Elaeis Guineensis Jacq Research Articles

Promoting oil palm-based agroforestry systems: an asset for the sustainability of the sector

Until recently, the massive development of industrial and smallholder oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) plantations has generally been conducted according to the monocrop model. However, alternative cropping systems have emerged, based on more diversified systems that combine various crops within the oil palm plots. By giving this plant a status equivalent to that of a tree, these practices correspond to agroforestry systems. In the present study, 39 agroforestry systems were identified worldwide through a preliminary literature review, a review of NGO websites and expert surveys. Our results reveal five different types of oil palm agroforestry systems: (i) associations with livestock during the production phase of the oil palm; (ii) traditional African palm and food crop systems sustained over time; (iii) associations with food crops during the juvenile phase of the oil palm; (iv) systems developed by family farms that permanently associate other plants; and (v) prototype designs developed by research institutions, often at the request of local agricultural enterprises. The spatiotemporal description of these systems enabled us to identify associated ecosystem services. Building on various proposals of biodiversity insertion in a monoculture to convert it into an agroforestry system, the present study offers new perspectives for the sustainable development of palm oil production.

Diversity of Agroforestry Systems Associated with Vegetable Plots in the Municipality of Thionck-Essyl (Bignona Department, Senegal)

In Senegal, as in the sub-Saharan zone, tree and shrub species are generally introduced into the fields and thus constitute an integral part of agricultural, forestry, and pastoral production systems called agroforestry systems. With a view to better management of these systems, this study aimed to contribute to a better understanding of these agrarian systems in Lower Casamance. To this end, surveys of woody vegetation were conducted in seven (07) of the 14 market garden blocks in the commune of Thionck-Essyl. On the basis of a survey rate of 25% in relation to the surface area, 15 square plots of 2500 m2 each were installed. The woody flora of these agroforestry systems included 31 species divided into 25 genera belonging to 14 botanical families. The basal area, the cover rate, and the observed density of woody plants are respectively 6 m2·ha-1; 46% and 67% individuals ha-1. The most frequent species in these agroforestry systems are Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (85%), Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (71%) and Mangifera indica L. (71%). The dominant height class is [2 - 4 m] with 23% of the woody stand in these agroforestry systems. The horizontal structure is characterized by a good representation of individuals with a diameter between 5 and 15 cm (31%). This study constitutes the basis of information necessary for more rational management of these agrarian systems so important in the life of the populations of the commune of Thionck-Essyl.

Formulation body scrub from silica gel of palm oil shell (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq.)

Background: Oil palm shell is a waste of oil palm plants that can be used as a source of silica gel because it contains SiO2. This study aims to determine the oil palm shell silica gel can be used as an active ingredient in the manufacture of body scrubs.
 Method: This study uses active ingredients with various concentrations of 2,5%, 5%, and 10%. The process of making silica gel starts with ashing, washing, making a sodium silicate solution, and adding NaOH. The preparation test includes an organoleptic test, homogeneity test, pH test, dispersibility test, adhesion test, irritation test, dead skin cell removal test, and stability test. Results: From the results of this study, the SiO2 content of palm oil shell silica gel is as much as 43% with XRF testing, and XRD results at an angle of 2ϴ=22,93º. The FTIR results showed the presence of a Si-OH group at a wave number of 3439.08 cm -1, a Si-O-Si group at a wave number of 1020,34 cm -1, and a -OH group at a wave number of 806,25 cm -1. The preparations that have been made meet the physical evaluation of the preparations, namely in the form of semi-solid, white color, and smells of oleum citri. Each homogeneous preparation, pH with a value ranging from 4,7 to 6,5, does not irritate the skin, meets the requirements of the spreadability test and adhesion test, has poor stability because the pH value has increased and decreased, has a good keratin content value, and the stability test of the formula against temperature at pH showed significant results (p>0.05).
 Conclusion: This research concludes that palm oil shell silica gel can be formulated as an active ingredient in making body scrubs and has the effect of removing dead skin cells on the skin.

Formulation and Stability Tests of Hair Tonic from Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Leaves Extract and Effectiveness in Protecting Hair

Hair loss is a condition that unavoidable process, where the hair is detached more than 100 strands per day that occurs continuously. Oil palm leaf with their compounds can be used to treat hair loss and damage. The purpose of this study was to formulate oil palm leaf extract into hair tonic preparations and evaluate the effectiveness in preventing hair damage. Hair tonic formula from oil palm leaf extract contains 96% ethanol, menthol, propylene glycol, phenoxyethanol, and aquades. The evaluation of hair tonic preparations included organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, and viscosity tests, as well as tests of antioxidant activity and effectiveness of hair tonic preparations. The results of the antioxidant activity test of oil palm leaf extract hair tonic showed the IC50 value at room temperature (25°C) indicating an average value of 37.2519±8.535 ppm, warm temperature (50°C) 40.5459±9.086 ppm, and cold temperature (4°C) 36.8257±6.928 ppm, which belongs to the category of very strong antioxidant activity, with the results of the evaluation of the oil palm leaf hair tonic slightly colored. greenish to dark green, has a distinctive menthol aroma, has a pH and viscosity that meets the requirements of a good hair tonic preparation, with pH between 3-7 and viscosity less than 5 cPs. Hair tonic preparations of oil palm leaf extract can prevent hair decolorization due to sun exposure at concentrations of 25 ppm to 200 ppm.

Physical Properties and Anti-Mosquito Activities of Lotion Male from Palm Flower Extract (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)

Mosquitoes can carry protozoa, viruses, and worm larvae that can cause various diseases in humans.Mosquito repellent preparations that are widely sold in the market are in the form of lotion preparations.However, most formulas of mosquito repellent products on the market contain DEET (N, N-diethylmeta-toluamide) which has side effects such as symptoms of hypersensitivity, irritation, and urticaria.Male palm flower (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is a natural material that contains flavonoid and estragolecompounds that have activity as a mosquito repellent. Therefore, this study aimed to determinethe lotion activity of male palm flower extract (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) as an insect repellent. Theprocedure steps in this study include sample preparation, extract making, and lotion formulation withextract concentrations of F1(1%), F2(2%), F3(3%), F4(4%), and F5(5%), evaluation of physicalproperties, test stability and test the protection power of the lotion against mosquitoes. The results ofthe physical properties test showed that the lotion preparation was in the appropriate range with thespecified parameters and was stable at room temperature storage. The results of the effectiveness testshowed that the most effective formula was the F5 which has the best physical properties and a verystrong protective power.

In silico Genome-Wide Computational Profiling of Non-Coding RNA in Oil Palm Elaeis guineensis and its Pathogen Ganoderma boninense

Oil palm plantation was first established in Malaysia in 1917. Since then, the oil palm industry in Malaysia flourished especially following the shifting of Deli Dura palm to Tenera palm in the 1960s, which contributed to a 30% increase in yield. However, the outbreak of basal stem rot disease caused by Ganoderma boninense has caused substantial yield losses. With no known cure to date, extensive molecular studies were conducted to better understand the underlying mechanism of G. boninense infection and the role of protein-coding genes as regulators in oil palms against G. boninense. The studies have demonstrated the importance of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in the interaction between oil palm and G. boninense. However, there is still limited genome-scale identification for ncRNAs in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis jacq.) and its pathogen, G. boninense. In this study, we focused on the identification of small and medium-sized non-coding RNA using a computational approach and managed to predict 2,233 ncRNAs and 369 ncRNAs in the E. guineensis and G. boninense genomes, respectively. The identified ncRNAs include transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), small nuclear RNA (snRNA), small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA), and microRNA (miRNA). Although the number may be far fewer than the real number, the predicted ncRNAs here represent an almost complete dataset of small and medium-sized ncRNA in both the E. guineensis and G. boninense genomes. The information obtained may be useful to tackle the issue of G. boninense attack on oil palm plantations.

Analisis Kelayakan Finansial Usaha Bakso Jamur Sawit (Volvariella Volvacea) di Kabupaten Sanggau

Oil palm mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) is able to grow in empty bunches (tankos) of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq). This mushroom is commonly consumed, especially by people in Sanggau Regency, West Kalimantan. Palm mushrooms can be a variety of processed products, one of which is meatballs. The purpose of this study was to determine the financial feasibility of the oil palm mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) meatball business in Sanggau Regency and whether or not this business was feasible to run. The method stages in this research include literature study and the manufacture of oil palm mushroom meatballs, data collection through the questionnaire method, and financial feasibility analysis including BEP, R/C Ratio, IRR, ROI, and PP. The results of the respondent's assessment, as a whole, indicate that this oil palm mushroom meatball is feasible to sell with a financial analysis of the feasibility of the oil palm mushroom meatball business, with a BEP value of Rp. 5.368.00, BEP receipt of Rp. 235,294.00, BEP units are 29 units. The value of R/C ratio is 1.4, IRR is 47%, ROI is 29%, and PP is for 1 month. The conclusion from this research is that this business is feasible to run.

Analisis Kelayakan Finansial Usaha Bakso Jamur Sawit (Volvariella Volvacea) di Kabupaten Sanggau

Oil palm mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) is able to grow in empty bunches (tankos) of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq). This mushroom is commonly consumed, especially by people in Sanggau Regency, West Kalimantan. Palm mushrooms can be a variety of processed products, one of which is meatballs. The purpose of this study was to determine the financial feasibility of the oil palm mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) meatball business in Sanggau Regency and whether or not this business was feasible to run. The method stages in this research include literature study and the manufacture of oil palm mushroom meatballs, data collection through the questionnaire method, and financial feasibility analysis including BEP, R/C Ratio, IRR, ROI, and PP. The results of the respondent's assessment, as a whole, indicate that this oil palm mushroom meatball is feasible to sell with a financial analysis of the feasibility of the oil palm mushroom meatball business, with a BEP value of Rp. 5.368.00, BEP receipt of Rp. 235,294.00, BEP units are 29 units. The value of R/C ratio is 1.4, IRR is 47%, ROI is 29%, and PP is for 1 month. The conclusion from this research is that this business is feasible to run.

Growth Response of Oil Palm Seedlings (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) in Pre Nursery Nurseries to Intersity of Solar Radiation in the Moonsun Region

Oil palm is a vegetable oil-producing plant and one of the nine basic needs of the Indonesian people. The high demand for cooking oil in the country must be balanced by maximizing production sources in the agronomic stage, namely through nurseries. Oil palm seeds at the pre-nursery level only require about 40% sunlight intensity. Therefore, radiation intensity is a factor that must be considered in the growth of seedlings at the pre-nursery level. The aim of the study was to analyze the response of oil palm seedling growth to the effect of radiation intensity in the pre nursery and to analyze the best radiation intensity on the growth of oil palm seedlings in the pre nursery. This study used a single factor Completely Randomized Environmental Design (CRD), i.e. radiation intensity consisting of 5 levels, namely p0 = (0%, 50%, 100%), p1 = (25%, 25%, 100%), p2 = (25%, 50%, 75%) radiation intensity, p3 = (25%, 75%, 100%), p4 = (50%, 75%, 100%). Repeat each treatment 4 times so that there are 20 experimental units. Each experimental unit contained 9 polybags so that there were a total of 180 plants. Based on the results of growth analysis of stem diameter (mm), number of leaves (leaves), length of leaf blade (cm) response to solar radiation intensity p3 = (25%, 75%, 100%).

The Influence of Cow Manure and Mycorrhiza Application in Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Growth on Pre Nursery

The Influence of Cow Manure and Mycorrhiza Application in Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Growth on Pre Nursery

Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy for Moisture and Oil Content Prediction in Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Fruitlets

The global palm oil industry is targeting an increased oil extraction rate in oil palm milling to meet global demand. This can be achieved through the certification of mills and adherence to bunch grading as part of ensuring that only high-quality and ripe fresh fruit bunches are accepted and processed at all mills. However, the current grading process requires the analysis of oil palm bunches, which is laborious and tedious or prone to error due to human subjectivity. This paper introduces a non-destructive technique to predict the moisture and oil content in oil palm fruitlets using electrical impedance spectroscopy. In total, 90 samples of oil palm fruitlets at different stages of ripeness were acquired. Electrical impedance measurement of each fruitlet was done using electrocardiogram (ECG) electrodes connected to an LCR meter at frequencies of 1 kHz, 10 kHz, 20 kHz, and 100 kHz. The actual oil content in the fruitlets was determined using the Soxhlet extraction method, while the actual moisture content was determined using a standard oven-drying method. The variation of electrical impedance values at each frequency was analyzed. At 100 kHz, the correlation coefficients relating the electrical impedance to the moisture and oil content were around -0.84 and 0.80, respectively. Predictions of the moisture and oil content using linear regression of the impedance measurements at 100 kHz gave RMSE values of 5.85% and 5.71%, respectively. This information is useful for oil palm fruit grading and oil yield production estimation in the palm oil industry.

Bioinformatics analyses of embryoid genes in oil palm tissue culture (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is a beneficial tropical crop that produces oil vegetables, those needs continue to increase. Clone planting on a large scale is one of the possibilities to increase oil palm production. Identification of genotype oil palm embryoid can optimize the efficiency of the culture process. Twenty-six projected embryoid genes with code amino acid from 850 to 936 bp from oil palm tissue culture were collected from the NCBI database. This study clarified the variation and role of physicochemical characteristic, possible peptide transfer and subcellular localization of the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) embryoid genes. The similarity of genes in embryoids on phylogenetic trees showed the potential to detect the role of specific embryoid genes to help the breeders optimize cloning processes.

Histological analysis of somatic embryogenesis from shoot explant of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)

The goal of this research was to investigate the ontogenic path followed by the somatic embryo from oil palm (Elaeis guineensis jacq.) with in vitro culture and to characterize somatic embryo from shoot of explants. Explant were injected into a medium for the induction of calluses, histological analysis were perfomed on embryogenic callus and somatic embryo. Embryogenic callus with nodular structure and still proliferate because the cells are meristematic and very actively to dividing. The samples were dehydrated in an alcohol series, FAA-fixed and paraffin-infused for this. For staining the sample, it was done by inserting the sample in 1% safranin dye for 12 hours, then rinsed with distilled water until the color completely disappeared, then continued with dehydration in ethanol and added 2% fast green solution for 30 seconds. Oil palm somatic embryos consist of 3 phases, namely globular, skutelar and coleoptilar, where somatic embryos in the globular phase will be larger than nodular callus. globular embryo size > 200 μm with the characteristics of this phase, namely the formation of epidermal tissue, this tissue is the result of differentiation from the meristematic surface layer called protoderm. This layer is a periclinal cleavage at the transition from the proembryonic to globular phase. This method of multiplication allowed the original cell mass to proliferate, resulting in new calli lineages, particularly the embryogenic yellowish nodular lineage, which gave rise to somatic embryos.

Spatial Study of Oil Palm Plant Health Using Sentinel 2 Imagery at PTPN VIII Cikasungka Plantation, Bogor, West Java

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is a plantation commodity that is the highest producer and exporter in Indonesia and has high economic value. Increasing oil palm productivity requires several factors, one of which is plant health. Therefore, detecting the health condition of oil palm plants requires research with spatial analysis and a remote sensing method that can monitor plantation data collection strategies efficiently and effectively. One of them is Sentinel-2 using the NDVI algorithm. The algorithm can estimate the relationship between vegetation and health conditions. This study resulted in very healthy plants having NDVI values ranging from 0.80-0.85, healthy plants having NDVI values ranging from 0.76-0.80, critical plants having NDVI values ranging from 0.72-0.76, and unhealthy plants having NDVI values ranging from 0.68-0.72. The distribution of the NDVI value at the PTPN VIII Cikasungka Plantation in January 2022 has a high NDVI value and is spread over every area of the district.

Plug flow reactor (PFR) to palm oil (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq.) thermal cracking

Given the need to develop and implement alternative renewable energy sources, this research was focused on using palm oil (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) as a raw material for biofuel production. A bench-scale plug flow reactor was designed and built and it was then used to carry out the thermal cracking experiments aimed at bio-oil production. For each experiment, the bio-oil products were characterized according to the acid value, refraction index, viscosity, and density and distillation curve. The results obtained from each experiment were compared with those for crude oil in order to identify the operation conditions that provide the best quality bio-oil. The bio-oil from each experiment was then fractionated using a distillation column, to produce bio-gasoline, bio-kerosene and green diesel. The distillation products were also characterized, based on the same properties evaluated for the bio-oil, and the results were compared with those for gasoline and diesel fuels. The results of this study show that it is possible to produce a bio-fuel based on bio-oil obtained from the thermal cracking of palm oil using a plug flow reactor, and the product is similar to crude oil, with the exception of the acid index value. With regard to the distillation curve, when compared with those for crude oil (Hungo and Cabinda blends) and its derivatives, good approximations are observed. The thermal cracking of palm oil can therefore be used as a technological strategy to obtain bio-oil and its derivatives and thereby reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels.

Integrative Omics Analysis of Three Oil Palm Varieties Reveals (Tanzania × Ekona) TE as a Cold-Resistant Variety in Response to Low-Temperature Stress

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is an economically important tropical oil crop widely cultivated in tropical zones worldwide. Being a tropical crop, low-temperature stress adversely affects the oil palm. However, integrative leaf transcriptomic and proteomic analyses have not yet been conducted on an oil palm crop under cold stress. In this study, integrative omics transcriptomic and iTRAQ-based proteomic approaches were employed for three oil palm varieties, i.e., B × E (Bamenda × Ekona), O × G (E. oleifera × Elaeis guineensis), and T × E (Tanzania × Ekona), in response to low-temperature stress. In response to low-temperature stress at (8 °C) for 5 days, a total of 5175 up- and 2941 downregulated DEGs in BE-0_VS_BE-5, and a total of 3468 up- and 2443 downregulated DEGs for OG-0_VS_OG-5, and 3667 up- and 2151 downregulated DEGs for TE-0_VS_TE-5 were identified. iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis showed 349 up- and 657 downregulated DEPs for BE-0_VS_BE-5, 372 up- and 264 downregulated DEPs for OG-0_VS_OG-5, and 500 up- and 321 downregulated DEPs for TE-0_VS_TE-5 compared to control samples treated at 28 °C and 8 °C, respectively. The KEGG pathway correlation of oil palm has shown that the metabolic synthesis and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites pathways were significantly enriched in the transcriptome and proteome of the oil palm varieties. The correlation expression pattern revealed that TE-0_VS_TE-5 is highly expressed and BE-0_VS_BE-5 is suppressed in both the transcriptome and proteome in response to low temperature. Furthermore, numerous transcription factors (TFs) were found that may regulate cold acclimation in three oil palm varieties at low temperatures. Moreover, this study identified proteins involved in stresses (abiotic, biotic, oxidative, and heat shock), photosynthesis, and respiration in iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis of three oil palm varieties. The increased abundance of stress-responsive proteins and decreased abundance of photosynthesis-related proteins suggest that the TE variety may become cold-resistant in response to low-temperature stress. This study may provide a basis for understanding the molecular mechanism for the adaptation of oil palm varieties in response to low-temperature stress in China.

PERTAMBAHAN PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT KELAPA SAWIT (ELAEIS GUINEENSIS JACQ) DI PRE NURSERY AKIBAT PERLAKUAN UREA DAN NPK

The purpose of this study was to determine the increasing of Growth of Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) Seedlings in Pre-nursery due to Urea and NPK Treatment. The study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of the first factor Urea fertilizer (U) which consisted of 3 treatment levels, namely U0 = control, U1 = 1.0 g baby polybag-1, and U2 = 2.0g baby polybag-1, while the factor NPK fertilizer (N) consisted of 3 treatment levels, namely N0 = control, N1 = 1.0 g baby polybag-1 and N2 = 2.0 g baby polybag-1. The results showed that with exception for the increase in leaf area, Urea and NPK treatments were not significant for increase of plant height (cm), stem diameter (cm), number of leaves (blades), leaf length (cm) and leaf width (cm), the results were also variative. Furthermore, conclusion of this research is that the higher the dose of urea and NPK fertilizer resulted in a higher increase in leaf area.

Growth Growth Response of Several Varieties of Oil Palm Sprouts (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Towards Application of Biological Fertilizer in Pre-Nursery

This research was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of North Sumatra, Medan from September 23, 2021 to December 14, 2021. The study used a factorial completely randomized design, the first factor being the DxP Yangambi varieties, the DxP Simalungun varieties, and the DxP Dumpy varieties and the second factor being the application of biological fertilizers consisting of: 0 g/l water, 2.5 g/l, 5 g/l water, 7.5 g/l water. The results showed that the PPKS DxP Dumpy varieties significantly increased plant height at 8, 10, and 11 weeks of age of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) seedlings in pre-nursery. The application of biofertilizers did not significantly increase the growth of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) seedlings in the pre-nursery. The interaction of biological fertilizer application with varieties significantly increased plant height from 7-12 weeks of age on oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) seedlings in pre-nursery.

Palm Oil Diaspora: Afro-Brazilian Landscapes and Economies on Bahia's Dendê Coast

Palm Oil Diaspora: Afro-Brazilian Landscapes and Economies on Bahia's Dendê Coast

Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Shaded Model at Immature Stage II and Application of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) on Growth and Yields of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill

The practice of intercropping soybeans among oil palm trees is an approach used to optimize plantation land. Oil palm (OP) at the second immature stage (IS-2) or the age of 2 years provides shade of around 40%. This research aimed to observe soybean growth and yields under shade conditions close to those of oil palm shading conditions at IS-2 and to determine the optimal dosage of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) to apply to the soybeans. The shade intensity treatment used artificial shading nets close to actual shade intensity in OP plantation, i.e., 40% shading. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, from October 2019 to January 2020. The experimental design used was a split-plot design with shade intensity as the main plots (0 and 40%) and AMF dosage as subplots, consisting of six treatments of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 g/plant, with each treatment repeated four times. The results showed that at 10 weeks after planting, the interaction effect of 40% shade intensity with a dosage of 10 g AMF per plant resulted in the highest chlorophyll index. Independently, the AMF dosage of 10 g per plant produced the maximum plant height, number of productive branches, dry weight of plants, and number of seeds per pod.