분석

The purpose of this study was to investigate a three dimensional kinematic variables about the last stride and the release phase of the throwing technique for female javelin throwers. For the motion analysis, Six female javelin throwers were used as subjects. Three-dimensional coordinates were collected using the Kwon3D Motion Analysis Package Version 2.1 Program. Two S-VHS Video Cameras were used to record the locations and orientations of control object and the performances of the subjects at a frequency of 6.0 HZ. After the kinematic variables such as the time, the distance, the velocity, and the angle were analyzed about the last stride and release phase, the followings were achieved; 1. For the effectively javelin throwing, the subjects appeared to do long the approach time in the phasel of landing phase, and short the delivery time in release phase 2. In the release event, the other subjects except for subject A appeared to throwing in the lower condition than the height of themselves. This result showed to slow the projecion velocity. 3. For increase the projection vcelocity of the upper extremity joint in the release event, it appeared to do extend rather the shoulder angle than increase the extension of elbow joint. 4. The body of COG angle showed to gradually increase nearly at the vertical axis in the release event. But the front lean angle of trunk showed a small angle compare to increase of the body of COG angle. Therefore for the effectively momentum transmission of the whole body in the javelin, the front and back lean angle of trunk appeared to do fastly transfer the angle displacement in the arch posture or the crescent condition during the deliverly motion of the release phase.

Stroke motor recovery: active neuromuscular stimulation and repetitive practice schedules

Objective:To investigate progress toward motor recovery in patients with chronic hemiparesis (mean time since stroke 3.2 years), comparing different types of practice schedules. Design:To increase voluntary control of the upper...

The Effects of the Taping Therapy on Range of Motion, Pain and Depression in Stroke Patient

The purpose of this study was to test the effect of Taping therapy on Range of Motion, pain, and depression in stroke patients in the home without complete recovery as a means of nursing intervention. Twenty seven subjects out of fifty four people who were attending in the stroke self-help group in one community health center in S city were asked to participate in this Quai-experimental study. The Taping therapy was a method that stick to the illness area and the point of pressure pain, the elastic and cross tape without medicine treatment with domestic products. Nursing intervention was independently completed by researcher once a week over two period of 12 weeks from September 2001 to March 2002 year. Data were analyzed using the SPSS win. The homogeneity between the experimental group and control group was test by chi2 and t-test. The difference of experimental before and after were tested by the unpaired t-test. The shoulder joint flexion and abduction, the elbow joint flexion and extension, the hip joint flexion, and the flexion of knee joint in the ROM of the experimental group were significantly improved over those of the control group. In difference of pain, rest and painful movement, the experimental group were significantly decreased over those of the control group. The difference of depression in experimental before and after was significantly decreased in the experimental group over those of the control group. The Taping therapy intervention proved effect pain relief and depression decrease as well as promote of range of motion.

Simultaneous ipsilateral fractures of distal and proximal ends of the radius

We treated a patient with a rare combination of ipsilateral fractures of the distal and proximal ends of the radius. A woman aged 52 years had simultaneous fractures of the distal and proximal ends of the radius (radial head and neck) after she fell from a high place. The fracture of the radial head was treated by open fixation with a cancellous bone screw, and the fractured distal end of the radius was treated by bone graft, with the subsequent application of an external fixator. At the 1-year follow up, the patient had minor residual limitation of forearm pronation and elbow joint extension, but she had no pain on movement, and had a good result based on Cooney’s score (90 points).

脱臼骨折後の肘関節拘縮に対する関節授動術について

Five cases of elbow joint contracture following fracture-dislocation were mobilized. Operations were performed 3 to 17 months after injury (mean: 12.4 months). The first three cases were operated through postero-lateral incision only. Medial incision was added to the last two cases. Forty-eight hours after operation, patients were encouraged to receive early ROM exercise with the CPM unit. The average ROM of the elbow joint before the operation was -43.4 degrees (extension) and 101 degrees (flexion). ROM became -25 degrees (extension) and 123 degrees (flexion) one month after operation and -14 degrees (extension) and 135.6 degrees (flexion) at the final examination. Expecially after operation through medial and postero-lateral incisions, full extension of elbow joints was gained eventually. We found that early ROM exercise with CPM unit and throught mobilization by medial and postern-lateral incisions were effective to improving limited ROM in stiff elbows follwing fracture-deslocation.

ELECTROMECHANICAL DELAY OF UPPER AND LOWER LIMBS

866 The purpose of this study was to measure electromechanical delay (EMD) under isometric, concentric and eccentric conditions in extension and flexion movements of elbow and knee joints, and planter flexion and dorsal flexion of ankle joint, and to examine whether peculiarity was seen in the EMD of each joint. The subjects were six males and ten females undergraduate untrained students. The measurement of EMD was performed using a dynamometer (KinCom) with the angular velocity of 0°/sec (isometric muscle action) and 60°/sec (concentric and eccentric muscle actions) respectively, and all tests was performed with the force levels of 100% maximum voluntary contraction. As a result, the EMD of elbow and knee joints showed a significant shorter value (p<0.05∼p<0.01) in extension than in flexion. Also, ankle joint showed a significant shorter value of EMD in planter flexion than in dorsal flexion. The EMD between the each joint (elbow, knee and ankle) was the shortest value in the ankle joint, the second shortest value was elbow joint, and the third shortest value was knee joint. The EMD between the each muscle action (isometric, concentric and eccentric) showed a significant shorter value (p<0.05∼p<0.01) in eccentric muscle action than in isometric and concentric muscle actions both each joint. Furthermore, the shortest value was 53.3 ± 9.5 msec (eccentric muscle action) in planter flexion of ankle joint. These results cleared that a difference was seen in EMD of each joint. It was considered that, this difference was probably caused by internal factor of muscle (in words, in such cases as the muscle composition) and the character of the agonist and antagonist, and so on.

Two sib cases of Leber congenital amaurosis with cerebellar vermis hypoplasia and multiple systemic anomalies

Leber's congenital amaurosis (LCA), a type of congenital blindness, is clinically and genetically heterogeneous and often associated with systemic anomalies. We report on two sisters who were born to a consanguineous couple and had retinitis pigmentosa-like pigmented retinal lesions, alternating exotropia, bilateral cataracts, and anomalous coarse facies characterized by deformed skull with narrow forehead, low anterior hairline, hypertelorism, short philtrum, thin upper lip, and prominent jaw; cerebellar vermis hypoplasia; dilatation of the fourth ventricle; severe mental retardation; tremor; brisk deep tendon reflexes and abnormal behavior; and skeletal abnormalities such as limited extension of elbow and/ or finger joints and talipes equinovalgus. Skin defect and renal anomalies were seen in only one patient. Our patients are the first familial LCA associated with cerebellar vermis hypoplasia, and the disease involving particular multiple systemic anomalies may represent a distinct clinical entity.

ヒト肘関節伸筋の筋活動度-角度-等尺性トルク関係と-負荷トルク-速度関係

Muscles have elastic- and viscous-like properties in the contractile mechanism itself. These elastic- and viscous-like properties are controlled by muscle activity. It is important to maintain muscle activity constant when these properties are investigated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the elbow joint torque-angle and torque-velocity relation at constant muscle activity in voluntary contraction. Our targets of experiments were static position control and isovelocity extending of the elbow joint on a horizontal plane. A subject was instructed to maintain the posture of the upper extremity at a pre-determined position (static condition) or to extend the elbow joint at constant velocity (isovelocity condition) and not to cause coactivation of antagonist muscles. First, we measured IEMGs at various elbow joint angles, extending velocities (0, 30, 60, 90[deg/s]), and with various external loads (0, 2.8, 5.6, 8.4[%] of the maximum voluntary contraction). Then we constructed a model describing the torque-angle-IEMG relation and torque-velocity-IEMG relation with the aid of an artificial neural network technique. Finally, we estimated the torque at various elbow joint angles or various extending velocities while the IEMGs were kept constant. The elbow joint torque increased with increasing elbow joint angle in both the static condition and the isovelocity condition. The increase of elbow joint torque means that the flexor muscles of the elbow joint have a spring-like property, because the extensor muscles are stretched with the increase of elbow joint angle. This property agrees with that of a monkey's triceps. The elbow joint torque decreased with increase in the extending velocity. This means that viscous-like property is not negligible. In the case of extracted muscle fibres, the torque-velocity relation represents a hyperbolic curve. However, in this study, the relation seems to be a linear function rather than a hyperbolic curve. The main reason was that the extending velocity was much slower than the maximum velocity of elbow joint extension (1400-2200[deg/s]). In this study, the elastic-like properties of some subjects were not enhanced while the muscle activity increased. However the properties of other subjects were enhanced. It is known that extracted muscle fibres have high elasticity when they are strongly stimulated. If we assume that the contractile force and the viscosity of muscles are proportional to both the muscle activity and the muscle length (elbow joint angle), the elbow joint angle is determined by the muscle activity.

EC syndrome In a girl with paracentric inversion (7)(q22A;q36.3)

Ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-clefting (EEC) syndrome associated with a paracentric inversion of chromosome 7 in a 2-year-old Japanese girl is reported. She had sparse and light-brown hair, bilateral cleft lip and palate, fused lower incisors, a pigmented skin lesion at the neck, accessory nipples, limited extension of elbow joints and bilateral ectrodactyly of hands and feet. Cytogenetic studies demonstrated a balanced inv(7)(q22.1;q36.3) in the patient and her father. The association of EEC syndrome and inv(7) in the patient suggested a putative locus of the EEC syndrome gene either at 7q22.1 or 7q36.3, although a coincidental occurrence of the two conditions is an alternative explanation. A comparison with reported karyotypes in patients with EEC or isolated ectrodactyly favoured 7q22.1 as the locus. A normal phenotype of the father in our family might reflect reduced penetrance of the EEC syndrome or, possibly, reduced expression of a maternally-derived allele of the EEC syndrome gene through a genomic imprinting mechanism.

Electromyographic response to displacement of different forelimb joints in the squirrel monkey

The electromyographic (EMG) reflex response evoked in muscles stretched by imposed angular joint displacement has previously been studied in a variety of muscles and species. In most muscles studied, the EMG response consists of an initial burst of activity at latencies comparable to tendon tap responses followed by one or more bursts of EMG activity occurring at latencies less than somatosensory reaction time. The longer latency bursts or peaks of activity have often been assumed to be of similar origin in functionally diverse muscles. The present experiments were performed to examine the EMG response to imposed joint displacement in several different muscles of the squirrel monkey forelimb. The EMG was studied in muscles stretched by elbow, wrist, and metacarpophalangeal joint extension. Early (M1) and long (M2) latency peaks of activity could be observed in the EMG responses of short head of biceps (SHB), flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU), and flexor digitorum profundus (FDP), at latencies which are similar to those reported in other primate species allowing for differences in the size of the animals. The intervals between these peaks did not correspond to the period of oscillations in tension which occurred after the onset of the joint extension. The M2 peak consistently occurred later in SHB than in FCU and FDP. The M1 peak was smaller in distal than in proximal muscles and was frequently absent in FDP at resting levels of EMG activity. The ratio of M1 to M1 + M2 activity for different muscles revealed that proximal muscles had prominent early with less prominent long latency activity, whereas distal muscles had minimal early latency activity with prominent long latency activity. The onset of EMG activity approached tendon tap latencies in FCU at high base line EMG levels but in most cases occurred at approximately twice tendon tap latencies in FDP at high base line EMG levels. The results demonstrate the presence of significant differences between the EMG response to joint displacement in the proximal-distal series of forelimb flexors. Differences in the reflex response to joint displacement are discussed in view of twitch times and motor unit composition of the muscles studied.

THE CORRELATION BETWEEN A. D. L. AND R. O. M. OF ELBOW JOINT

In this paper the relationship between ADL and ROM of elbow joint was discussed from the view point of the experimental study using a electrogoniometer and clinical study about cases with limitation of motion of elbow.1. A new electrogoniometer was developed for measuring the degree of flexion and extension in the elbow joint (Fig. 1). This instrument is simple, small, mass-less and does not restrict physical activity of subject. An error between the angle obtained with the electrogoniometer and a skeletal structures of elbow by means of X-ray cinematograph was read in less than 5 degrees (Fig. 3). Outputs from the electrogoniometer were recorded in magnetic tape (TEAC-410 data corder) by wire or wireless telemetring method and were analysed by computer system (DECK PDP-12). The motion of elbow joint was measured with the electrogoniometer in some ADL such as follows 1) simple working on desk (Fig. 4), 2) long time activities in daily working (Fig. 7), 3) eating, washing a face, 4) doning a trouser and socks (Fig. 8)2. Observations on a relationship between the ROM of limited or fixed elbow and the ADL were done and discussed about clinical cases and experimental modeles who were fixed elbow joint at various angles with orthosis. (Fig. 9-12)3. Results from experiences and clinical observations were as follows1) In usual ADL, extension of elbow joint under 20-30 degrees is not necessary.2) In case with no limitation of motion of each joint except elbow, the almost of ADL are sufficiently performed in the range of motion of elbow joint from 75 degrees to 105 degrees.3) The functional position of the arthrodesed elbow should be 90 degrees flexion in unilateral case. But in bilateral case, it is necessary to get the range of flexion over 105 degrees at one side and the range of extension under 75 degrees at another side.4) To maintain the range of flexion over 90 degrees is the most important in ADL.5) About forearm rotation, supination is more important than pronation in ADL.