El-Beheira Governorate Research Articles

Determinants of Governmental Fish Farms Development at El-Beheira Governorate محددات تنمية المزارع السمکية الحکومية بمحافظة البحيرة

استهدف هذا البحث التعرف علي محددات تنمية المزارع السمکية الحکومية بمحافظة البحيرة, اختيرت عينة عشوائية بسيطة من الفنيين والمهندسين العاملين بالمزارع الحکومية بمحافظة البحيرة بلغ قوامها 79 مبحوثا يمثلون نحو 66.9% من الشاملة, وتم تصميم استمارة استبيان جمعت بالمقابلة الشخصية خلال شهر إبريل سنة 2019، و استخدمت بعض الأساليب الإحصائية کالنسبة المئوية والمتوسط الحسابي والانحراف المعيارى وجداول التوزيع التکرارى في عرض البيانات، وکانت أهم نتائج البحث ما يلي:1- أن ما يزيد عن نصف المبحوثين تشملهم فئة التعليم المتوسط، مقابل حوالي 44٪ منهم تشملهم فئة التعليم الجامعي, وأن درجات تعرض ما يزيد عن نصف المبحوثين لمصادر المعلومات کانت محدوده, في حين کان 45.57 % منهم درجات تعرضهم متوسطة لمصادر المعلومات السمکية.2- أن 54.4٪ من المبحوثين لم يتعرضوا لأي تدريب فى مجال عملهم بالمزارع السمکية، وأن نحو 37٪ من المبحوثين کانت درجات تعرضهم للتدريب والاستفادة منه منخفضة ومتوسطة. وأن قرابة 72٪ من المبحوثين أقروا بوجود مشکلات تؤثر سلبا علي أداءهم بدرجة کبيرة. 3- کان نحو 51٪ من المبحوثين درجات معرفتهم بأهم المعاملات الفنية المرتبطة بمعاملة الذريعة إما متوسطة أو منخفضة, وکان 27٪ منهم درجات معرفتهم بأهم المعاملات الفنية المرتبطة بتربية الأسماک إما متوسطة أو منخفضة, کما کان 47٪ منهم درجات معرفتهم بأهم المعاملات الفنية المرتبطة بالأمراض التي تصيب الأسماک إما متوسطة أو منخفضة, في حين کانت درجات معرفة 43٪ منهم بأهم المعاملات الفنية المرتبطة بالصيد إما متوسطة أو منخفضة.4- أقر حوالي 29.٪ من المبحوثين أن التجهيزات والامکانيات والمعدات المطلوبة في مجال الاستزراع السمکي بالمزارع السمکية موضع البحث کافية لحد ما, بينما أقر نحو 10٪ منهم أنها غير کافية.

Assessment of agricultural expansion and its impact on land surface temperature in El-Beheira Governorate, Egypt

This paper aims to determine and classify the land cover and assess the impact of agriculture expansion on the land surface temperature (LST) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in El-Beheira Governorate, Egypt. To achieve these objectives, the multi-temporal Landsat 5 and 8 satellites images for nine different dates were obtained every five years during 1985–2020. Four land cover categorize of agriculture, urban, desert and water lands were distinguished and mapped using the supervised maximum likelihood classification technique in ArcGIS Desktop 10.6. The created land cover maps illustrate a significant expansion in agriculture from 4212 to 7523 km2 (nearly 473 km2 every five years). The desert area decreased from 5417 to 1817 km2 (about 514 km2 every five years) during 1985–2020. The latitudinal variation for LST and NDVI demonstrated that they have a strong negative correlation (R < -95% and R2 > 91%) across all selected dates. The highest positive values for NDVI corresponded to the lowest values for LST over agricultural lands and reversed over desert areas. Where, the relative impacts of agriculture, desert, urban and water on LST (45.1, 50, 4.8 and 0.1% respectively) reveals that the vegetation and desert represents the most significant land cover categorize that determinantes the spatial and temporal distributions of NDVI and LST.

EVALUATION OF YIELD AND RESISTANCE TO COTTON LEAF WORM FOR SOME NEW GENOTYPES OF SOYBEAN UNDER OLD LANDS AND NEWLY RECLAIMED LANDS CONDITIONS IN EL-BEHEIRA GOVERNORATE

A field traial allowed in completely randomized design with three replications were conducted in the research farm of the agricultural research station of Etay Al-Baroud (old land) and the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhur University, in El-Bostan region, El-Beheira Governorate (newly reclaimed lands) during 2018 and 2019 seasons to evaluate the performance of twelve new genotypes of soybean compared with the three commercial varieties Giza 111, Giza 22 and Crawford. The resistance of genotypes to cotton leaf worm was estimated in the laboratory by raising a fourth instar larvae of cotton leaf worm and leaving them for feeding on the middle leaflet of the third upper trifoliate leaf of the plant for 24 hours, after that the areas that the insect fed on were measured as a percentage of the total area of the leaf (leaf area consumed). The resistance to cotton leaf worm in the field was estimated by vision according to the Smith and Brim 1979 method (defoliation %). The results confirmed that mean square due to genotypes, locations and genotypes x location were highly significant for all studied traits except the locations mean square for number of hairs under binocular field area and branches number /plant in the first season and genotypes x location mean square of number of hairs under binocular field area, branches number /plant, maturity date and 100-seed weight in both seasons as well as number of pods/plant in the second season. All tested genotypes significantly differ in their performances in all studied traits across the two locations and the four genotypes Line 3, Line 105, Line 127 and Line 129 seemed to excellent genotypes for yield and resistance to cotton leaf worm across the two locations. The consumed leaf area caused by cotton leaf worm and oil percentage negatively associated with pubescence density while seed yield positively associated with pubescence density. Seed yield and oil percentage negatively associated with the defoliation value. In general, it can be said that the four soybean genotypes, Line 3, Line 105, Line 127 and Line 129 are promising genotypes that could be sowing in newly reclaimed lands to expand soybean cultivation in Egypt.

Screening for pesticide residues in soil and crop samples in Egypt

Pesticide application is an important issue in intensive agricultural production to achieve self-sufficiency in food production. This study aimed to the determination of pesticide residues from soil samples cultivated with different crops. Forty soil samples from four governorates, ten samples each (Kafr El-Sheikh, El-Beheira, Giza, and Menoufia) were collected for pesticides multi-residual analysis. Also, fifteen vegetable samples were collected from Giza governorate and analyzed for the presence of pesticide residues. Obtained data revealed that soil samples of Giza governorate recorded the highest level of pesticide residues contamination with 70% positive samples followed by Kafr El-Sheikh and Menoufia governorates with 60% positive samples and finally El-Beheira governorate recorded the lowest level of pesticide residues contamination with 30% positive samples. Regarding the levels of pesticide residues in vegetables and crops, about 53.3 % of tested samples (onion, sweet potato, molokhia, cabbage, beet, okra, eggplant, and lettuce) were free from pesticide residues. Meanwhile, about 46.7 % of tested samples (wheat, rocca, green dill, tomato, radish, pepper, and green parsley) showed pesticide residues with different types and concentrations. Propiconazole was the highest residue recorded in green dill with 3.8 mg/kg followed by difenoconazole with 3.22 mg/Kg present in green parsley.

Growth and Productivity of Maize in Relation to Preceding Crops

Two field experiments were conducted at the Experimental Farm in Etai El-Baroud Agricultural Research Station, El-Beheira Governorate, Egypt on yield, yield components and quality of maize plant grown on 2019 and 2020 summer seasons, to study the effect of three preceding crops {Wheat cv. (Sakha 94), Sugar beet cv. (Careem) and Berseem cv. (Meskawy)} and five fertilizer treatments of {mineral (NPK) and biofertilizers (Mycorrhiza + Microben + Potassiummag ) as follow: {100% NPK (F1), 75% NPK + biofertilizers (F2), 50% NPK + biofertilizers (F3), 25% NPK + biofertilizers (F4) and biofertilizers only (F5)}. The results revealed that berseem was the best preceding crop. Which gave the highest values for yield, yield components and quality. Most of the studied traits of maize did not reach the 5% level of significance between maize grown after berseem and maize grown after sugar beet. While planting maize after wheat recorded the lowest values. Fertilizer treatments were significantly on all maize traits. (F2) gave the highest values for yield and its components, while (F5) gave the lowest values. Meanwhile, no significant differences were found between fertilizer systems (F1, F2 and F3) for plant height, grain weight/ear and biological yield/fed. While F5 and F4 recorded the highest quality traits. The interaction had a significant effect on most studied characters in the two growing seasons. Grown maize after berseem with (F2) fertilizer resulted in the highest values, whereas grown maize after wheat with (F5) treatment recorded the lowest values on yield and its components, the interaction did not reach the 5% level of significance between maize grown after berseem and maize grown after sugar beet under fertilizer treatments (F1, F2 and F3) for ear height, grain weight/ear and biological yield/fed, while interaction did not reach the 5% level of significance between maize grown after berseem with fertilizer treatments (F1 and F3) for grain weight/ear and grain yield/fed in both seasons.

Is the consumption of Tilapia zillii and Clarias gariepinus from Edku Lake (Egypt) safe for humans: a physiological and biochemical study

The Egyptian government seeks to develop the northern wetlands, including Edku Lake in El Beheira Governorate, to enhance the physiological functions of fish, and thus, improve their quality and promote their products. Therefore, this study was performed on the two cheapest fish species Tilapia zillii and Clarias gariepinus in the Egyptian market, by studying proximate body composition, antioxidant enzyme activity, and bioaccumulation of five trace elements. In this study, T. zillii showed the highest mean of carbohydrates (16.11± 0.67 mg/g), fats (24.21 ± 0.93mg/g), ash (7.33 ±1.00 %), and water content (78.33 ± 1.85 %) whereas, the highest mean of protein content was recorded in C. gariepinus (64.33 ±1.01 mg/g). Antioxidants glutathione reduced level (GSH) (41.66 ± 2. 01 mg/g) and catalase activity (CAT) (21.66 ± 2.6 U/g) demonstrated a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the liver of C.gariepinus than T. zillii (47.83 ± 3.6 mg/g and 38.16 ± 4.2 U/g, respectively). Concerning trace element concentrations, the highest arsenic (As) concentration was recorded in tissues of C. gariepinus (1.54 ± 0.08 μg/g), whereas, the lowest mercury (Hg) concentration was recorded in the tissues of T.zillii (0.47 ± 0.08 μg/g). The concentrations of mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in the two studied fish species exceeded the limits permitted by EOSQC, FAO/WHO, and the EU'. This study recorded that the children should consume less than 16.12857 g/day or 112.90 g/week of T. zillii muscle and 13.27 g/day or 92.92 g/week of C. gariepinus muscle. Moreover, youth should consume less than 43.01 g/day or 301.7g/ week of T. zillii muscle and 35.39714 g/day or 247.78 g/week of C. gariepinus muscle. Finally, adults should consume less than 23.1 g/day and 161.7 g/week of T.zillii muscle, and 61.94286 g/day or 433.6 g/week of C. gariepinus muscle to maintain their safety based on PTWI recommended by FAO/WHO.

Aspects Allied with Quality of Life among El-Beheira Governorate Post-Mastectomy Women: A Mobile-Based Health Education

Aspects Allied with Quality of Life among El-Beheira Governorate Post-Mastectomy Women: A Mobile-Based Health Education

Use of Pheromone Traps to Monitor Population Fluctuations of Cotton Leafworm Moth and Their Transmission in Winter and Summer Crop Fields

These experiments were carried out in Lakana and Sharnub villages, El-Beheira Governorate, during the 2017, 2018, and 2019 seasons to study the crop type, regional and seasonal effects on male adults of S. littoralis caught by YWPT. The average numbers of moth, for sugarbeet, clovers and wheat were 7.57, 9.00, and 5.64 respectively, at Lakana village, and were 11.19, 10.70, and 8.77 respectively, at Sharnub village in winter crop fields during the 2017/2018 season. While during the 2018/2019 winter season, the average numbers of moth, were 13.95, 10.65, and 8.05 respectively, at Lakana village, and were 15.33, 10.38, and 13.18 respectively, at Sharnub village. Comparing moth numbers catches significant differences were noticed between the crops, where the average moth for sugarbeet higher than clovers and wheat. The average numbers of moths, for soybean, maize and cotton were 61.00, 15.27, and 70.50 respectively, at Lakana village, where it was 74.23, 23.80, and 87.80 respectively, at Sharnub village in the 2018 summer season. During the 2019 summer season, the average numbers of moths, were 63.05, 24.40, and 75.10 respectively, at Lakana village, and were 71.29, 28.13, and 103.40 respectively, at Sharnub village. However, moth numbers catch significant differences were noticed between the crops, where the average moth for cotton and soybean higher than maize. Also, all treatments were showed significant differences between both locations and between the winter and summer crops.

Surface water quality management for drinking use in El-Beheira Governorate, Egypt.

This research was initiated to assess and manage water quality status of fourteen surface drinking water intakes in El-Beheira Governorate, Egypt. The study was conducted on four main branches of water resources in the governorate. Three water quality indices (WQIs) and two multivariate statistical techniques were applied, based on the Egyptian guidelines for the Nile River. Water quality records were collected for two successive years, 2014 and 2015, and were analyzed by descriptive statistics. The results revealed the critical water quality status of the four branches at the fourteen intakes. The multivariate statistical techniques returned the critical water quality conditions to the agricultural drainage and the domestic wastewater discharges. In addition, a new software application was developed to manage WQIs calculation. An urgent water quality monitoring and assessment system should be initiated for the drinking water resources all over Egypt, based on the developed water quality assessment techniques of this study. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Three different WQIs and two different statistics tools were applied. Critical water quality status for the investigated surface drinking water intakes was reported. Agricultural drainage then domestic effluents are the main pollution sources. A new software application was developed to calculate WQIs to support decision makers.

Improving Chemical and Microbial Properties of Calcareous Soil and its Productivity of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Plants by using Compost Tea Enriched with Humic Acid and Azolla

This study evaluated the effect of compost teas enriched with humic acid and/or azolla on soil chemical and microbial properties as well as on yield and plant measurements of faba bean (Vicia faba L. c.v. 843) plants. A field experiment was carried out on calcareous soil of El Nobaria area, El-Beheira Governorate, Egypt during grown winter season of 2018/2019. The four compost teas treatments were: without any supplemental (NECT), enriched with humic acid (ECTH), enriched with azolla extract (ECTAz) and enriched with humic acid and azolla extract (ECTHAz). All treatments were applied to calcareous soils at two different rates (120 and 240 L.ha-1), through drip irrigation system. At 50 day of planting, nodules number, dehydrogenase activity (DHA) as well as fresh and dry weights of shoots were determined. Also, at harvest stage, straw and seeds yields of faba bean and soil chemical properties (pH, EC, CEC, CaCO3 and OM) and its content of macro-micronutrients (N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) were determined. Generally, in most of the studied attributes in soil or plants, the greater effect was found with the treatment of ECTH, ECTAz and/or ECTHAz treatments. There is a superior increase effect of enriched compost teas (ECTH, ECTAz, ECTHAz) on nodules numbers, DHA, straw and seeds yield of faba bean plants compared to these of NECT and control treatments. The treatments of enriched compost teas significantly increased the seeds macro-micronutrients content compared to control. Also, enriched compost teas applications improved soil chemical and microbial properties and its content of available macro and micronutrients than those found with NECT treatments. Compost tea especially that enriched with humic acid and azolla extract can be used to improve calcareous soil and its productivity of faba bean plant.

Effect of different single herbicide doses on sugar beet yield, quality and associated weeds

BackgroundThe objective of this work is to identify the most proper herbicidal treatment on sugar beet to compare different single weed control herbicide doses on sugar beet traits and associated weeds as well as yield and quality under sandy soil conditions. Therefore, two field experiments were conducted during the winter seasons of 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 at the Experimental Farm of the National Research Centre, El-Beheira Governorate. Tigro at 1.0 and 0.750 l fed−1, Betasana-Trio at 0.675 and at 0.9 l fed−1, Select Super at 0.5 and 0.375 l fed−1 and Betanal MaxxPro at 0.5 l fed−1 besides the unweeded and hand weeded twice were used.ResultsThe results showed that the herbicides Betasana-Trio at 0.9 l fed−1, Tigro at 1.0 l fed−1 and Betasana-Trio at 0.675 l fed−1 when sprayed twice could effectively and/or completely eliminate the broadleaved weeds associated with sugar beet plants. Moreover, the results indicated and confirmed that Tigro and Betasana-Trio herbicides are effective in controlling broadleaved weeds. Similar tendency was recorded for the narrow-leaved weeds, where Select Super or Betanal MaxxPro at 0.5 l fed−1 as well as Select Super at 0.375 l fed−1 could completely eliminate or minimize the narrow-leaved weeds associated with sugar beet plants. The greatest significant root length, root diameters and root yield plant−1 were recorded when hand weeding twice followed by Betanal MaxxPro at 0.5 l fed−1 without significant differences. Gross sugar % ranged between 12.08 and 15 .7% and extractable sugar % ranged between 8.97 and 13.8% for Betasana-Trio at 0.09 l fed−1 and Betanal MaxxPro at 0.5 l fed−1.ConclusionBetanal MaxxPro gave the highest values of root and biological yield ton fed−1. Betanal MaxxPro followed by hand weeding treatment twice resulted in the greatest sugar yield fed−1. The highest sugar yield resulted from the herbicidal treatment with Betanal MaxxPro or Tigro at 1.0 l fed−1, which gave the greatest gross and extractable sugar yield fed−1 and exceeded the hand weeding treatment by 10.4 and 7.8%.

Efficiency of Certain Herbicides and Adjuvants Combinations Against Weeds in Wheat Fields

Two field experiments were carried out at El-Dalangat district, El-Beheira Governorate, Egypt during two successive winter seasons of 2017-2018 and 2018-2019, to evaluate the efficiency of post-emergence herbicides: Clodimex (clodinafop-propargyl 24% EC),Pallas (pyroxsulam 4.5% OD), Skylla (tribenuron-methyl 75% WG) at their recommended rates or at reduced rates without adjuvants or in combination with Argal at 0.2% v/v and Techno oil at 0.3% v/v adjuvants in combination with clodinafop-propargyl + tribenuron-methyl at half recommended rate combined with Argal or Techno oil adjuvants and hand weeding at 25 and 40 days after sowing (DAS) for controlling predominant weeds in wheat crop compared to unweeded check. The results indicated that the dominant weed species in the experimental wheat field were, two grassy weeds, Phalaris minor and Eragrostis ciliagensis, and six broad-leaved weeds: Malva parviflora, Sonchus oleraceus, Coronopus squamatus, Rumex dentatus, Anagallis arvensis and Medicago polymorpha during the both seasons. In addition, Eclipta alba weed was found only in the second season. Results also showed that all herbicidal treatments significantly decreased the total weed biomass compared to the unweeded check 60 and 90 DAS. Among herbicidal treatments applied, pyroxsulam herbicide at ¾ of recommended rate with Argal recorded the highest weed control efficiency against grassy and broad-leaved weeds followed by pyroxsulam treated plots at ¾ of recommended rate combined with Techno oil 60 and 90 DAS throughout the two studiedseasons. On the other hand, regardless of application rates or adjuvants, tribenuron-methyl and clodinafop-propargyl seemed to be the least effective treatments against the total weeds 60 and 90 DAS during the both seasons in comparison with unweeded plots. The maximum increase in wheat grain yield was observed in pyroxsulam treated plots at ¾ recommended rate with Argal or Techno oil combinations. It could be concluded that the addition of Argal or Techno oil to herbicides spray solutions at reduced rates especially at ¾ of the recommended rate resulted in enhancing the herbicidal activity against weeds and increasing wheat grain yield.

Increase maize productivity and water use efficiency through application of potassium silicate under water stress

In Egypt, water shortage has become a key limiting factor for agriculture. Water-deficit stress causes different morphological, physiological, and biochemical impacts on plants. Two field experiments were carried out at Etay El-Baroud Station, El-Beheira Governorate, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Egypt, to evaluate the effect of potassium silicate (K-silicate) of maize productivity and water use efficiency (WUE). A split-plot system in the four replications was used under three irrigation intervals during the 2017 and 2018 seasons. Whereas 10, 15, and 20 days irrigation intervals were allocated in main plots, while the three foliar application treatments of K-silicate (one spray at 40 days after sowing; two sprays at 40 and 60 days; and three sprays at 40, 60, and 80 days, and a control (water spray) were distributed in the subplots. All the treatments were distributed in 4 replicates. The results indicated that irrigation every 15 days gave the highest yield in both components and quality. The highly significant of (WUE) under irrigation every 20 days. Foliar spraying of K-silicate three times resulted in the highest yield. Even under water-deficit stress, irrigation every fifteen days combined with foliar application of K-silicate three times achieved the highest values of grain yield and its components. These results show that K-silicate treatment can increase WUE and produce high grain yield requiring less irrigation.

Evaluation of the potential risks of raw milk collected from different sources in El-Beheira Governorate

Evaluation of the potential risks of raw milk collected from different sources in El-Beheira Governorate

Reclaimed desert habitats favor entomopathogenic nematode and microarthropod abundance compared to ancient farmlands in the Nile Basin

Abstract Characterizing entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) biogeography with a goal of augmentation and conservation biological control requires fine-scale taxonomic resolution, because closely related EPN species can exhibit divergent phenotypes for key properties such as habitat adaptation and insect host specificity. Consequently, we employed high throughput genome sequencing (HTS) to identify and compare EPNs and natural enemies of EPNs in 58 citrus orchards in 2 ecoregions in Egypt (El Beheira and Al Qalyubia governorates). We designed improved primers targeting the ITS2 rDNA to discriminate EPN species and used pre-reported primers targeting D2-D3 region for soil microarthropods. Five EPN species (Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, H. indica, H. taysearae, Steinernema glaseri, and S. scapterisci) and one steinernematid not represented in Genbank databases were detected. This is the first report of S. scapterisci and possibly the unknown (perhaps undescribed) species in Egypt. Only heterorhabditid species, dominated by H. indica, were detected in the reclaimed, sandy desert soils of El Beheira governorate. In the fine textured, ancient farming lands of the Nile delta all six species were detected, but at lower frequency and abundance. Microarthropod family richness (P = 0.01) and abundance (P = 0.001) was higher in the reclaimed lands than in the Nile Delta. Soil clay content, pH and elevation explained significant variation in the mite community structure. Population density of H. indica, the only EPN found consistently and at high abundance in El-Beheira, was inversely related to abundance of species in the nematophagous mite family Rhodacaridae.

Effect of Foliar Spraying Faba Bean Plants with Some Botanical Extracts and Salicylic Acid on Growth, Yield and Chocolate Spot Disease Severity

Two faba bean (Vicia faba L.) cultivars namely Giza 716 and Giza 40 were investigated for their response to foliar application with some botanical extracts and salicylic acid to improve vegetative growth, yield, and its relation to chocolate spot disease caused by Botrytis fabae Sard. Garlic cloves (GE), onion bulb (OE), eucalyptus leaves (EE) extracts (50 and 100 ml/L) and salicylic acid (SA 100 and 200 ppm) were used during two successive seasons of 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 at Etay El-Baroud Agricultural Research Station Farm, El-Beheira Governorate. Under field conditions Giza 716 had better values of growth, agronomic parameters and higher leaves content of chlorophyll a, b, (a+b), seed content of total carbohydrates %, protein %, leaves peroxidase and catalase activities and total phenols in both seasons. GE, OE, EE and SA increased faba bean growth and yield compared to Mancozeb and control treatments. SA 200 ppm increased leaf area /plant after 95 days in the first season. It had the first grade of shoot dry weight after 75 and 95 days and seed weight/plant in the second season and increased leaf area /plant after 75 days, plant height, number of branches/plant, number of pods/plant, 100 seed weight and seed yield/fed in both seasons. It increased chlorophyll a in the first season, chlorophyll b in the second season and chlorophyll a+b in both seasons. As well as, it had the highest catalase activity, total phenols content and protein %. In this respect, GE 100 ml/L significantly increased shoot dry weight /plant after 75 days and leaf area/plant after 95 days in the first and second seasons, respectively. It significantly increased shoot dry weight/plant after 95 days and seed weight/plant in the first season only compared to Mancozeb and control treatments. B. fabae spore suspension was applied using two techniques; foliar spray and droplet on leaflets. Using detached leaf test in the laboratory, Giza 716 had lower disease severity % (DS %) and spot diameter than Giza 40. In case of spore suspension foliar spray technique the treatments of GE 100 ml/L, SA 200 ppm and Mancozeb had the least DS %. In case of spore suspension droplet technique the treatments of OE 50 and OE100 ml/L and Mancozeb had the least spot diameter values. Under field conditions, disease severity increased with increasing periods from 75 to 105 days. Giza 716 had the lower DS % after 75, 90 and 105 days from sowing in both seasons than Giza 40. SA 200 ppm and OE 100 ml/L had the lowest DS % values in the first and second seasons, respectively.

Productivity of some Faba Bean Cultivars and its Pan Bread Characteristics as influenced by Organic Fertilizers under Newly Reclaimed Salinity Sandy Soil

To evaluate the impact of organic ferilizer sources on productivity of faba bean cultivars grown under salinity conditions and to produce its pan bread healthy and nutritional by suitability of replacement of wheat flour by sprouts enriched selenium faba bean flour. Two field experiments were carried out during two successive seasons of 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 at the Desert Experimental Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Wadi El-Natroon, El-Beheira Governorate, Egypt. Data were collected at harvest on growth, yield components and yield of three faba bean cultivars under two types of organic applications. Seeds of faba bean cultivars obtained from field experiments were used for making pen bread and proximate analysis, physical, sensory properties, shelf life and amino acid content of pan bread were analyzed. The results indicated that the plant compost caused an increase of seed yield than in animal organic applications when applied on three faba bean cultivars. In particular, the interaction between Sakha-1 cultivar and plant compost resulted in the greatest values of grain yield under salinity conditions. Se- sprouts faba bean flour for Sakha-1 cultivar to partially substitute wheat flour in improving pan bread characteristics. The partially substituted due to improve protein, amino acid contents, Se content and shelf life during storage. It is possible to use Sakha-1 cultivar with plant compost to improve the productivity of faba bean under natural salinity conditions.Also, Se- sprouts broad bean flour made from Sakha-1 cultivar to partially substitute wheat flour for production specified pan bread to be suitable healthy nutritional.

Assessment and Spatial Analysis of Sensitivity to Desertification in Wadi El Natrun, Northwestern Egypt using MEDLAUS model

Land degradation is a global environmental issue, given the various negative impact on socio-economic and ecological implications. It leads to reduced production capacity in addition to soil erosion, physical /chemical /biological /economic land deterioration, and long-term loss (or degradation) of vegetation. When a severe deterioration in drought areas called the process of desertification i.e. arid, dry sub-humid and semi-arid areas. Desertification processes reduces the productivity of the soil and as a result effect on food stocks. The main objective of this study is integrating remote sensing data and a geographic information system (GIS) to evaluate the environmental sensitivity for desertification in Wadi El Natrun, Egypt based on the Mediterranean Desertification and Land Use (MEDALUS) approach. The collected soil data; from description of represented soil profiles and analysis of soil samples, in addition to climate, plant cover, and management data were considered for assessing the sensitivity of desertification. The obtained results showed that 10.4 % of Wadi El Natrun area is considered severe sensitivity to desertification as a result of alkalinity and salinity, while the moderately sensitive area occupies approximately 10.93 % of the study area. The low sensitive one exhibits 76.3 %. This area is described by high soil quality because of the study area is one of the new development areas which were not affected by the factors of desertification. It can be concluded that the desert extension of El-Beheira Governorate (i.e. Wadi El Rayan) is one of the areas that possess valuable land resources which should be considered for future land reclamation projects. Similar international studies are recommended to be achieved with the use of multi-criteria GIS modeling (i.e. MEDALUS) which considered all relevant factors in the form of thematic layers for easier implementation and assessments. Present study represents one of the initial attempts to use the MEDALUS model for desertification assessment in the desert extension of El-Beheira Governorate.

Optimized Design on Hydrant under Surface Irrigation Systems تصمیم معدّل لمحبس تحت نظام الرى السطحى

The research aimed to modify the traditional hydrant to suit connect with the newly irrigation systems. Through evaluate the performance of the traditional HT and modified HD hydrants of the surface irrigation system applied in clay soil at KafrAldoar- El-Beheira Governorate. In summer season 2019 by cultivated the corn variety of S.C 2031. Then, the results concluded that the HD is shallow less than the HT in Zf and Es but great reduction in cv and α. While it is little increase in pd, UC, DU and Ea. The HD can saved advance and recession time about39.02 and 29.46%, respectively, compared with HT in 80 m furrow length. As it was observed, the water depth reached the recommended depth for corn plants in both hydrants for most of the length of the line, but the depth when using the modified hydrant was slightly less than the traditional hydrant. The yield and WUS increased by using HD about 9.07 and 28.61 % than the HT. But it decreases the water applied about 15.16 %.The recommendation on this research is the modified hydrant can safe to use and can be generalized in the irrigation net under the surface and newly irrigation systems.

Evaluating the water productivity by Aquacrop model of wheat under irrigation systems and algae

AbstractOne of the most important simulation models in the field of water produc"tivity (WP) management in the world is the Aquacrop model, which depends on many factors and conditions related to climate, soil, irrigation water, etc. Aquacrop model program simulates vegetative growth and the yield of both grains, biomass and irrigation WP. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the Aquacrop model of two Egyptian wheat varieties, Gemeza-9 (G-9) and Misr-1 (M-1), under the two modern irrigation systems, sprinkler and drip, and the application of algae solution. Experiment location of fieldwork for this research was in El-Nubaria area, El-Beheira Governorate, and Aquacrop in Egypt. Results obtained show that under both irrigation systems, the deviation percentages between simulated by Aquacrop and observed WP values were 40.6% and 68.34%, in the case of using untreated algae and treated algae, respectively. From LSD 0.05% values, there are significant differences between all study factors (irrigation system, wheat varieties, and applied algae). Moreover, the interactions between all factors were significant under wheat grain yield of two varieties but no significant differences were found under observed or simulated WP by the Aquacrop model. It can be concluded that it is possible to recommend to use the Aquacrop simulation model for different wheat varieties in the future, to predict the WP in these semi-arid areas, especially under different irrigation systems (Bradford and Hsiao 1982; Entz et al. 1992; Johnston et al. 2002; Heng et al. 2009; Araya et al. 2010; Bennett and Harms 2011).