Einstein's Special Relativity Research Articles

Einstein's relativity falsified: I. The factor γ can take values larger than √2, which requires a speed of light < c in moving inertial frames

Considering that an Einstein clock can travel at a speed no greater than c, from the principle of relativity, a kinematic time dilation factor can be derived whose value cannot be greater than <mml:math display="inline"> <mml:msqrt> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msqrt> </mml:math> . In fact, however, the kinematic time dilation factor γ can approach an infinite value. This discrepancy demonstrates that the derivation of the kinematic time dilation factor γ in Einstein's special relativity (SR) cannot be physically justified by the principle of relativity, and that it is not physically possible that the speed of light is constant in any frame of reference. The mathematical method of Einstein's SR, which I refer to as the “mathematical method of relativity,” allows the calculation of constant physical values from different quantities of any physical unit and is thus scientifically worthless. Accordingly, it is not surprising that it is possible to predict so-called general relativistic phenomena, e.g., the phenomena observed at the binary pulsar PSR B1913 + 16, just by applying Kepler's second law and simple quantum physical considerations [R. G. Ziefle, Phys. Essays 33, 99 (2020)]. A careful interpretation of interferometer experiments on Earth clearly shows that there is in fact no need for artificial time acceleration by length contraction. However, today's physicists seem to be lost in mathematics. The aim of this paper is to contribute to a physical theory of relativity that does not require mathematical tricks, such as time acceleration (length contraction), space-time curvature, and other mathematical tricks that follow from Einstein's mathematical methods and uphold the illusion that the belief in a constant speed of light c in any frame of reference is physically justified.

Quantum Non-Locality and the CMB: What Experiments Say

“Non-locality is most naturally incorporated into a theory in which there is a special frame of reference. One possible candidate for this special frame of reference is the one in which the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) is isotropic. However, other than the fact that a realistic interpretation of quantum mechanics requires a preferred frame and the CMB provides us with one, there is no readily apparent reason why the two should be linked” (L. Hardy). Starting from this remark, we first argue that, given the present view of the vacuum, the basic tenets of Quantum Field Theory cannot guarantee that Einstein Special Relativity, with no preferred frame, is the physically realized version of relativity. Then, to try to understand the nature of the hypothetical preferred Σ−frame, we consider the so-called ether drift experiments, those precise optical measurements that try to detect, in the laboratory, a small angular dependence of the two-way velocity of light and then to correlate this angular dependence with the direct CMB observations with satellites in space. By considering all experiments performed so far, from Michelson–Morley to the present experiments with optical resonators, and analyzing the small observed residuals in a modern theoretical framework, the long-sought Σ−frame tight to the CMB naturally emerges. Finally, if quantum non-locality reflects some effect propagating at vastly superluminal speed vQI→∞, its ultimate origin could be hidden somewhere in the infinite speed cs→∞ of vacuum density fluctuations.

Properties of Oxygen and their relationship to Einstein's Special Relativity Theory

Oxygen has been shown able to be released from aqueous water when the water flows through magnetic fields. Such a production process is called magneto synthesis and it is successful when the principle of induced current took place. Oxygen produced from this newly discovered process possessed properties differently when compared to the photosynthesis process. This study can be made when the magneto synthesis process was carried out closed to the saturation point of oxygen dissolution equilibrium in aqueous water. At the saturation point, the exchange of oxygen atoms or molecules between these two processes has happened. This interchange state allowed a unique single steep-drop characteristic to be observed. The single steep-drop characteristic of the magneto synthesis process provides two pieces of evidence on the properties of oxygen; they are heavier by mass and higher by oxidative power. The unique properties as discovered are supported by Einstein’s Special Relativity Theory. In this matter, gamma-ray flashes are thought to produce when the hydrogen-electron pairs are formed. A mechanism where gamma-ray flashes could be produced was proposed and sufficient evidence for gamma-ray flashes to occur was outlined. The gamma-ray flashes are the clue in the inter-permutable between the mass and energy. This is the clue to let the special relativity theory take a place.

The Theory on Thing's Limits Part 1: The Norm of Identifying Truth

Things refer to the objects and phenomena in reality. Limits refer to the truths and the processes of approaching them. Then there is the principle of inertia, which is characterized by continuity, and a necessary condition for reasoning in reality. Therefore, thing, limit and inertia are the three elements that constitute "The theory on thing's limits". Truth must have absoluteness and immutability, does not exist in reality, and belongs to the category of metaphysics. The characteristic of the truths is that they cannot be proved by empirical methods, and can only be gradually approached by repeated practices. Based on this, this article has established the norm for identifying truth. It not only has achieved the unity of opposites of all knowledge, but can also according to have the characteristic of continuity on the change of objective things make bidirectional reasoning under the premise of mutual restrictions. From the quantitative change in the real space has gone deep into the qualitative change of ideal realm, it extends the philosophy of materialism to the category of metaphysics. As a result, the true nature of metaphysics has been restored. That is to say, it has neither divorced from practices, nor just observed objective things with a one-sided, isolated and static way of thought. The theory is applicable to all academic categories, and it is to provide an effective method for testing authoritative theories, clarifying chaos, and deriving new knowledge. Finally, according to the theory and norm therein, combining with the objective status quo, this article has briefly analyzed three examples and pointed out the crux of Einstein's special relativity.

THE RIGHT TRIANGLE THEOREM IN COMPARISON OF RELAVISTIC ENERGY

Physics is a branch of scientific knowledge that requires understanding other disciplines, such as mathematical concepts. As for the development of increasingly advanced technology, it affects the world of education such as the implementation of CBT (Computer Based Test). Based on this, of course, innovation is needed to solve physics problems in a short and easy time. One example of material taught in physics that can be done in an easier way is material on special relativity. The solution to the problem of Einstein's special relativity, especially the comparison of relativistic energy, can use a right triangle by fulfilling the Pythagorean equation. This study describes the analysis of the right triangle theorem with the relativistic energy comparison equation.

Uniform Scaling of Physical Units and the Principle of Rationality of Measurement

One of the most basic principles in science is the objectivity of measurement of physical properties. According to the special theory of relativity (STR), this ancient principle is violated for observers in relative motion since it predicts that they generally will disagree on the ratios of the lengths of two objects and also on whose clock is running slower at any given time. Both predictions stem from the Lorentz transformation (LT), which is the centerpiece of Einstein's STR. It has recently been pointed out that two of the claims of this theory are mutually contradictory; it is impossible that the rates of two clocks in motion are strictly proportional to one another (time dilation) while one of them finds that two events are simultaneous whereas the other does not (remote nonsimultaneity). This recognition proves that the LT is not a valid component of the relativistic theory of motion, including its well-known thesis that space and time are not distinct quantities. Instead, it has always been found experimentally that the rates of clocks in motion are governed by a Universal Timedilation Law (UTDL), whereby the speed of the clock relative to a specific rest system is the sole determining factor. A simple way of describing this state of affairs is to say that the standard unit of time in each rest frame is different and increases with its relative speed to the above rest system by a definite factor. The measurement process is thereby rendered to be completely objective in nature. A key goal of relativity theory is therefore to develop a quantitatively valid method for determining this factor. It will be shown that the same factor appears in the true relativistic space-time transformation and that it also plays a key role in the uniform scaling of all other physical properties

Fizeau drag in graphene plasmonics.

Dragging of light by moving media was predicted by Fresnel1 and verified by Fizeau's celebrated experiments2 with flowing water. This momentous discovery is among the experimental cornerstones of Einstein's special relativitytheory and is well understood3,4 in the context of relativistic kinematics. By contrast, experiments on dragging photons by an electron flow in solids are riddled with inconsistencies and have so far eluded agreement with the theory5-7. Here we report on the electron flow dragging surface plasmon polaritons8,9 (SPPs): hybrid quasiparticles of infrared photons and electrons in graphene. The drag is visualized directly through infrared nano-imaging of propagating plasmonic waves in the presence of a high-density current. The polaritons in graphene shorten their wavelength when propagating against the drifting carriers. Unlike the Fizeau effect for light, the SPP drag by electrical currents defies explanation by simple kinematics and is linked to the nonlinear electrodynamics of Dirac electrons in graphene. The observed plasmonic Fizeau drag enables breaking of time-reversal symmetry and reciprocity10 at infrared frequencies without resorting to magnetic fields11,12 or chiral optical pumping13,14. The Fizeau drag also provides a tool with which to study interactions and nonequilibrium effects in electron liquids.

New power-law tailed distributions emerging in κ-statistics (a) (a)Contribution to the Focus Issue Progress on Statistical Physics and Complexity edited by Roberta Citro, Giorgio Kaniadakis, Claudio Guarcello, Antonio Maria Scarfone and Davide Valenti.

Over the last two decades, it has been argued that the Lorentz transformation mechanism, which imposes the generalization of Newton's classical mechanics into Einstein's special relativity, implies a generalization, or deformation, of the ordinary statistical mechanics. The exponential function, which defines the Boltzmann factor, emerges properly deformed within this formalism. Starting from this, the so-called κ-deformed exponential function, we introduce new classes of statistical distributions emerging as the κ-deformed versions of already known distribution as the Generalized Gamma, Weibull, Logistic ones which can be adopted in the analysis of statistical data that exhibit power-law tails.

Minkowski tensor in electrodynamics of moving media and three rules for construction of the physical tensors in Einstein's special relativity

Minkowski applied Einstein's principle of relativity to moving media and developed electrodynamics of moving media, with Minkowski tensor as the stress-energy-momentum tensor. Recently, Partanen and Tulkki criticize that Minkowski tensor contradicts special relativity, and proposed a mass-polariton stress-energy-momentum (MP SEM) tensor to replace Minkowski tensor. In this paper, I reasonably argue: (i) all the physical results obtained from Minkowski tensor are already embodied in two EM field-strength tensors; (ii) all physical tensors in Einstein's special relativity must satisfy three rules, with Minkowski tensor following all the rules while both Abraham tensor and the MP SEM tensor not. Thus the two arguments provide a strong theoretical basis to solve the problem of the momentum of light in a medium. Finally, by enumerating a specific example I show that the Lorentz covariance of a tensor provides no guarantee of the consistency of the tensor with the principle of relativity.

Reconciliation of the Rosen and Laue theories of special relativity in a linear dielectric medium

The theory of dielectric special relativity was derived by Laue from a fundamental physical basis in Einstein's special relativity and the relativistic velocity sum rule. The Laue theory is experimentally verified by the Fizeau water tube experiment. In contrast, the Rosen version of dielectric special relativity was derived heuristically and has no experimental validation. Consequently, the Rosen theory and its consequences are mostly ignored in the scientific literature and there is little to no discussion about the incompatibility of the two theories of relativity in a dielectric. In this article, the Laue theory is developed from boundary conditions using inertial reference frames moving at constant velocity along the interface between a simple linear dielectric medium and the vacuum. Then, the Rosen theory is derived in the context of inertial frames of reference moving at constant velocity in the interior of an arbitrarily large linear isotropic homogeneous dielectric medium. These derivations show that the Laue and Rosen theories of dielectric special relativity are both correct but have different regimes of applicability. The Rosen theory applies to physics in the interior of a simple linear dielectric and the Laue theory is used to relate these physics to a Laboratory Frame of Reference in the vacuum where measurements can be performed.

De Sitter-Invariant Special Relativity and Galaxy Rotation Curves

Owing to the existence of an invariant length at the Planck scale, Einstein special relativity breaks down at that scale. A possible solution to this problem is arguably to replace the Poincar\'e invariant Einstein special relativity by a de Sitter invariant special relativity. In addition to reconciling Lorentz symmetry with the existence of an invariant length, such replacement produces concomitant changes in all relativistic theories, including general relativity, which becomes what we have called 'de Sitter modified general relativity'. In this paper, the Newtonian limit of this theory is used to study the circular velocity of stars around the galactic center. It is shown that the de Sitter modified Newtonian force---which includes corrections coming from the underlying local kinematics---could possibly explain the rotation curve of galaxies without the necessity of supposing the existence of a dark matter halo.

Pythagoras method to complete einstein special relativity issues

A simple alternative to solve problems in the material of Einstein’s special relativity. Einstein’s special material of relativity is material that has so many similarities. Equations in the material of Einstein’s special relativity among others are time dilation equations, long contractions, relativistic masses, and relativistic energy. This research will discuss how the relationship between the Pythagorean theorem equation and Einstein’s special relativity equationand show how to use the Pythagoras method to solve Einstein’s special relativity problem.Steps in this research are calculated the equation for the Pythagoras theorem, calculate the equation of Einstein’s special relativity, then analyze how the relationships between the Pythagorastheorem equation with the Einstein’s special relativity equation.

Peer instruction to address alternative conceptions in Einstein's special relativity

Abstract In education, decades have been spent investigating what kind of beliefs and attitudes students may have in relation to learning. The relevance of these lies on the implications that it brings concerning students' alternative conceptions. This research focuses on the inclusion of Peer Instruction (PI) as a methodology to address the alternative conceptions in Einstein's special relativity. PI was selected since there is evidence that it has an impact on the academic performance of the students, however, concerning the topic of relativity, it has not been previously proposed. Alternative Conception Einstein's Special Relativity Test (ACESRT) is proposed to determine students' alternative conceptions. The sample for this study consisted of 25 high school students from Ecuador. In none of this level, students study Einstein's special relativity, nevertheless, in the current year a special course with senior students (picked randomly) was open in which the topic was considered in their academic curriculum. In the first lecture, the students filled a survey to get a notion of their beliefs and attitudes. Then a pre-test (ACESRT) take place, with a view getting information of alternative conceptions that students may have. Later, lectures following PI were given. At the end, to measure PI impact on students' attitudes, beliefs and alternative conceptions the students filled again a survey, followed by post-test (ACESRT). The results were statistically analyzed, and they reveal that PI has a strong impact on students' beliefs and attitudes. Furthermore, the methodology has the potential to address the alternative conception in concepts related to the topic Einstein's special relativity.

Double Light Speed: History, Confusion, and Recent Applications to High Speed Trading

Every physicist and most non-physicists have heard that no object or signal can move faster than the speed of light in a vacuum c. However, when we study the literature on Einstein's special relativity theory carefully, we will find a less well-known 2c speed limit (double light speed limit) that is also fully consistent with special relativity theory. In this paper we will provide a chronological historical overview of the literature on the 2c speed limit and then show how this speed limit has recently started to play a role in financial markets via high-speed trading. This does not conflict in any way with the concept that nothing can move faster than the speed of light. However, even in the special relativity literature we have described here, there are several different velocities, depending on who the observer is and what the speed is relative to.

Piercing the veil of modern physics: part 2 & philosophy

Based on Aristotle's definition, all the knowledge was able to be divided into three parts: natural science, metaphysics and mathematics. Among them, we can distinguish between natural science and metaphysics according to whether there exists in reality. And the principle of the limit in mathematics helps us to break the bondage of finite thought. From the quantitative changes of real space to have gone deep into a qualitative difference of ideal realm, it has accomplished the unity of opposites of all knowledge. Take the postulation as an example. This concept corresponds to limiting value, and is a hypothesis that humans can only be continually to modify the one-sided view to approach the truth but can't use empirical methods to prove or disprove it. Newton's First Law is such a postulation, which has invariance or absoluteness, can be called the absolute truth, and belonged to the metaphysical category. According to the above philosophical principles we have found that in Einstein's special relativity there is a paradoxes, which is to use an absolute truth (the principle of constant light velocity in vacuum) to overthrow another absolute truth (the absoluteness of simultaneity) but one of them can't be proved to be false. And his mistake to be found out, which is to confuse the light speed in reality with the c. So, starting from the perspective of all knowledge, all the inertial systems are redefined, Galileo's coordinate transformations once again enabled; and in order to eliminate the false and retain the true, Einstein's two postulations in special relativity are reshaped, which can make them reasonably to return to the framework of absolute space-time. Finally to point out, it has been identified that so-called Nonbeing in Lao-tzu is the metaphysics, which will certainly have great significance to unify the Eastern and Western philosophy.

As the Loom of Physics Expands

Sheldon Glashow continues his stroll through the history of physics, making his way in this installment from waves and particles as they apply to sound, light, and matter to Einstein's general and special relativity.

Retraction: Conservative relativity principle and energy-momentum conservation in a superimposed gravitational and electric field

We address to the conservative relativity principle (CRP), which we recently advanced (A.L. Kholmetskii, et al. Eur. Phys. J. Plus 129 (2014) 102). This principle asserts the impossibility to distinguish the state of rest and the state of motion of a system moving at constant velocity, if no work is done to the system in question during its motion; such a constraint is thus closely linked to the energy-momentum conservation law. Therefore, the conservative relativity principle, along with the Einstein special relativity principle (which obviously represents the particular manifestation of CRP in the case of empty space), and the general relativity principle can be considered as the cornerstones of modern physics. At the same time, some principal implications of CRP – e.g. the dependence of the proper time of a charged particle on the electric potential at its location, happens to be firmly at odds with the established structure of modern physics and, in fact, is not accepted by the wide scientific communi...

Time Concept and the Center of the Universe

For Isaac Newton, time was separate from space and was considered to be a single line, or railroad track, that was infinite in both directions [1]. In addition, in the flat spacetime of special relativity, observers moving at different speeds will have different measures of time [2] since the time shrinks in the state of speed of light that was for Albert Einstein. In addition, I showed that time is inversely proportional to momentum [3]. However, the contraindication between Newton's theory of time and Einstein's special relativity is not resolved. Here I show that Newton's theory explained time in relation to the creator and Einstein's theory explained time for every other individual. If time is inversely proportional to momentum, so time is direct proportional to static, but how events happen in the static state without motion? Everything in the universe is rotating about something else until you reach the center of the universe and that is the only completely static thing in the universe that generates time to the whole universe. It is concluded that time is the creator and the creator is time. This proves the immortality of the creator. There is no one is immortal other than the creator which proves his existence.

Optical atomic phase reference and timing.

Atomic clocks based on laser-cooled atoms have made tremendous advances in both accuracy and stability. However, advanced clocks have not found their way into widespread use because there has been little need for such high performance in real-world/commercial applications. The drive in the commercial world favours smaller, lower-power, more robust compact atomic clocks that function well in real-world non-laboratory environments. Although the high-performance atomic frequency references are useful to test Einstein's special relativity more precisely, there are not compelling scientific arguments to expect a breakdown in special relativity. On the other hand, the dynamics of gravity, evidenced by the recent spectacular results in experimental detection of gravity waves by the LIGO Scientific Collaboration, shows dramatically that there is new physics to be seen and understood in space-time science. Those systems require strain measurements at less than or equal to 10-20 As we discuss here, cold atom optical frequency references are still many orders of magnitude away from the frequency stability that should be achievable with narrow-linewidth quantum transitions and large numbers of very cold atoms, and they may be able to achieve levels of phase stability, ΔΦ/Φtotal ≤ 10-20, that could make an important impact in gravity wave science.This article is part of the themed issue 'Quantum technology for the 21st century'.

De Sitter-invariant special relativity and the dark energy problem

The replacement of the Poincaré-invariant Einstein special relativity by a de Sitter-invariant special relativity produces concomitant changes in all relativistic theories, including general relativity. A crucial change in the latter is that both the background de Sitter curvature and the gravitational dynamical curvature turns out to be included in a single curvature tensor. This means that the cosmological term no longer explicitly appears in Einstein equation, and is consequently not restricted to be constant. In this paper, the Newtonian limit of such theory is obtained, and the ensuing Newtonian Friedmann equations are shown to provide a good account of the dark energy content of the present-day universe.