Elastomeric Chains Research Articles

Comparison and Evaluation of The Pain Experience between Vitamin D and Injectable Platelet Rich Fibrin - A Randomised Controlled Trial

Introduction Orthodontic discomfort is a major barrier to treatment compliance, with pain being a common reason for patients to discontinue. Pain often originates from the periodontal ligament due to pressure, ischemia, and swelling, and is influenced by individual factors like age, gender, and stress. Vitamin D and Platelet-Rich Fibrin (PRF) have emerged as non-invasive methods to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement while potentially reducing treatment pain. Materials and Methods This split-mouth, randomized control trial involved 20 adult patients undergoing canine retraction post-premolar extraction. PRF and Vitamin D were administered in different quadrants, with saline serving as the control. PRF was prepared using the double centrifugation technique and injected into the periodontal ligament. Vitamin D was prepared as a 50 pg dose and administered similarly. Canine retraction forces were applied using 150 grams of elastomeric chains, and pain was assessed using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) immediately, after 24 hours, and at one week. Results PRF showed significantly higher pain scores than the control group after 24 hours and one week. In contrast, no significant difference in pain perception was observed between Vitamin D and control groups. Additionally, there was no significant difference in pain between PRF and Vitamin D groups at any time point.

Force Decay Behavior of Orthodontic Elastomeric Chains in Simulated Oral Conditions.

Background Elastomeric chains are widely used for incisor retraction and space closure. However, the force they exert diminishes over time, and this makes it difficult to determine the actual force transmitted to the dentition. The force decay may also be affected by exposure to saliva, foods, beverages, and prophylactic agents. Objective To assess the force degradation of four commercially available orthodontic elastomeric chains (AlastiK, 3M; Generation II Power Chain, Ormco; Elastic Chain, Morelli; and Plastic Chain, American Orthodontics) over 28 days in simulated oral conditions using tooth movement and a prophylactic fluoride rinse regimen. Method A total of 80 chain samples, with 20 samples of each chain type having four loops each, were stretched to 25 mm on custom-fabricated acrylic resin jigs with provision for a space closure mechanism. The samples were divided equally into two groups: a control group, in which ten samples of each chain type were maintained in artificial saliva at 37°C, and a test group, in which ten samples of each chain type were maintained in artificial saliva at 37°C and additionally subjected to simulated tooth movement with jig closure of 0.25 mm/week and a twice-daily regimen of prophylactic fluoride rinse. Force decay was measured using a digital force gauge at the time of engagement on the jigs, at one hour, four hours, and at one, seven, 14, 21, and 28 days. Percentage force decay was calculated, and the results were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), post-hoc Tukey, post-hoc Bonferroni, and 't' test. Results Maximum force degradation was observed at one day for all four chain materials in both groups, followed by a steady force loss over 28 days, the difference being significant for all materials at various time intervals (p<0.05). No significant difference was observed between any material at any given time in the control group (p>0.05); however, significant differences were observed in the test group. Under simulated oral conditions, force decay was maximum for the Plastic Chain, American Orthodontics (67.9 ± 6.24%), and minimum for the Generation II Power Chain, Ormco (51.9 ± 9.78%) at the end of the test period. Conclusion Plastic Chain, American Orthodontics, and AlastiK, 3M chain, exhibited higher force decay when compared to Generation II Power Chain, Ormco, and Elastic Chain, Morelli. Simulated oral conditions significantly affected the force decay of elastomeric chains, and it may be desirable to change elastomeric chains at 14 days for optimum retraction force.

Evaluation and Comparison of Force Degradation Levels Between Elastomeric Chains and Active Tiebacks With Elastic Modules During Individual Canine Retraction.

Canine retraction is critical in orthodontic treatment, requiring precise force application. Elastomeric chains and active tiebacks are commonly used materials, but their efficacy in maintaining the force over time needs further evaluation. The study aimed tocompare the rate of force degradation of elastomeric chains vs. active tiebacks during canine retraction overa duration of six weeks in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy. This study involved 20 patients, aged between 16 and 25 years. All the subjects were treated with the 0.018" McLaughlin-Bennett-Trevisi (MBT) prescription. Following the initial leveling and alignment, the canines were retracted on 0.016 x 0.022" stainless steel wire, using an elastomeric chain (ORMCO) on one side and an active tieback (ORMCO)on the contralateral side, each exerting a force of 150 g. Force values were measured using a tension gauge (TECLOCK; DT- 300) at intervals of 48 hours, two weeks, four weeks, and six weeks by a single observer and documented accordingly. The elastomeric chainandactive tieback sides demonstrated substantial force degradation oversix weeks, with a marked reduction of force at given intervals. However, no statistically significant difference in force degradation rates was observed between the two methods (p> 0.05), indicating similar force degradation patterns. The elastomeric chainand active tieback methods demonstrated substantial force degradation over six weeks, with no statistically significant difference between the two. Thus, both materials can be effectively utilized for canine retraction in orthodontic treatmentas they exhibit similar patterns of force degradation.

The Effects of Activated Carbon Toothpastes on Orthodontic Elastomeric Chains—An In Vitro Study

Objectives: Using toothpaste with activated carbon might increase the decay of orthodontic elastomeric chains’ (ECs) tensile strength, thereby compromising orthodontic treatment. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of activated charcoal toothpaste on orthodontic ECs. Materials and Methods: A total sample of 180 EC segments from 3M Unitek®, Ormco® and Ortho Classic® brands were equally divided into 12 groups, each comprising 15 specimens. These pieces were kept in artificial saliva at 37 °C and brushed twice daily for 28 days, with three distinct types of toothpaste: Colgate® Total, Colgate® Max White, and Dr Organic® Extra Whitening Charcoal Toothpaste. The latter two toothpastes contain activated charcoal. Tensile strength, resistance to rupture and colour variation were evaluated at time zero and day 28. Descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests were performed at p ≤ 0.05. Results: Toothpaste with and without activated carbon significantly reduced the tensile strength and resistance to rupture of the ECs, and altered EC colour (p &lt; 0.0001). There was inconsistency in the effect of the activated carbon on EC characteristics, most probably due to the different compositions of the ECs and percentages of whitening agents in the toothpastes. Conclusions: The material composition of ECs contributes to their tensile strength decay, resistance to rupture and colour change over time. The variable percentage of activated carbon in a toothpaste likely underlies the different effects observed, depending on the EC brand. Clinical Relevance: It might be reasonable to advise patients wearing ECs to avoid using toothpaste with activated carbon until further evidence becomes available.

Influence of different types of mouthwashes on force decay of elastomeric chain recommended in SARS-COV-2 pandemic.

This study aimed to compare the force decay of the power-chain elastics after exposure to anti-coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) antiseptic mouthwashes at different intervals. A total of 300 power-chain pieces were used from American Orthodontics (AO) and Dentaurum (D) brands. Each piece composed of five loops that were selected to simulate canine retraction distally. The samples were randomly grouped according to immersion in the tested mouthwashes 0.2% povidone-iodine (PVP-I), 1% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). The maximum tensile load failure testing (MTLT) was assessed at six time points (zero, one hour, 24 hours, 1, 2 and 4 weeks). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post hoc tests were used to analyse the data, where P < 0.05. Significant differences in MTLT of power-chain elastics used at different immersion intervals were observed. MTLT, in each tested group, decreased significantly as the immersion time increased with significant differences among the tested mouthwashes at each time point. H2O2 group displays a maximum force decay throughout the time intervals for both brands, in contrast to CPC group, which shows less degradation over time. Both brands are decade over time during exposure to the tested mouthwashes. CPC mouthwashes is a good option to be described for orthodontic patient during COVID-19 pandemic, whereas H2O2 mouthwashes should be avoided.

Position and root resorption of the incisors following anterior segment retraction using friction versus frictionless mechanics: A randomised controlled trial.

To evaluate the three-dimensional position and root resorption of incisors after anterior segment retraction (ASR) using friction versus frictionless mechanics. Thirty female patients (13-18 years) with bimaxillary protrusion were randomly allocated into two groups. In the intervention group, ASR was undertaken using an elastomeric chain rendering 160 g/side extending between mini-screw implant and a hook crimped on 0.017 × 0.025-inch stainless-steel wire distal to the lateral incisor. In the comparison group, ASR was undertaken using closing T-loops fabricated from 0.017 × 0.025-inch titanium molybdenum alloy (TMA) wire rendering comparable retraction force. In both groups, the canine brackets were ligated after retraction to the mini-screw implants that were inserted in both the upper and lower arches bilaterally. The primary outcome was the three-dimensional changes in the position of the incisors. The secondary outcome was root resorption. These were measured from cone-beam computed tomography scans. Statistically significant decreases in the upper (UI) and lower incisors (LI) crown torque were seen in both groups; however, the difference between groups was not statistically or clinically significant (UI MD -2.04°; 95% confidence interval [CI] = -8.02-3.95; LI MD -0.49°; 95% CI = -7.06-6.08). Significant tipping of upper (MD -1.17°; 95% CI = -2.06--0.27) and lower (MD -1.13°; 95% CI = -1.66--0.60) incisors was found in the friction, but not the frictionless group after retraction; however, the changes were not clinically significant. Significant lower incisor intrusion was found in both groups after retraction; however, the difference between groups was not statistically or clinically significant (MD -0.61°; 95% CI = -1.99-0.77). Statistically significant decreases in the UI and LI root length were seen in both groups. The difference between groups for UI changes was statistically significant (MD 0.54 mm; 95% CI = -0.02-1.07) but probably not clinically significant. Considering the limitations in the current study, there was no advantage of either mechanics over the other regarding the final position of incisors. The likelihood of root resorption should be considered when frictionless mechanics are used for retraction of incisors. Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04878939).

Root Resorption and Alveolar Bone Changes in the Maxillary Canine Retraction Using NiTi Closed-Coil Springs Versus Elastomeric Chains: A Split-Mouth Trial.

To compare apical root resorption and alveolar bone changes induced by the maxillary canine closure procedure performed on patients with Angle Class I malocclusion using NiTi closed-coil springs versus elastomeric chains. Thirty-one adult patients who had been instructed to undergo bilateral maxillary first premolar extraction completed a randomized clinical trial split-mouth study with a double-blind design. Elastomeric chains will be used on the left side, and NiTi closed-coil springs will be used on the right side for patients with even numbers. Elastomeric chains will be used on the right side of patients with an odd number, whereas NiTi closed-coil springs will be used on the left side of patients. For each patient, cone-beam computed tomography of the maxillary canine and lateral cephalometric radiographs were carried out before and after treatment to evaluate apical root resorption and perform cephalometric measurements. The tooth root length decreased by 0.90 ± 0.60 mm in the NiTi closed-coil spring group. The alveolar bone level increased by 0.53 ± 0.66 mm on the buccal side and by 0.79 ± 0.72 mm on the lingual side. These changes were statistically significant (P < 0.001). In the elastomeric chain group, the tooth root length was decreased by 0.92 ± 0.69 mm, and the levels of vertical buccal and lingual alveolar bone increased significantly (P < 0.001). Compared to NiTi closed-coil springs and elastomeric chain groups, there was a 0.03 ± 0.878 mm difference in the tooth root length; however, this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.878). Elastomeric chains and NiTi closed-coil springs both generated tooth root resorption, but the results were comparable and the difference was not statistically significant. There was no statistically significant difference between the elastomeric chain and NiTi closed-coil spring groups regarding the changes in alveolar bone loss around the maxillary canines.

Changes in the Force Decay of Orthodontic Elastomeric Chains after Immersion in Different Mouthrinses

Changes in the Force Decay of Orthodontic Elastomeric Chains after Immersion in Different Mouthrinses

Synthesis and Characterization of a Sustained Nitric Oxide-Releasing Orthodontic Elastomeric Chain for Antimicrobial Action.

The acidic byproducts of bacteria in plaque around orthodontic brackets contribute to white spot lesion (WSL) formation. Nitric oxide (NO) has antibacterial properties, hindering biofilm formation and inhibiting the growth of oral microbes. Materials that mimic NO release could prevent oral bacteria-related pathologies. This study aims to integrate S-nitroso-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), a promising NO donor, into orthodontic elastomeric ligatures, apply an additional polymer coating, and evaluate the NO-release kinetics and antimicrobial activity against Streptococus mutans. SNAP was added to clear elastomeric chains (8 loops, 23 mm long) at three concentrations (50, 75, 100 mg/mL, and a control). Chains were then coated, via electrospinning, with additional polymer (Elastollan®) to aid in extending the NO release. NO flux was measured daily for 30 days. Samples with 75 mg/mL SNAP + Elastollan® were tested against S. mutans for inhibition of biofilm formation on and around the chain. SNAP was successfully integrated into ligatures at each concentration. Only the 75 mg/mL SNAP chains maintained their elasticity. After polymer coating, samples exhibited a significant burst of NO on the first day, exceeding the machine's reading capacity, which gradually decreased over 29 days. Ligatures also inhibited S. mutans growth and biofilm formation. Future research will assess their mechanical properties and cytotoxicity. This study presents a novel strategy to address white spot lesion (WSL) formation and bacterial-related pathologies by utilizing nitric oxide-releasing materials. Manufactured chains with antimicrobial properties provide a promising solution for orthodontic challenges, showing significant potential for academic-industrial collaboration and commercial viability.

Effect of three common hot beverages on the force decay of orthodontic elastomeric chain within a 28-day period: An in vitro study.

This study aimed to assess the effects of commonly consumed hot drinks on the force decay of orthodontic elastomeric chains. This in vitro experimental study evaluated 375 pieces of elastomeric chains with six rings placed on a jig. Four rings were stretched by 23.5 mm corresponding to the approximate distance between the canine and the second premolar. Fifteen pieces served as reference samples at time zero, and 360 pieces were randomized into four groups: control, hot water, hot tea, and hot coffee. Each group was further divided into six subgroups (n = 15) according to the different exposure periods. The specimens in the experimental groups were exposed to the respective solutions at 65.5°C four times per day for 90 seconds at 5-second intervals. The control group was exposed to artificial saliva at 37°C. The force decay of the samples was measured at 1, 2, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days using a universal testing machine. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance. Maximum force decay occurred on day 1 in all groups. The minimum force was recorded in the control group, followed by the tea, coffee, and hot water groups on day 1. At the other time points, the minimum force was observed in the tea group, followed by the control, coffee, and hot water groups. Patients can consume hot drinks without concern about any adverse effect on force decay of the orthodontic elastomeric chains.

Esthetic outcomes in orthodontics through digital customization with a lingual appliance system.

Contemporary fixed orthodontic appliances are shifting from non-customized pre-adjusted appliances to custom-designed and printed appliances with novel digital setup systems. We are one step closer to precision dentistry and orthodontics using personalized mechanics and custom appliances. However, despite the evidential enhancement and other improvements to fixed appliances, tooth movement is still limited to five degrees of freedom. Opening or closing spaces still requires manually placing elastomeric chains or coil springs. In this article, we aimed to demonstrate how advancements in CAD/CAM technology, reverse engineering, and digital customization are helping orthodontics constantly evolve, enabling treatment with enhanced esthetics and minimal compliance. The clinical system (InBrace®, Irvine, CA) described in this article uses a patient-specific, digitally designed multiloop NITI wire that delivers friction-free, light, and continuous forces and activates automatically whenever the malocclusion deviates from the digital setup. Through digital customization, InBrace allows for automated tooth movement in all six degrees of freedom, including space opening or closure, via programmed non-sliding mechanics. Precision orthodontics and personalized treatment have been significant developments in orthodontics recently. This article focuses on how a technologically advanced lingual appliance system could achieve targeted cosmetic results methodically via automation and personalization.

In vitro comparison of force losses over time of orthodontic nickel-titanium closed springs, elastomeric chains, and active tie-backs

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to compare the force losses of nickel-titanium closed springs, elastomeric chains, and active tie-backs over time in an in vitro environment containing artificial saliva. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the study, elastomeric chains, nickel-titanium closed springs, and active tie-backs from 3 different brands were divided into 9 groups. The percentages of force loss in the samples over time were compared in the in vitro environment containing artificial saliva. Force values were measured and recorded at initial activation, 1st hour, 24th hour, 7th day, 21st day, and 28th day. Statistical analysis of the data were performed with Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Kruskal Wallis, Mann-Whitney U, and Wilcoxon tests. The significance value was considered as p&amp;lt;0.05. RESULTS: The highest and lowest forces at the initial activation hour were measured in elastomeric chains and nickel-titanium closed springs, respectively (p&amp;lt;0.05). There was no significant difference between elastomeric chains, nickel-titanium closed springs, and active tie-backs in the measurements performed at the 24th hour (p&amp;gt;0.05). Although significant force losses were measured in all groups on the 28th day, active tie-backs lost significantly less force than elastomeric chains, regardless of brand. On the 28th day, the lowest and highest forces were measured in elastomeric chains and nickel-titanium closed springs, respectively (p&amp;lt;0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Among the orthodontic space closure mechanics, nickel-titanium closed springs were the most stable; however, active tie-backs produced a more stable force than elastomeric chains, so the type of force element used was the main indicator of the force loss level.

Kinetically controlled metal-elastomer nanophases for environmentally resilient stretchable electronics

Nanophase mixtures, leveraging the complementary strengths of each component, are vital for composites to overcome limitations posed by single elemental materials. Among these, metal-elastomer nanophases are particularly important, holding various practical applications for stretchable electronics. However, the methodology and understanding of nanophase mixing metals and elastomers are limited due to difficulties in blending caused by thermodynamic incompatibility. Here, we present a controlled method using kinetics to mix metal atoms with elastomeric chains on the nanoscale. We find that the chain migration flux and metal deposition rate are key factors, allowing the formation of reticular nanophases when kinetically in-phase. Moreover, we observe spontaneous structural evolution, resulting in gyrified structures akin to the human brain. The hybridized gyrified reticular nanophases exhibit strain-invariant metallic electrical conductivity up to 156% areal strain, unparalleled durability in organic solvents and aqueous environments with pH 2–13, and high mechanical robustness, a prerequisite for environmentally resilient devices.

Evaluation of different mouthwashes through their effect on their influence on the force loss of orthodontic elastic ligatures

Background: In several orthodontic treatments, elastomeric chains are utilised to produce force, however, this force degrades over time, which may impact tooth mobility. This study aims to investigate how different mouthwashes (Chlorhexidine 0.2%, Sensodyne, and Listerine) may affect the force degradation of two different types of elastic ligatures (Ortho Matrix and 3M Unitek) through the amount of force remaining. Materials and methods: Two control groups and six experimental groups each included 600 pieces of the elastomeric chains Ortho matrix (OM) and 3M Unitek (3M). Pieces were stretched to a 25mm thickness, placed on pins set into an acrylic block, and kept at 37°C in artificial saliva. For the duration of the study, each of the test groups spent one minute immersed in one of three distinct kinds of mouthwash. Ten continuous thermocyclers with temperatures ranging from 5 to 55 degrees Celsius were performed each day, alternating between cold and hot water baths. While calculating the forces, we considered six different time intervals: the beginning, 24 hours, 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks. The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and the t-test were used to compare the mean force of a number of different mouthwashes, elastomeric chains, and times. A value of 0.05 was chosen as the cutoff for statistical significance. Results: Over time, both types of elastomeric chains significantly lost force at 6 weeks (p&lt;0.05). At all times, the 3M Unitek (3M) created more force than the Ortho matrix (OM) elastomeric chain. Compared to other mouthwashes, chlorhexidine mouthwash had a substantially less impact on force degradation, with discernible very simple change when compared to control groups (Artificial saliva). Conclusion: According to findings, the 3M Unitek offered a higher force level than the other sort of elastomeric chains, and there is a difference that is clinically significant between the two types of elastomeric chains. It is possible that the pH of the mouthwashes, as opposed to other substances, contributes to the gradual loss of power over time. Mouthwashes containing chlorhexidine had the third-smallest influence on the force degradation of elastomeric chains, after Sensodyne and Listerine..

Dento-maxillary disharmony class I malocclusion with severe crowding, crooked canine, midline shifting and lip incompetence management: A case report

Objective: This case report aimed to provide treatment sequential DDM to meet the patient’s expectations. Case Report: Before starting the treatment, 2 first upper premolar needed to be extracted to gain space for severe anterior crowding teeth and 2 second lower molar because the teeth were not in good condition. After extraction, bracket placement with fixed appliance 0,22” MBT prescription and NiTi wires sequences were done for initial leveling. When it has already leveled, start for canine retraction using an elastomeric chain in wire SS 0,016x0,022-inch. Then, T-loop bends were used for anterior retraction in the same wire. Finishing detailing using SS 0,017x0,025-inch. The last one, Hawley Retainer, was used as a retainer. Results: The final results were as expected by the patient. She gained confidence through her new smile, and the orthodontist obtained what it needed for ideal occlusion except for Class I molar relationship because mesialization of the second lower mandibular tooth, and distalization of the anterior mandibular region but Class I canine were obtained, no rotation, no space, flat occlusal plane, and excellent crown angulation and inclination. Also, the patient’s lip became competent. Conclusion: This case concludes that the patient was happy with the overall treatment results and was satisfied with the pleasant and esthetic smile achieved at the end of the treatment.

Space Closure with Different Appointment Intervals: A Split-mouth Randomized Controlled Trial.

Canine retraction has been successful with various force systems and retraction techniques. The appointment interval for force reactivation in canine retraction along the archwire is 4-8 weeks. The aim was to evaluate the effect of different reactivation intervals on the rate of space closure. This split-mouth randomized clinical trial recruited 38 patients indicated for the first premolar extraction. Monthly digital models were acquired for 6 months. The first premolars were extracted, and temporary anchorage devices were placed for maximum anchorage control. The canines were retracted using elastomeric chains which were replaced every 2, 4, 6, or 8 weeks. The monthly rate of canine retraction was measured. The time to space closure was calculated. The secondary outcome was the mesial drift of the first molars. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and the Friedman test evaluated and compared the groups. There was no significant difference between the monthly canine retraction rate or the first molar mesial drift between the groups. The mean time to space closure was 5.74 months in the 2-week reactivation group, which was statistically less than the other groups. The 2-week reactivation interval may reduce time to space closure. Direct anchorage control with miniscrews limited anchorage loss significantly.

Bilateral transposed and impacted upper canines: case report

The aim of the study was to report, through a clinical case, the treatment of bilaterally impacted upper canines. A 9-year-old patient presented with prolonged retention of deciduous canines. Radiographic analysis revealed bilateral and horizontally impacted canines. After extraction of the deciduous teeth and access to the impacted canines, a transpalatal bar associated with a cantilever was used for traction without compromising neighboring teeth. Due to the location and complexity of the case, the upper canines underwent transposition with the first premolars. The lower arch was aligned and exhibited diastemas, which were treated with elastomeric chains and bull loops for space closure. The treatment goals were achieved with excellence in aesthetics, function, and healthy periodontal conditions

Comparative evaluation of two cetylpyridinium chloride-based mouthwashes on the mechanical properties and strength loss of elastomeric chains used in dentistry: An vitro study

ObjectivesEvaluate the strength degradation of polymeric ligature chains after their immersion in cetylpyridinium chloride-based mouthwashes. Methods240 elastomeric samples from four different manufacturers (Rocky Mountain®, Ormco®, Morelli® and Dentaurum®) in two types of configurations (with and without intermodular links) and divided in 3 groups (distilled water, Vitis CPC Protect® and PERIO·AID® 0.05%) at 5 follow-up periods (0–24 h, 7–14 -21 days) were immersed twice a day for 60 s, following the manufacturers' protocols. A universal traction machine was used to perform the measurements and a post hoc multiple comparisons were based on the Bonferroni test and extended to a 3-way ANOVA test (α = 0.05). ResultsThere was a drop in strength up to 35.9% at 24 h. After a week, the short chains (52%) degraded less than the long ones (57.3%) with significant differences (p < 0.001) and the same pattern was observed until 21 days (p < 0.001). At 24 h, the degradation of the chains exposed in distilled water was 25.8%, in VITIS CPC Protect® 28.6% and in PERIO· AID® 0.05%, 27% with significant differences (p < 0.001). At 21 days, the VITIS CPC Protect® group obtained a much greater loss of strength, being this drop statistically significant (p < 0.001). The chains from Ormco® and RMO® experienced the least loss of force when immersed in the control group or PERIO AID® 0 0.05% (48% and 51%), while Dentaurum's in VITIS CPC Protect® lost more than 75%. ConclusionsThe orthodontic elastomeric chains suffer a sharp drop in strength during the first days of treatment. When comparing the mouthwashes, there were statistically significant differences in terms of strength degradation. Clinical significanceBased on the results, some types of chains, such as the ones without intermodular links from Ormco® showed better properties throughout the study. When immersed in PERIO·AID®0.05%, all showed significantly better results over time. Thus, PERIO·AID®0.05% can be recommended as a complementary oral hygiene element in dental treatments when elastomeric chains are used.

Use of an intraoral scanner to evaluate orthodontic treatment for dental malocclusion in a dog.

In human dental practice, intraoral scanners (IOSs) are increasingly used to evaluate the oral cavity. However, there have been no reports concerning evaluation of the canine oral cavity using IOSs in veterinary dentistry. In this case, optical impressions obtained with an IOS were used for 3-D evaluation of the orthodontic treatment outcome. Additionally, few reports have addressed the optimal orthodontic force for canine teeth. Therefore, this case explored whether sufficient tooth movement into the extraction site could be achieved with a lighter orthodontic force than previously reported. An 8-month-old spayed female dog. A retained right maxillary third deciduous incisor (503) caused distoversion of the right maxillary third permanent incisor (103), leading to dental malocclusion that involved contact between 103 and the right mandibular canine teeth. All retained deciduous teeth were extracted. Mesial tipping movement of 103 into the extraction site of 503 was achieved with light orthodontic force using an elastomeric chain. An IOS was used to construct 3-D optical impression data from oral stone models taken before and after treatment, and tooth movement was evaluated. The results showed that 103 had sufficient tipping movement and no anchorage loss; comfortable occlusion was achieved. In addition to crown length extension, labioversion and mesioversion of maxillary incisors (other than 103) were observed. Detailed intraoral evaluation with optical impressions was beneficial in the orthodontic treatment of a dog. Light orthodontic force may be sufficient for movement into the extraction site.

Effects of Oil Pulling and Chlorhexidine Mouth Rinse on the Force Decay of Orthodontic Elastomeric Chains: A Comparative In Vitro Study.

Oil pulling is a traditional Indian folk remedy for maintaining oral hygiene among orthodontic patients. This study aimed to assess the effects of oil pulling and compare them with those of chlorhexidine (CHX) and distilled water on the force decay of elastomeric chains. Twenty-one samples were tested in three groups. Each of these groups contained seven samples per group. The samples evaluated contained distilled water, 0.2% CHX, and sesame oil. The samples were dipped in various mouth rinses, and force degradation was measured using a dynamometer (dynamic universal testing machine, Instron 8801, Instron, Norwood, MA) during days 0, 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28. The significance level was considered at 1%. Force degradation was observed more in distilled water, followed by sesame oil, and less in CHX at the end of 28 days. Significant differences in values (p < 0.01) were found among the three groups in all the timelines in the study except on days 14 and 21. Chlorhexidine showed the least amount of force decay, followed by oil pulling and distilled water. However, if oil pulling is practiced daily as a household remedy along with regular oral hygiene practices, it can save time and money and enhance general health.