Elastic Map Research Articles

A Reformulation of the Browaeys and Chevrot Decomposition of Elastic Maps

An elastic map T\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$\\mathbf{T}$\\end{document} associates stress with strain in some material. A symmetry of T\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$\\mathbf{T}$\\end{document} is a rotation of the material that leaves T\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$\\mathbf{T}$\\end{document} unchanged, and the symmetry group of T\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$\\mathbf{T}$\\end{document} consists of all such rotations. The symmetry class of T\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$\\mathbf{T}$\\end{document} describes the symmetry group but without the orientation information. With an eye toward geophysical applications, Browaeys & Chevrot developed a theory which, for any elastic map T\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$\\mathbf{T}$\\end{document} and for each of six symmetry classes Σ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$\\Sigma $\\end{document}, computes the “Σ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$\\Sigma $\\end{document}-percentage” of T\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$\\mathbf{T}$\\end{document}. The theory also finds a “hexagonal approximation”—an approximation to T\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$\\mathbf{T}$\\end{document} whose symmetry class is at least transverse isotropic. We reexamine their theory and recommend that the Σ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$\\Sigma $\\end{document}-percentages be abandoned. We also recommend that the hexagonal approximations to T\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$\\mathbf{T}$\\end{document} be replaced with the closest transverse isotropic maps to T\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$\\mathbf{T}$\\end{document}.

Exploring the Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Phytochemicals from Anvillea radiata: In Vitro Assay, Molecular Docking, and Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Abstract This study delves into the comprehensive evaluation of phytochemicals extracted from Anvillea radiata, with a focus on their potential anti-inflammatory applications. High-performance liquid Chromatography analysis reveals the dominance of catechin in the aqueous extract, alongside other compounds such as syringic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, and vanillic acid, as well as quercetin-3-β-D-glucoside and rutin in smaller quantities. An in vitro anti-inflammatory assay demonstrates the superior effectiveness of A. radiata aqueous extract at lower concentrations compared to Aspirin, raising possibilities for reduced side effects and enhanced cost-effectiveness. Drug-likeness predictions emphasize the potential of catechin, syringic acid, and vanillic acid for drug development due to their molecular characteristics. Toxicity risk assessment indicates that catechin, quercetin-3-β-D-glucoside, and rutin exhibit low toxicity risks and favorable drug-likeness properties. Molecular docking analysis highlights promising interactions between the identified compounds and crucial anti-inflammatory (COX-2, MPO, IL1β, IL6, and TNFα.) target proteins. Notably, catechin demonstrates a strong binding affinity to these proteins. Molecular dynamics simulations further support catechin’s potential, revealing significant deformability in complexes with COX-2 and MPO, indicating high structural flexibility. The variance map shows higher cumulative variances and the elastic network map yields satisfactory outcomes, further reinforcing the potential of A. radiata aqueous extract compounds, with catechin as a standout candidate for anti-inflammatory drug development.

EVALUATING NAVIGATION PERFORMANCE OF ELASTICALLY CONSTRUCTED HD MAP WITH MULTI-SENSOR FUSION ENGINE SYSTEM

Abstract. In response to the rapid development of autonomous vehicles and the increasing demand for HD maps, the conventional mapping processes following HD maps guidelines require significant manpower and time resources. Therefore, we propose flexible procedures and methods for HD maps creation, aiming to reduce cost expenditure by employing diverse source of ground control point, sensor data collection, and mapping algorithm. This approach accelerates the production speed and capability of HD maps. In this study, we select Taiwan's National Highway No. 8 as the trial field for the elastic HD map construction method, and equipped with autonomous vehicle-grade GNSS, IMU, and LiDAR systems.We align the constructed-map data to the global coordinate system, in order to realize the concept of control point cloud map. To assess the assistance and correction capabilities of HD maps in autonomous vehicle navigation systems, we conduct accuracy evaluation through both direct and indirect methods, and analyse the strengths and weaknesses of each approach. The analysis result demonstrates that the elastic method-built HD maps not only meet the mapping accuracy requirements specified in the HD maps verification and validation guidelines, but also assist autonomous vehicles in realizing positioning, navigation, and timing with “where in lane” level (0.5 meter) accuracy.

Joint Optimization of Deployment and Trajectory in UAV and IRS-Assisted IoT Data Collection System

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can be applied in many Internet of Things (IoT) systems, e.g., smart farms, as a data collection platform. However, the UAV-IoT wireless channels may be occasionally blocked by trees or high-rise buildings. An intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) can be applied to improve the wireless channel quality by smartly reflecting the signal via a large number of low-cost passive reflective elements. This article aims to minimize the energy consumption of the system by jointly optimizing the deployment and trajectory of the UAV. The problem is formulated as a mixed-integer-and-nonlinear programming (MINLP), which is challenging to address by the traditional solution, because the solution may easily fall into the local optimal. To address this issue, we propose a joint optimization framework of deployment and trajectory (JOLT), where an adaptive whale optimization algorithm (AWOA) is applied to optimize the deployment of the UAV, and an elastic ring self-organizing map (ERSOM) is introduced to optimize the trajectory of the UAV. Specifically, in AWOA, a variable-length population strategy is applied to find the optimal number of stop points, and a nonlinear parameter a and a partial mutation rule are introduced to balance the exploration and exploitation. In ERSOM, a competitive neural network is also introduced to learn the trajectory of the UAV by competitive learning, and a ring structure is presented to avoid the trajectory intersection. Extensive experiments are carried out to show the effectiveness of the proposed JOLT framework.

Two Complementary Methods of Inferring Elastic Symmetry

An elastic map mathbf {T} describes the strain-stress relation at a particular point mathbf {p} in some material. A symmetry of mathbf {T} is a rotation of the material, about mathbf {p}, that does not change mathbf {T}. We describe two ways of inferring the group mathcal {S} _{ mathbf {T} } of symmetries of any elastic map mathbf {T}; one way is qualitative and visual, the other is quantitative. In the first method, we associate to each mathbf {T} its “monoclinic distance function” on the unit sphere. The function is invariant under all of the symmetries of mathbf {T}, so the group mathcal {S} _{ mathbf {T} } is seen, approximately, in a contour plot of . The second method is harder to summarize, but it complements the first by providing an algorithm to compute the symmetry group mathcal {S} _{ mathbf {T} }. In addition to mathcal {S} _{ mathbf {T} }, the algorithm gives a quantitative description of the overall approximate symmetry of mathbf {T}. Mathematica codes are provided for implementing both the visual and the quantitative approaches.

Quantitative nano-mechanical mapping AFM-based method for elastic modulus and surface roughness measurements of model polymer infiltrated ceramics

ObjectivesThe aim of this in vitro investigation was to assess and compare surface characteristics and nanomechanics of model polymer infiltrated ceramic network (PICN) materials compared to CAD/CAM resin composite blocks. Material and methodsFour model PICN materials sintered at different temperatures (Exp.125, Exp.130, Exp.135 and Exp.155) were investigated along with three CAD/CAM resin composites; Lava Ultimate (LU), Cerasmart (CS) and Grandio Bloc (GB), and one commercial PICN block - Vita Enamic (VE). Forty samples were prepared with dimensions of 14 × 12 × 2 mm for resin ceramic and VE blocks and 15 × 2 mm discs for model PICN materials. All samples were scanned using atomic force microscopy (AFM) (n = 3) at multiple locations and two different scan sizes (20 ×20 µm and 3 ×3 µm). Surface optical gloss (n = 5) at 60° was also determined for all the groups. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA, and Tukey’s post hoc test (α = 0.05). ResultsResin composite blocks showed smoother surfaces compared to the PICN materials. The average surface roughness values (Ra) ranged from 7.75 nm to 31.21 nm and the gloss value ranged from 56.43 GU to 91.81 GU. The highest surface roughness value was found for Exp.125 (31.21 nm) while LU showed the lowest roughness value (7.75 nm) (the difference being statistically significant: p = 0.001). Variation was noticed in terms of nanomechanical mapping within and between the groups. Images generated from the elastic modulus map values clearly indicated that all PICN materials had more than one phase and very different components. ConclusionsCAD/CAM resin composite blocks exhibited higher gloss and lower roughness values compared to PICN materials. However, both the commercial and model PICN materials showed more stiffness than resin composite with the presence of at least two different phases. Sintering temperature appears to have a significant effect on material topography and nanomechanical properties. The model PICN sintered at 1550 °C showed a comparable range of elastic modulus values to those of enamel.

Comparative analysis of alignment-free genome clustering and whole genome alignment-based phylogenomic relationship of coronaviruses.

The SARS-CoV-2 is the third coronavirus in addition to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV that causes severe respiratory syndrome in humans. All of them likely crossed the interspecific barrier between animals and humans and are of zoonotic origin, respectively. The origin and evolution of viruses and their phylogenetic relationships are of great importance for study of their pathogenicity and development of antiviral drugs and vaccines. The main objective of the presented study was to compare two methods for identifying relationships between coronavirus genomes: phylogenetic one based on the whole genome alignment followed by molecular phylogenetic tree inference and alignment-free clustering of triplet frequencies, respectively, using 69 coronavirus genomes selected from two public databases. Both approaches resulted in well-resolved robust classifications. In general, the clusters identified by the first approach were in good agreement with the classes identified by the second using K-means and the elastic map method, but not always, which still needs to be explained. Both approaches demonstrated also a significant divergence of genomes on a taxonomic level, but there was less correspondence between genomes regarding the types of diseases they caused, which may be due to the individual characteristics of the host. This research showed that alignment-free methods are efficient in combination with alignment-based methods. They have a significant advantage in computational complexity and provide valuable additional alternative information on the genomes relationships.

Coloring Panchromatic Nighttime Satellite Images: Comparing the Performance of Several Machine Learning Methods

Artificial light-at-night (ALAN), emitted from the ground and visible from space, marks human presence on Earth. Since the launch of the Suomi National Polar Partnership satellite with the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite Day/Night Band (VIIRS/DNB) onboard, global nighttime images have significantly improved; however, they remained panchromatic. Although multispectral images are also available, they are either commercial or free of charge, but sporadic. In this paper, we use several machine learning techniques, such as linear, kernel, random forest regressions, and elastic map approach, to transform panchromatic VIIRS/DBN into Red Green Blue (RGB) images. To validate the proposed approach, we analyze RGB images for eight urban areas worldwide. We link RGB values, obtained from ISS photographs, to panchromatic ALAN intensities, their pixel-wise differences, and several land-use type proxies. Each dataset is used for model training, while other datasets are used for the model validation. The analysis shows that model-estimated RGB images demonstrate a high degree of correspondence with the original RGB images from the ISS database. Yet, estimates, based on linear, kernel and random forest regressions, provide better correlations, contrast similarity and lower WMSEs levels, while RGB images, generated using elastic map approach, provide higher consistency of predictions.

CNN-Based Spectral Super-Resolution of Panchromatic Night-Time Light Imagery: City-Size-Associated Neighborhood Effects.

Data on artificial night-time light (NTL), emitted from the areas, and captured by satellites, are available at a global scale in panchromatic format. In the meantime, data on spectral properties of NTL give more information for further analysis. Such data, however, are available locally or on a commercial basis only. In our recent work, we examined several machine learning techniques, such as linear regression, kernel regression, random forest, and elastic map models, to convert the panchromatic NTL images into colored ones. We compared red, green, and blue light levels for eight geographical areas all over the world with panchromatic light intensities and characteristics of built-up extent from spatially corresponding pixels and their nearest neighbors. In the meantime, information from more distant neighboring pixels might improve the predictive power of models. In the present study, we explore this neighborhood effect using convolutional neural networks (CNN). The main outcome of our analysis is that the neighborhood effect goes in line with the geographical extent of metropolitan areas under analysis: For smaller areas, optimal input image size is smaller than for bigger ones. At that, for relatively large cities, the optimal input image size tends to differ for different colors, being on average higher for red and lower for blue lights. Compared to other machine learning techniques, CNN models emerged comparable in terms of Pearson’s correlation but showed performed better in terms of WMSE, especially for testing datasets.

A Multiscale Study of the Elastic Properties of Bamboo

The elastic constants play a crucial role in the rigidity designing and numerical model building of bamboo, thus it will enhance the accuracy of numerical model to obtaining the elastic constants fully and accurately. In this paper, the elastic properties of bamboo, bamboo fiber and bamboo parenchyma were studied systematically, and the elastic constant map of bamboo was plotted. The results would provide significant theoretical foundation for the numerical simulation of bamboo and the design and manufacture of new biomimetic materials, meanwhile the experimental design would also provide important reference for the test of other bamboo species and biologic materials.

Elastic symmetry with beachball pictures

SUMMARY The elastic map, or generalized Hooke’s Law, associates stress with strain in an elastic material. A symmetry of the elastic map is a reorientation of the material that does not change the map. We treat the topic of elastic symmetry conceptually and pictorially. The elastic map is assumed to be linear, and we study it using standard notions from linear algebra—not tensor algebra. We depict strain and stress using the ‘beachballs’ familiar to seismologists. The elastic map, whose inputs and outputs are strains and stresses, is in turn depicted using beachballs. We are able to infer the symmetries for most elastic maps, sometimes just by inspection of their beachball depictions. Many of our results will be familiar, but our versions are simpler and more transparent than their counterparts in the literature.

Clustering of small watersheds over annual precipitation data reveals sounding correspondence to the cluster pattern determined by annual temperature course

Previously, highly informative clustering of small watersheds provided over the annual temperature course has been reported. Here we report on the interplay between the pattern and the distribution of small watersheds developed over the annual precipitation data. A sounding correlation between these two cluster structures is found. To reveal the correspondence, smart methods of both spatial and comprehensive analysis have been implemented. We used advanced GIS tools to detect the spatial behavior of the data under consideration, and elastic map technique to reveal the cluster patterns in the space of environmental data (temperature and precipitation). Some further applications and perspective studies in this area are discussed.

Effective Elastic Thickness Map Reveals Subglacial Structure of East Antarctica

AbstractEast Antarctica is the least well‐exposed Precambrian shield on Earth. What is known, or surmised, of its geological structure comes from extrapolation over large distances and from geophysics. Here, we present a map of effective elastic thickness, Te, computed from Antarctic bedrock topography and both terrestrial and satellite gravity data. Te is directly related to lithospheric strength and can distinguish domains of differing tectonic history. Our map reveals a broad region of high Te in Wilkes Land, interpreted as a craton, while elsewhere a corridor of low Te meanders between areas of higher Te. The low‐Te belt follows the trend of prominent linear magnetic anomalies identified in the Gamburtsev and Dronning Maud Land provinces, two of which have previously been identified as possible Grenville or Pan‐African age sutures.

Mapping Henry: Dendrochronological Analysis of a Sixteenth-Century Panel Painting Based Upon Synchrotron-Sourced X-ray Fluorescence Mapping

ABSTRACT The study of materials that comprise artworks significantly contributes to understanding of age and provenance. While dendrochronology is a particularly valuable and well-established technique for panel paintings comprising oak timber, conventional practices of resurfacing end-grains to reveal tree rings is becoming less acceptable because it removes material, modifying the painting. Recently, application of non-destructive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy to a portrait of Henry VIII held by the Art Gallery of New South Wales (AGNSW), Sydney, Australia revealed tree-ring boundaries in the resulting high-resolution elastic scatter XRF map. In this study, we examine the dendrochronological potential of that mapping with the aim of contributing to resolving the relationship of the AGNSW portrait to similar paintings elsewhere. Examination of the timber revealed affinities with Quercus petraea (Matt.). We measured tree-ring widths along multiple paths in the XRF scatter map and crossdated the resulting 81-year XRF ring-width (XRF portrait ) series against master chronologies of English, western European, and Baltic origin. Rather than an arbitrarily defined threshold, we used a Bonferroni correction to determine a minimum significance level for crossdating. While the XRF portrait series did not crossdate with the continental European chronologies, we identified a single significant (α = 3.4 × 10−6) dating position with the English chronology (1400–1480 CE). Cross-matching with site-level chronologies revealed a cluster of high t-values in central-southern England. The earliest date of felling precedes the documented date of completion for the AGNSW and two similar Tudor portraits of Henry VIII held by the National Portrait Gallery (NPG), London and one at the Society of Antiquaries, London. While the apparent British provenance of timber used in the AGNSW portrait contrasts to Baltic origin of timbers used for the two NPG portraits and the majority of English panel paintings, it is consistent with the provenance of the timber used for the Society of Antiquaries portrait.

Novel smart data analysis technologies to differentiate Parkinson’s disease from essential tremor

Smart approach to study the relation between tremor and olfactory malfunction is studied. It is shown that neither olfactory function measurement, nor tremor measurement solely are able to differentiate Parkinson’s disease from essential tremor. On the contrary, the combination of these two medical examination techniques yields reliable discrimination of these two pathologies. Also, the inverse relation pattern between olfactory and tremor is proven. These results are obtained through the implementation of novel smart technique of non-linear clustering based on elastic map method.

Advanced nonlinear statistics reveals the relations between anthropometry and bioimpedance of physique in post-surgery complications of the patients with gastric cancer

Smart analysis of multidimensional data of the physical development of patients with gastric cancer is carried out through the implementation of non-linear up-to-date technique of statistical analysis that is elastic map method. It is shown the data on physique reveal the dynamics of the disease, and support a prognosis for the outcome.

Elastic modulus mapping for bovine cortical bone from submillimeter- to submicron-scales using PeakForce Tapping atomic force microscopy

Bone is a composite material consisting of organic and inorganic components that are organized into hierarchical structures to provide load-bearing functions. This paper presents the results of PeakForce Tapping atomic force microscopy (AFM) scans on cut and polished bovine cortical bone specimens that were submerged in water. The elastic modulus map and surface morphology were obtained for various bone hierarchical structures from submillimeter- to submicron-scales. The elastic modulus of osteons (20.51 ± 6.85 GPa) was slightly lower than the interstitial bone (21.87 ± 5.48 GPa); they were both much greater than that of the cement lines (7.49 ± 4.23 GPa). The elastic modulus in the lamella structures varied periodically from higher values in thick sub-lamellae (21.49 ± 6.58 GPa) to the lower values in thin sub-lamellae (9.67 ± 2.69 GPa). The results also show relatively softer mineralized collagen fibril bundle arrays (12.94 ± 2.71 GPa) embedded in harder matrix materials (28.39 ± 5.75 GPa). The variations in the elastic modulus suggest different degrees of mineralization or different fibril orientations. The histograms of elastic modulus indicate the dominating compositions or dominating fibril orientations.

Macroscopic and microscopic analysis of the mechanical properties and adhesion force of cells using a single cell tensile test and atomic force microscopy: Remarkable differences in cell types

Many experimental techniques have been reported to provide knowledge of the mechanical behavior of cells from biomechanical viewpoints, however, it is unclear how the intercellular structural differences influence macroscopic and microscopic mechanical properties of cells. The aim of our study is to clarify the comprehensive mechanical properties and cell-substrate adhesion strength of cells, and the correlation with intracellular structure in different cell types. We developed an originally designed micro tensile tester, and performed a single cell tensile test to estimate whole cell tensile stiffness and adhesion strength of normal vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and cervical cancer HeLa cells: one half side of the specimen cell was lifted up by a glass microneedle, then stretched until the cell detached from the substrate, while force was simultaneously measured. The tensile stiffness and adhesion strength were 49 ± 10 nN/% and 870 ± 430 nN, respectively, in VSMCs (mean ± SD, n = 8), and 19 ± 17 nN/% and 320 ± 160 nN, respectively, in HeLa cells (n = 9). The difference was more definite in the surface elastic modulus map obtained by atomic force microscopy, indicating that the internal tension of the actin cytoskeleton was significantly higher in VSMCs than in HeLa cells. Structural analysis with confocal microscopy revealed that VSMCs had a significant alignment of F-actin cytoskeleton with mature focal adhesion, contrary to the randomly oriented F-actin with smaller focal adhesion of HeLa cells, indicating that structural arrangement of the actin cytoskeleton and their mechanical tension generated the differences in cell mechanical properties and adhesion forces. The finding strongly suggests that the mechanical and structural differences in each cell type are deeply involved with their physiological functions.

Amazing symmetrical clustering in chloroplast genomes

BackgroundPreviously, a seven-cluster pattern claiming to be a universal one in bacterial genomes has been reported. Keeping in mind the most popular theory of chloroplast origin, we checked whether a similar pattern is observed in chloroplast genomes.ResultsSurprisingly, eight cluster structure has been found, for chloroplasts. The pattern observed for chloroplasts differs rather significantly, from bacterial one, and from that latter observed for cyanobacteria. The structure is provided by clustering of the fragments of equal length isolated within a genome so that each fragment is converted in triplet frequency dictionary with non-overlapping triplets with no gaps in frame tiling. The points in 63-dimensional space were clustered due to elastic map technique. The eight cluster found in chloroplasts comprises the fragments of a genome bearing tRNA genes and exhibiting excessively high GC-content, in comparison to the entire genome.ConclusionChloroplasts exhibit very specific symmetry type in distribution of coding and non-coding fragments of a genome in the space of triplet frequencies: this is mirror symmetry. Cyanobacteria may have both mirror symmetry, and the rotational symmetry typical for other bacteria.

A novel approach to differential diagnosis of Parkinson's disease and essential tremor

To study tremor and olfactory dysfunction in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), patients with essential tremor and healthy people for the differential diagnosis and to verify the hypothesis on the inverse dependence between tremor and olfactory dysfunction. Olfactory dysfunction was studied in 45 patients with PD, 40 patients with essential tremor and 64 healthy controls. Tremor was studied in 90 people, including 30 controls and 30 patients with PD and essential tremor. The olfactory function was tested with Sniffin' Sticks test. Tremor parameters were studied with wireless monitoring instrument for electrophysiological signals record, where three essential data flows have been recorded: electromyogram, gyroscope and acceleration. The instrument recorded the frequency and amplitude of each parameter. The data were analyzed with IBM SPSS Statistica 2.3 software using standard methods. Besides, non-linear statistics using ViDaExpert software with elastic map technique was utilized. The elastic map perfectly separated the patients with PD and essential tremor, as well as healthy controls. Three clusters were observed. The analysis of composition of the clusters proved the better quality of olfactory function of the patients with essential tremor compared to the patients with PD. This bias confirms the hypothesis on the inverse dependence between the tremor level and olfactory dysfunction.