El-Sheikh Governorate Research Articles

Attitudes of Farmers towards Protecting the Rural Environment from pollution at Kafr El Sheikh Governorate

Attitudes of Farmers towards Protecting the Rural Environment from pollution at Kafr El Sheikh Governorate

Alterations in histopathology and stress-associated gene expression induced by infection with Prohemistomum vivax encysted metacercariae in Nile tilapia

Due to limited data on the pathogenicity of Prohemistomum vivax (P. vivax) and its impacts on fish health, this study aimed to determine the morphological, molecular characteristics, pathogenicity, and histopathological alterations in fish infected with P. vivax. Eight hundred (800) Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were collected from various farms in Kafr El Sheikh Governorate. The fish were examined for encysted metacercariae (EMC) in different organs. Tissue specimens were collected and underwent histopathological analysis, expression of stress-related genes, and genetic characterization by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2). P. vivax metacercariae were oval to round in shape and were collected from various organs including the muscle, skin, eyes, intestine, liver, kidney, and gills of infected O. niloticus. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the ITS2 region revealed a 507-bp fragment, confirming parasite identity and matching within the same clade as other P. vivax isolates. Infected fish displayed abdominal hydropsy, skin darkening, and emaciation. P. vivax encysted metacercariae were detected during the study period in 620/800 fish, with an overall prevalence of 77.5%. The seasonal prevalence was 95% in summer, 85% in spring, 55% in autumn, and 75% in winter. The intensity of infection was 1–40 cysts per microscopic field. Histopathological examination of muscles revealed parasitic cysts embedded within muscle fibers, causing severe degeneration and necrosis. Upregulation of cytochrome P450 (cpy1a1), heat shock protein 70 (hsp-70), and tumor suppressor p53 (p53) was recorded in both liver and muscle samples of infected tilapia compared to controls. This indicates activation of detoxification, cellular stress, and apoptotic pathways in response to P. vivax infection. There is limited data available on the pathogenicity of P. vivax and its impacts on fish health; thus, this study provides key insights into the morphology, pathogenicity, and histopathological impacts of P. vivax in Nile tilapia.

Rehabilitation needs of critically Ill patient’s at General Hospital -Kafr- ELsheikh Governorate

Background Assessing rehabilitation needs is an essential part of the care provided to critically ill patients and is used to identify areas of need to develop an individualized care plan for each patient. Aim To explore rehabilitation needs of critically ill patients during the acute stage of illness. Research question What are the different rehabilitation needs of critically ill patients at a general hospital- Kafr- El sheikh Governorate over a period of 6 months? Design descriptive exploratory research design was used. Sample Purposive sample consist of 100 conscious adult male and female patients, aged from 18- 60 years within period of 6 months was included. Setting Four intensive care units affiliated to General Hospital- Kafr Elsheikh Governorate. Tools Two tools were utilized (A) Rehabilitation needs of critically ill patient assessment tool, (B) Patient Categorization Assessment Tool (PCAT). Result More than half (52%) of patients were the age group 51-60 years old, more than half (54%) of them were females. More than half (55%) of patients stayed 4-6 days at the hospital, all of them were fully conscious. More than one quarters (37%) of the studied patients had a cardiac disease. There were statistical significant difference (χ 2=25.28, P=0.00) with deterioration in chest sound 42% of patient (n=100)had abnormal chest sound in first day elevated to 70% of them(n=10) at the last day of their hospitalization. there were significant statistical differences (p≤0.05) in daily living activity between the hospitalization days among critically ill patients. there were significant statistical differences (p≤0.05) in mobility between the hospitalization days among critically ill patients. the cognitive aspect needs were the same at the hospitalization days. There were statistical significant difference (χ 2=94.5, P=0.03) with deterioration in psychological stressors presence 71% of them had psychological stressors in first day increased to all of them at the last day of their hospitalization. Conclusion Critically ill patients have variable rehabilitation needs that change throughout acute stage of their illness. Recommendation Putting into practice the rehabilitation needs assessment for critically ill patients, which is regarded as the initial stage in creating rehabilitation programs. Replication of this study on a larger probability sample from different geographical locations in Egypt is recommended.

Tilapia aquaculture systems in Egypt: Characteristics, sustainability outcomes and entry points for sustainable aquatic food systems

The future demand for fish and other aquatic foods requires the sustainable intensification of related production systems. However, policy and investment decisions for the sustainable intensification of aquaculture systems are usually hindered by the lack of benchmarking data about their actual sustainability performance, often resulting in poorly developed and implemented interventions that ignore potential sustainability trade-offs. This is a reality in many of the leading aquaculture producers in the developing world like Egypt. In this study we analyzed farm-level data from 402 aquaculture producers in the Kafr El Sheikh governorate in Egypt, to characterize and benchmark the performance of tilapia production systems against key sustainability outcomes. For the analysis we used a combination of statistical tools such as ordinary least square regressions, simultaneous quantile regressions and propensity score matching. We focussed on how the production characteristics and practices of different tilapia production systems intersect with economic, food security, and environmental outcomes that cover multiple dimensions of sustainability. We found that differences in these production characteristics and practices were significantly associated with the sustainability performance of tilapia production systems. In particular, our results show that yields in monocultural systems (10,460.5 ton/ha) were significantly higher than in polyculture systems (8404.7 ton/ha). Furthermore, despite the generally positive economic, food security, and environmental outcomes of several of the studied systems, some trade-offs emerge both between and within these sustainability dimensions.

Planning An Extension Program to Develop The Knowledge of Cattle Breeders for Comprehensive Care to Neonate Calves In Desouqe District Kafr El Sheikh Governorate.

Planning An Extension Program to Develop The Knowledge of Cattle Breeders for Comprehensive Care to Neonate Calves In Desouqe District Kafr El Sheikh Governorate.

Correlation between Anxiety and Musculoskeletal Health in Female Adolescents with Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Kafr El Sheikh Governorate, Egypt

Correlation between Anxiety and Musculoskeletal Health in Female Adolescents with Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Kafr El Sheikh Governorate, Egypt

Farmers’ benefit from activities of some agricultural organizations in Kafr El-Sheikh and Gharbia governorate

This study aimed at identifying the level of farmers’ benefit from activities of agricultural organizations: the agricultural cooperative, the agricultural extension Center, and the agricultural bank, identifying relationships between the studied independent variables and the farmers' benefit from the activities carried out by these organizations, identifying the variables that most contribute to explaining the variance in farmers’ benefit from the activities. Data were collected through personal interviews using a pretested schedule from a random sample of 165 respondents and appropriate statistical methods were used to obtain the following results. - That 38.2%, 46.7%, and 57.6% of the respondents believe that their benefit from activities carried out by the Agricultural Cooperative, the Extension Center, and the Agricultural Bank is average, respectively. - The ten independent variables together explain 15.4%, 28.9%, and 23.7% of the total variance in the respondents' benefit from activities carried out by the three organizations, respectively. - Two variables explain 11.1% and 16.5% of the variance in the benefit from activities carried out by the Agricultural Cooperative and the Agricultural Bank, respectively, and six variables explain 27% of the variance in the benefit from activities carried out by the Extension center. - The most important problem that limited Farmers’ benefit from activities of the agricultural cooperatives was the lack of production requirements (seeds- fertilizers- pesticides) in a suitable time, for the extension center was holding seminars and extension meetings at inappropriate times, and for the agricultural bank was guarantees and conditions for obtaining loans are complex and numerous. - The most important suggestions by farmers for facing problems that limit their benefit from activities of the agricultural cooperative was providing good and supported production supplies to farmers at the right times and in sufficient quantities, for the extension center was Providing publications and extension bulletins at the right times, and for the agricultural bank was extending the repayment period of loans following the conditions of the farmers.

Spatiotemporal analysis of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) outbreaks in poultry in Egypt (2006 to 2017)

BackgroundIn Egypt, the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype H5N1 is endemic and possesses a severe impact on the poultry. To provide a better understanding of the distributional characteristics of HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in Egypt, this study aimed to explore the spatiotemporal pattern and identify clusters of HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in Egypt from 2006 to 2017.ResultsThe Epidemic curve (EC) was constructed through time series analysis; in which six epidemic waves (EWs) were revealed. Outbreaks mainly started in winter peaked in March and ended in summer. However, newly emerged thermostable clades (2.2.1.1 and 2.2.1.2) during the 4th EW enabled the virus to survive and cause infection in warmer months with a clear alteration in the seasonality of the epidemic cycle in the 5th EW. The endemic situation became more complicated by the emergence of new serotypes. As a result, the EC ended up without any specific pattern since the 6th EW to now. The spatial analysis showed that the highest outbreak density was recorded in the Nile Delta considering it as the ‘Hot spot’ region. By the 6th EW, the outbreak extended to include the Nile valley. From spatiotemporal cluster epidemics, clustering in the Delta was a common feature in all EWs with primary clusters consistently detected in the hot-spot region, but the location and size varied with each EW. The highest Relative Risk (RR) regions in an EW were noticed to contain the primary clusters of the next EW and were found to include stopover sites for migratory wild birds. They were in Fayoum, Dakahlia, Qalyobiya, Sharkia, Kafr_Elsheikh, Giza, Behera, Menia, and BeniSuef governorates. Transmission of HPAI H5N1 occurred from one location to another directly resulted in a series of outbreaks forming neighboring secondary clusters. The absence of geographical borders between the governorates in addition to non-restricted movements of poultry and low vaccination and surveillance coverage contributed to the wider spread of infection all over Egypt and to look like one epidemiological unit.ConclusionOur findings can help in better understanding of the characteristics of HPAI H5N1 outbreaks and the distribution of outbreak risk, which can be used for effective disease control strategies.Graphical abstract

Interrelationship of milk acute-phase proteins and casein percentage in cows and buffaloes subclinical mastitis.

A total number of 62 clinically healthy dairy animals of three farms located in Kafr El Sheikh governorate, Egypt, were subjected to field screening surveys of subclinical mastitis (SCM) using California mastitis test (CMT). The obtained results revealed that 38.80% of quarter milk samples were positive to CMT. The most frequently major causative agents isolated from the positive CMT samples were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and environmental streptococcus spp. Acute-phase proteins (APPs), as immunological biomarkers for SCM, including milk serum amyloid A (mSAA) and haptoglobin (Hp) were measured using ELISA. A significant positive correlation was found between the severity of the mammary infection of cow's quarter milk samples represented in somatic cell count (SCC) and each of APPs and pH values. The correlation coefficient (R) between SCC and mSAA, Hp and pH were 0.54, 0.38 and 0.73, respectively. On the other hand, there was a significant negative correlation between casein percentage in milk of SCM cases, and each of APPs, pH and the presence of bacterial pathogens in the milk samples. The obtained results threw light on the inter-relationship between SCC, mSAA, pH value and casein percentage in milk of cows and buffalo suffered from SCM. The percentage of casein in milk is considered a significant accurate tool for diagnosis of SCM and this finding offers the farmers a cheap and fast selection for diagnosis of such disease. These results presented a specific structured view on the efficacy of different diagnostic tools of SCM in dairy herds.

Expression of immune-related genes in parasite-infected Tilapia nilotica (Oreochromis niloticus) from Egypt and molecular characterization of the parasites

Aquaculture is one of the world's most rapidly developing animal production sectors. Tilapia nilotica (Oreochromis niloticus) is the most popular fish known for quality and price. In the present study sixty fish samples of Tilapia nilotica (Oreochromis niloticus) of about 16-22cm length were collected from Tilapia breeding farms and twenty Nile tilapia fish samples were collected for tissue sampling rom each farm. Fish samples were thoroughly investigated for external parasites by visual inspection microscopically through fixed wet smears from the gills and skin. The DNA was extracted from the fish and 17 different parasite species were amplified for partial 18S rDNA and entire ITS1 regions using three sets of commonly recommended primers. The amplicons were confirmed through sequencing. The results exhibited that Trichodina sp. and Gyrodactylus hildae in gills, Cichlidogyrus aegypticus on skin while Acanthosentis sp. was found in the intestine of infected tilapia within Fuwa City, Kafr El sheikh Governorate. The parasites found in Mataria City, Dakahlia Governorate were Cichidogyrus halli on the gills, Zschokkella candia on muscles, and Clinostomum tilapiae in the intestine. The parasites Dactylogyrus sp. and Myxobolus fomenai were recovered from the skin and muscles, respectively, of infected Tilapia from King Mariout, Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria Governorate. Moreover, the expression level of IL-1β gene was up-regulated in muscle, skin, gills and intestine tissues of fish infected with parasites such as Z. candia, C. halli, C. tilapiae, Dactylogyrus sp., M. fomenai, C. aegypticus, Trichodina sp., G. hildae, and Acanthocentis. The similar up-regulation tissues expression trends of TNF-α and IFN-γ genes were found in fish infested with these parasites. The present study exlored molecular characterization of different parasites isolated in different locations of Egypt in Tilapia nilotica (Oreochromis niloticus) and up-regulation of the inflammatory response genes such as IL-1β, TNF-α and IFN-γ is an indicator of the sever inflammation due to these parasitic infestation in fish.

Coastal Erosion Assessment of the Nile Delta Coast using Remote Sensing, GIS, and Modified Coastal Vulnerability Index

The coastal zones are very much dynamic and are changing very fast, so it is completely important to study them in a temporal domain, for which remote sensing and GIS are the best tools. The coastal zone along the Governorates of Kafr El Sheikh, Dakahlia, and Damietta in north Egypt are reported to be facing serious environmental challenges. This study evaluates the coastline erosion and accretion and coastal vulnerability index (CVI) along these three Governorates, with a total length of 153Km over the past 34 years are analyzed using satellite images of TM 1984, ETM+ 2001, and ASTER 2018. The results showed that the study area was exposed to remarkable and non-expected changes over the study periods. Erosion and accretion were found variable over time and place, ranging from 0.14 ha/year in Dakahlia governorate during 1984-2001 to 66.12 ha/year in Kafr El Sheikh Governorate during 2001-2018 for erosion, and from 3.15 ha/year in Dakahlia Governorate at 2001-2018 to 42.45 ha/year in Kafr El Sheikh Governorate at 1984-2001 for accretion. Total land loss due to erosion as high as about 2034.68 ha of shoreline, and land gain as high as about 1459.71 ha of coastline was estimated in the study area with a net of lost lands of about 574.97 ha. In general, Kafr El Sheikh Governorate was more affected by erosion. According to Modified CVI, about 9.66%, 11.03%, 33.10%, and 46.21% of the length of the coastline is classified as very high, high, moderate, and low vulnerability, respectively.

The farmers' knowledge of the guiding recommendations for citrus production in the Mutoubes district in Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate

This research aimed mainly at getting acquainted with the knowledge of the farmers researched with the technical recommendations related to the production of citrus crops in Kafr El Sheikh Governorate, and the Moutobas Center was chosen from among the ten governorate centers where it has the largest cultivated area of the citrus crop in the governorate, amounting to about 56.3% of the total fruit area at the level of The governorate, followed by randomly testing two villages from among the villages of the center, so the randomized test resulted from each of the villages of Minya Al-Murshid, and the villages of Abyanah. Selecting a sample of them is random, then a regular random sample was chosen from them, according to the Karjisi and Morgan equation, so it consisted of 210 farmers. The most important results were that 90%, approximately 99%, approximately 99%, approximately 92%, 89%, about 93%, and about 90% About 93% of the respondents were low and medium knowledge of the technical recommendations related to citrus production, citrus cultivation, citrus wild, citrus fertilization, pruning, weed control, pest control, and optimum circulation of citrus fruits, respectively, and about 16% of the respondents had no knowledge With technical recommendations for disease control, approximately 97% of respondents who have had with A shelf related to these recommendations were low or medium knowledge.

Occurrence, virulence, carbapenem resistance, susceptibility to disinfectants and public health hazard of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from animals, humans and environment in intensive farms

This work aimed to determine the occurrence, virulence, antibiogram, carbapenem resistance genes and susceptibility to disinfectants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from animals, environment and workers in intensive farms. A total of 610samples from intensive beef cattle and sheep farms in Kafr El Sheikh Governorate, Egypt were screened for the presence of P. aeruginosa using bacteriological assays. The isolates were characterized by PCR and tested for susceptibility to antibiotics using disk diffusion method and disinfectants by quantitative suspension test. In all, 60 P. aeruginosa isolates were recovered in this study and all isolates harboured at least one of the virulence genes tested. Human P. aeruginosa isolates were highly resistant to cephalosporins, fluroquinolones, aminoglycosides, carbapenems and penicillins+β-lactamase inhibitors than non-human isolates. Colistin resistance was higher in non-human than human P. aeruginosa isolates, whereas low resistance to aztreonam was observed in non-human and human isolates. Carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa (CRPA) strains were recovered from workers (56.5%), sheep (8.3%) and cattle (8.3%). All CRPA harboured at least one of the carbapenem resistance genes tested and most of them showed multidrug resistance (MDR) or extensive drug resistance (XDR) phenotypes. Glutaraldehyde 1% and hydrogen peroxide 3% eliminated P. aeruginosa completely in the absence and presence of organic matter within short contact time compared with other disinfectants. This study reported the occurrence of CRPA in animals and workers in intensive farms. Glutaraldehyde and hydrogen peroxide were the most effective disinfectants against P. aeruginosa. The occurrence of CRPA in intensive livestock farms is a serious challenge that threatens animal and human health and increases the risk of P. aeruginosa infection in the community. Therefore, it is vital to control the spread of CRPA by banning or restricting the use of antibiotics and applying proper cleaning and disinfection protocols in livestock farms.

Hazardous inorganic disinfection by-products in Egypt's tap drinking water: Occurrence and human health risks assessment studies

This study is the first that monitored the presence and levels of chlorite, chlorate and bromate in tap drinking water of Egypt. Three hundred and eight samples were collected from 22 governorates across Egypt and were analyzed using a standardized ion chromatography method. Forty-seven samples were contaminated by one or more of the inorganic disinfection by-products (DBPs) and only 12 samples exceeded the admissible maximum contamination levels (MCLs). The ratio of samples detected, and exceeding the MCLs were low relative to the global literature. Chlorate was the most prevalent inorganic DBPs (40 samples; concentration <12–4082 μg/L) followed by bromate (12 samples; concentration <3–626 μg/L) then chlorite (5 samples; concentration <12–123 μg/L). Chlorite was always below the MCL and had no human health risk even for the worst-case scenario. Bromate is a real challenge as it poses a significant cancer risk even for the median concentrations. None of the inorganic DBPs was detected in the tap drinking water of Beheira, Cairo, Gharbia, Giza, Kafr El Sheikh, Luxor, Monufia, and Suez governorates. This study manifested the importance of routine monitoring, and implementing counter measures to control the levels of the hazardous inorganic DBPs in tap drinking water.

Planning an extension program for farmers in the field of operating and maintaining the drip irrigation system in the Mubarak Project for graduates, Motobas city, Kafr El Sheikh Governorate

Planning an extension program for farmers in the field of operating and maintaining the drip irrigation system in the Mubarak Project for graduates, Motobas city, Kafr El Sheikh Governorate

تنمية بعض أساليب التفکير لذوي صعوبات التعلم من خلال استراتيجيتي الوعي بالذات والتخطيط لتلاميذ الحلقة الثانية من التعليم الأساسي

يهدف البحث الي تصميم برنامج تدريبي قائم علي استراتيجيتي الوعي بالذات والتخطيط لتنمية بعض أساليب التفکير (الأسلوب التنفيذي والفوضوي والاقلي) لدي تلاميذ الصف الثاني الاعدادي من ذوي صعوبات التعلم. وتکونت عينة البحث من (20) من التلاميذ ذوي صعوبات التعلم بالصف الثاني الاعدادي بإدارة سيدي سالم التعليمية بمحافظة کفرالشيخ. واستخدمت الباحثة مقياس أساليب التفکير (اعداد الباحثة )، البرنامج التدريبي (اعداد الباحثة )، مقياس تقدير الخصائص السلوکية للتلاميذ ذوي صعوبات التعلم (لفتحي الزيات )، اختبار الذکاء المصور (لأحمد ذکي صالح ). واستخدمت الباحثة الأساليب الإحصائية التالية: اختبار ويلکوکسون، ومعامل ارتباط بيرسون .وتوصلت الدراسة للنتائج التالية: 1-وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين متوسطي درجات التلاميذ المجموعة التجريبية والضابطة في درجة أساليب التفکير(التنفيذي والفوضوي والاقلي ) لصالح المجموعة التجريبية. 2-توجد فروق ذات دلالة احصائية بين متوسطي رتب القياسين القبلي والبعدي للمجموعة التجريبية علي مقياس أساليب التفکير(التنفيذي والفوضوي والاقلي ) لصالح التطبيق البعدي. 3-لاتوجد فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين متوسطي رتب القياسين البعدي والتتبعي للمجموعة التجريبية علي مقياس أساليب التفکير(التنفيذي والفوضوي والاقلي ). The research aims to design a training program based on the strategies of self-awareness and planning to develop some thinking methods (executive, anarchist and minority) for second-graders with learning disabilities . The sample of the research consisted of (10) students with learning difficulties in the second year of middle school, at the Sidi Salem Educational Administration, Kafr El Sheikh Governorate. The researcher used a measure of thinking methods (preparing the researcher), the training program (preparing the researcher), a measure of estimating the behavioral characteristics of pupils with learning difficulties (for Fathi Al-Zayyat), and the IQ test illustrated (by Ahmed Zaki Saleh). The researcher used the following statistical methods: Wilcoxon test and Pearson correlation coefficient. The study reached the following results: 1- There are statistically significant differences between the mean of the pupils of the experimental group and the control group in the degree of thinking methods (executive, anarchist and minority) in favor of the experimental group. 2- There are statistically significant differences between the mean levels of the pre and post measurements of the experimental group on the scale of thinking methods (executive, anarchist and minority) in favor of post application. 3- There are no statistically significant differences between the mean levels of the post and successive measurements of the experimental group on the scale of thinking styles (executive, anarchist and minority).

Survey on the most common bacterial pathogens of the Nile tilapia fries in Kafr El sheikh governorate, Egypt

Survey on the most common bacterial pathogens of the Nile tilapia fries in Kafr El sheikh governorate, Egypt

Comparative Effect of Three Entomopathogenic Fungi against Whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) Infesting Eggplant under Field Conditions at Kafr El-Sheik Gov., Egypt

Using entomopathogenic fungi, as a powerful bio-control agent, is considered one of the promising methodologies in IPM programs. The current investigation aimed to test the efficiency of Metarhizium anisopliae, Verticillium lecanii, and Beauveria bassiana against whitefly on Eggplant (variety Anann) in Kafr El Sheikh Governorate, Egypt. The experiment was laid in a randomized complete block design, in an area of one feddan, divided into 4 plots (5 replicates each). The study extended from July till September, during two successive seasons (2019 and 2020) and each fungal product was sprayed four times (one spray/week). Temperature fluctuated from 29 to 35 C and RH ranged from 49 to 52%. Results indicated that using entomopathogenic fungi significantly reduced B. tabaci population. V. lecanii was the most influential fungus, as it caused the highest control percentage compared to the other two fungi and control treatment. Repeating application during 4 successive weeks raised fungi effectiveness and caused ascending mortality levels in B. tabaci population. Production rates were in line with percentage reductions of whiteflies. The largest yield of eggplant’s fruits was produced in the plots treated with V. lecanii. Accordingly, the study recommends using V. lecanii in whiteflies control strategies in Egypt. Moreover, further investigations are needed to study compatibility of V. lecanii with other bio-agents to avoid inconsistency when applied together in pest management programs.

Factors influencing farmers’ satisfaction with the quality of agricultural extension services

Assessing farmers’ satisfaction with the quality of agricultural-extension services is essential for developing extension programs that comply with farmers’ needs and agroecological conditions. This study aimed to determine factors influencing farmers’ satisfaction with extension services. Data were collected through a questionnaire from a random sample of 393 farmers in the Kafr El Sheikh governorate. Farmers assessed the quality of extension services by five main indicators: (1) availability, (2) accessibility, (3) diversity, (4) relevance, and (5) effectiveness. Descriptive statistics and a logistic-regression model were used to analyze the data. Results showed that farmers had lowly participated in the provided extension services. The accessibility of services was ranked first with regard to satisfaction, while diversity of services was the lowest-ranked quality attribute. Results also revealed that factors significantly influencing farmers’ satisfaction included farm size, diversity of farming activities, annual income, and participation in extension services. Results provide practical implications for policy makers to support smallholder farmers by providing high-quality extension programs.

An economic study of rice and alternative crops in light of the relative scarcity of water In Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate

The research aimed to study alternative economics of rice through the relative scarcity of water in Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, and to develop a concept to reduce the cultivated areas in the governorates in line with the requirements of producers and the goals of the national economy, Study the development of the productive capacity of the rice crop and alternative crops in Egypt and Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate,So Study the relative importance of the cultivated area of the rice crop in the governorates and estimate the separate impact of the area and productivity on the production capacity, The rates of temporal change indicate that there is a decrease in the production capacity of the rice crop with its two elements, the cultivated area and the acre productivity at the national and local levels in Kafr El Sheikh Governorate, and Kafr El Sheikh Governorate contributed about 20.8% of the rice production capacity in the Republic, nd the effect of feddan productivity on production capacity exceeds the effect of the cultivated area in the governorates of Dakahlia, Beheira, and Gharbia, and that the effect of the cultivated area on production outweighs the impact of feddan productivity. In the governorates of Kafr El Sheikh, Sharkia, Damietta.