Einstein's Special Relativity Research Articles

DSSU relativity: The Lorentz transformations applied to aether-space

Assuming that the Universe consists of absolute space, or more properly aether-space, (as evidenced by several well-documented experiments, and supported by the DSSU* theory) the transformation of the coordinates from one moving inertial frame to another frame while retaining the information of their absolute motion (with respect to aether-space) requires the application of the Lorentz transformation, not once, but twice. The combined transformations are detailed. The resulting expressions for space-and-time coordinates are then used to redefine: absolute velocity, apparent velocity, length contraction, momentum, mass, and kinetic energy —all redefined in terms of absolute inertial motion. Each of the resulting expressions are validated by showing that each reduces, under the specified condition, to the Einstein Special Relativity form (as each must) and also reduces, under specified speed restrictions, to the familiar Newtonian-Galilean form (again, as each must). In effect, DSSU relativity (the relativity of absolute motion) encompasses both Special relativity and Classical relativity. * DSSU is the acronym for Dynamic Steady State Universe. It is a model based on the premise that all things are processes.

The model of a flat (Euclidean) expansive homogeneous and isotropic relativistic universe in the light of the general relativity, quantum mechanics, and observations

Assuming that the relativistic universe is homogeneous and isotropic, we can unambiguously determine its model and physical properties, which correspond with the Einstein general theory of relativity (and with its two special partial solutions: Einstein special theory of relativity and Newton gravitation theory), quantum mechanics, and observations, too.

Thermodynamics of a photon gas with an invariant energy scale

Quantum Gravity framework motivates us to find new theories in which an observer independent finite energy upper bound (preferably Planck Energy) exists. We have studied the modifications in the thermodynamical properties of a photon gas in such a scenario where we have an invariant energy scale. We show that the density of states and the entropy in such a framework are less than the corresponding quantities in Einstein's Special Relativity (SR) theory. This result can be interpreted as a consequence of the deformed Lorentz symmetry present in the particular model we have considered.

Note on Magnetism and Simultaneity

The paper on “Magnetism and Simultaneity” by Adler1 provides an excellent new thought experiment involving the lack of simultaneity in Einstein's special relativity. Adler uses the lack of simultaneity rather than the Lorentz contraction2 to derive the formula for the magnetic force on a moving charged particle. Advantages of his derivation are that the algebra is simpler and the results more general than our derivation based on the Lorentz contraction.

Relativity Theory and Time Perception: Single or Multiple Clocks?

BackgroundCurrent theories of interval timing assume that humans and other animals time as if using a single, absolute stopwatch that can be stopped or reset on command. Here we evaluate the alternative view that psychological time is represented by multiple clocks, and that these clocks create separate temporal contexts by which duration is judged in a relative manner. Two predictions of the multiple-clock hypothesis were tested. First, that the multiple clocks can be manipulated (stopped and/or reset) independently. Second, that an event of a given physical duration would be perceived as having different durations in different temporal contexts, i.e., would be judged differently by each clock.Methodology/Principal FindingsRats were trained to time three durations (e.g., 10, 30, and 90 s). When timing was interrupted by an unexpected gap in the signal, rats reset the clock used to time the “short” duration, stopped the “medium” duration clock, and continued to run the “long” duration clock. When the duration of the gap was manipulated, the rats reset these clocks in a hierarchical order, first the “short”, then the “medium”, and finally the “long” clock. Quantitative modeling assuming re-allocation of cognitive resources in proportion to the relative duration of the gap to the multiple, simultaneously timed event durations was used to account for the results.Conclusions/SignificanceThese results indicate that the three event durations were effectively timed by separate clocks operated independently, and that the same gap duration was judged relative to these three temporal contexts. Results suggest that the brain processes the duration of an event in a manner similar to Einstein's special relativity theory: A given time interval is registered differently by independent clocks dependent upon the context.

Ann. Phys. 9‐10/2008: Special Issue: The Minkowski spacetime of special relativity theory ‐ 100 years after its discovery

Annalen der PhysikVolume 520, Issue 8 p. 523-523 Recent and forthcoming publication in Annalen der Physik Ann. Phys. 9-10/2008: Special Issue: The Minkowski spacetime of special relativity theory - 100 years after its discovery First published: 24 October 2008 https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.20085200802AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Graphical Abstract On 21 September 2008 is the centennial for Hermann Minkowski's famous popular lecture in Cologne on “Space and Time”. Therein he demonstrated that the spacetime of Einstein's special relativity theory can be described by means of a four-dimensional (pseudo-)Euclidean geometry. The September/October 2008 issue of the Annalen is dedicated to the memory of Minkowski. Historical papers (Damour, Kastrup), papers extending special relativity (Mashhoon, Cacciatori-Gorini-Kamenshchik), papers on electrodynamics in Minkowski space (Itin-Friedman, Obukhov, Sihvola-Lindell), and an essay on the Weinberg-Witten theorem (Loebbert) convey ideas of the modern developments initiated by Minkowski's speech. Volume520, Issue8August 2008Pages 523-523 RelatedInformation

Analogy between the standard gauge model of the basic forces and hadronic mechanics

In this paper we review the standard gauge model of the basic (action-at-a-distance) forces in nature characterized by the conventional gauge-invariant substitution, &#948&#947&#968&#8594(-i(elhc)A&#947)&#936 for the electromagnetic field (in the Schrodinger or Dirac equation for the normal hydrogen atom in conventional quantum mechanics), and by &#948&#947&#968&#8594(- it&#945A&#945&#956)&#968 for the Yang-Mills field in the Weinberg-Glashow-Salam unification of electroweak forces (referred to as “standard” unified gauge model) which are based on conventional Einstein's special relativity theory, and indicate the analogy with the new generalizations of conventional quantum mechanics and the “standard” unified gauge model under the name “hadronic” mechanics to include not only action-at-a-distance forces but also a fifth (non-local, contact/overlap) force, represented by a Hulthen potential, in superdense matter (such as compressed hydrogen atom in a neutron star) and in condensed matter (such as a high-temperature cuprate superconductor). Hadronic Mechanics distinguishes Einstein's special relativity (for relative motion in vacuum) from “extended” relativity and general relativity, and provides a non-perturbative grand unification scheme for the basic forces in nature (including gravitation and the fifth force) that brings not only Oyibo's “grand unified theorem” but also superstring “theory of everything” within its purview. The “hadronic” mechanics representation of the neutron as a compressed H-atom n=(e-, p)HM , known as Rutherford-Santilli neutron, or as (e-vep)sub>HM = n, implies that the p-n, p-p and n-n binding in atomic nuclei of all chemical elements can be understood in terms of “hadronic” (strong interaction) chemistry, with potential application to development and production of clean fuels from “hadronic” energy.JONAMP Vol. 9 2005: pp. 1-30

Towards a General Class of Operators for Fuzzy Systems

Our starting point is the multiplicative utility function which is extensively used in the theory of multicriteria decision making. Its associativity is shown and as its generalization a class of operators is introduced with fine and useful properties. As in special cases, it reduces to well-known operators of fuzzy set theory: min/max, product, Einstein, Hamacher, Dombi, and drastic. As a consequence, we generalize the addition of velocities in Einstein's special relativity theory to multiple moving objects. Also, a new form of the Hamacher operator is given, which makes multiargument calculations easier. We examine the De Morgan identity which connects the conjunctive and disjunctive operators by a negation. It is shown that in some special cases (min/max, drastic, and Dombi) the operator class forms a De Morgan triple with any involutive negation.

Lorentz invariance violation and symmetry in Randers–Finsler spaces

Lorentz invariance violation is a common feature of new physics beyond the Standard Model. We show that the symmetry of Randers spaces deduces a modified dispersion relation with characteristics of Lorentz invariance violation. The counterparts of the Lorentz transformation in the Einstein's special relativity are presented explicitly. The coordinate transformations are unitary and form a group. Generators and algebra satisfied by them are different from usual Lorentz ones. The Randersian line element as well as speed of light is invariant under the transformations. In particular, there is another invariant speed which may be related with Planck scale and the mass of moving particle. Thus, the Randers spaces is a suitable framework to discuss the Lorentz invariance violation.

The Confrontation Between General Relativity and Experiment

We review the experimental evidence for Einstein's special and general relativity. A variety of high precision null experiments verify the weak equivalence principle and local Lorentz invariance, while gravitational redshift and other clock experiments support local position invariance. Together these results confirm the Einstein Equivalence Principle which underlies the concept that gravitation must be described by a metric theory. Solar system experiments that test the weak-field, post-Newtonian limit of metric theories strongly favor general relativity. The Binary Pulsar provides tests of gravitational-wave damping and of strong-field general relativity. Recently discovered binary pulsar systems may provide additional tests. Ongoing and future experiments, such as the Gravity Probe B Gyroscope Experiment, satellite tests of the Equivalence principle, and tests of gravity at short distance to look for extra spatial dimensions could constrain extensions of general relativity. Laser interferometric gravitational-wave observatories on Earth and in space may provide new tests of gravitational theory via detailed measurements of the properties of gravitational waves.

The principle of relativity and the indeterminacy of special relativity

This work ends a trilogy devoted to a journey into the foundations of special relativity. The first paper debated the meaning of the constancy of the two-way speed of light and its close relation to the conceptualization of time. The second one addressed the question of the possible constancy of the one-way speed of light and the trivial—but, unfortunately, even now somewhat controversial—question of the compatibility between the assumption of a special system of reference and Einstein's special relativity. The present study deals with the principle of relativity. Its historical evolution is reviewed and a ‘weak’ formulation is defended. It is emphasized that many assertions usually associated with special relativity, such as the ‘relativity of time dilation’ and ‘relativity of space contraction’ are indeed philosophical statements, as it has been established already by several authors in the past. Nonetheless, most teachers and scientists still believe nowadays they are implied by the theory and by the group property of the Lorentz transformation. This is by no means so, as it is reviewed and elucidated with the simple example on space contraction. It is argued that the lack of knowledge of the true value of the one-way speed of light in empty space leaves the theory undetermined. Einstein's special relativity corresponds to a simple and very elegant solution to this problem, allowing the study of relative motion without any concern with the study of absolute motion, which is considered to be superfluous. However, its standard interpretation is minimalist and even misleading. A large number of researchers have discussed this question, mostly within the conventionality of simultaneity thesis. The typical formulation of this thesis provides some new physical insight and points out the problem, but does not solve it. In contrast, it often leads to a labyrinth of difficult language which is herein clarified.

Hamiltonian Formalism of de-Sitter Invariant SpecialRelativity

The Lagrangian of Einstein's special relativity withuniversal parameter c (\U0001d4aeRc) is invariant underPoincaré transformation, which preserves Lorentz metricημν. The \U0001d4aeRc has been extended to be onewhich is invariant under de Sitter transformation that preserves so-calledBeltrami metric Bμν. There are two universalparameters, c and R, in this Special Relativity (denoted as\U0001d4aeRcR). The Lagrangian-Hamiltonian formulism of\U0001d4aeRcR is formulated in this paper. The canonicenergy, canonic momenta, and 10 Noether charges corresponding to thespace-time's de Sitter symmetry are derived. The canonicalquantization of the mechanics for \U0001d4aeRcR-free particleis performed. The physics related to it is discussed.

Coupled oscillators and Feynman's three papers

According to Richard Feynman, the adventure of our science of physics is a perpetual attempt to recognize that the different aspects of nature are really different aspects of the same thing. It is therefore interesting to combine some, if not all, of Feynman's papers into one. The first of his three papers is on the "rest of the universe" contained in his 1972 book on statistical mechanics. The second idea is Feynman's parton picture which he presented in 1969 at the Stony Brook conference on high-energy physics. The third idea is contained in the 1971 paper he published with his students, where they show that the hadronic spectra on Regge trajectories are manifestations of harmonic-oscillator degeneracies. In this report, we formulate these three ideas using the mathematics of two coupled oscillators. It is shown that the idea of entanglement is contained in his rest of the universe, and can be extended to a space-time entanglement. It is shown also that his parton model and the static quark model can be combined into one Lorentz-covariant entity. Furthermore, Einstein's special relativity, based on the Lorentz group, can also be formulated within the mathematical framework of two coupled oscillators.

A REVIEW OF EINSTEIN'S THEORY OF SPECIAL RELATIVITY

Using only the descriptions and the results of the 'thought experiment' contained in Einstein's seminal 1905 paper, proofs are offered which show that the transformation equations of Einstein's special relativity apply only to the joint use in his experiment of point sources of light and point reflectors. Further, it is shown that two different special relativities could have been invented by Einstein and, because they possess differing space and time contraction factors, they cannot co-exist and, therefore, both must be discarded.

Was Einstein right?

AbstractWe review the experimental evidence for Einstein's special and general relativity. A variety of high precision null experiments verify the weak equivalence principle and local Lorentz invariance, while gravitational redshift and other clock experiments support local position invariance. Together these results confirm the Einstein Equivalence Principle which underlies the concept that gravitation is synonymous with spacetime geometry, and must be described by a metric theory. Solar system experiments that test the weak‐field, post‐Newtonian limit of metric theories strongly favor general relativity. The Binary Pulsar provides tests of gravitational‐wave damping and of strong‐field general relativity. Recently discovered binary pulsar systems may provide additional tests. Future and ongoing experiments, such as the Gravity Probe B Gyroscope Experiment, satellite tests of the Equivalence Principle, and tests of gravity at short distance to look for extra spatial dimensions could constrain extensions of general relativity. Laser interferometric gravitational‐wave observatories on Earth and in space may provide new tests of gravitational theory via detailed measurements of the properties of gravitational waves.

Was Einstein right?

We review the experimental evidence for Einstein's special and general relativity. A variety of high precision null experiments verify the weak equivalence principle and local Lorentz invariance, while gravitational redshift and other clock experiments support local position invariance. Together these results confirm the Einstein Equivalence Principle which underlies the concept that gravitation is synonymous with spacetime geometry, and must be described by a metric theory. Solar system experiments that test the weak-field, post-Newtonian limit of metric theories strongly favor general relativity. The Binary Pulsar provides tests of gravitational-wave damping and of strong-field general relativity. Recently discovered binary pulsar systems may provide additional tests. Future and ongoing experiments, such as the Gravity Probe B Gyroscope Experiment, satellite tests of the Equivalence principle, and tests of gravity at short distance to look for extra spatial dimensions could constrain extensions of general relativity. Laser interferometric gravitational-wave observatories on Earth and in space may provide new tests of gravitational theory via detailed measurements of the properties of gravitational waves.

Einstein's special relativity: Unleashing the power of its hyperbolic geometry

We add physical appeal to Einstein velocity addition law of relativistically admissible velocities, thereby gaining new analogies with classical mechanics and invoking new insights into the special theory of relativity. We place Einstein velocity addition in the foundations of both special relativity and its underlying hyperbolic geometry, enabling us to present special relativity in full three space dimensions rather than the usual one-dimensional space, using three-geometry instead of four-geometry. Doing so we uncover unexpected analogies with classical results, enabling readers to understand the modern and unfamiliar in terms of the classical and familiar. In particular, we show that while the relativistic mass does not mesh up with the four-geometry, it meshes extraordinarily well with the three-geometry, providing unexpected insights that are not easy to come by, by other means.

OPERATIONAL INDISTINGUISHABLY OF VARYING SPEED OF LIGHT THEORIES

The varying speed of light theories have been recently proposed to solve the standard model problems and anomalies in the ultra high energy cosmic rays. These theories try to formulate a new relativity with no assumptions about the constancy of the light speed. In this regard, we study two theories and want to show that these theories are not the new theories of relativity, but only re-descriptions of Einstein's special relativity.

The mathematical logic failure of Einstein's special relativity

The proof of the mathematical logic failure of Einstein's special theory of relativity has been made.

Panrelativity laws and scale relativity – against Einstein with Einstein's Tao

People have been led objectively to the directions of delusion and confusion since Einstein published his special relativity in 1905. Basically, Einstein's special relativity is against the truth of the universe – The cause effect law. The fatal mistake of Einstein was, as the “collapse of the wave function” in modern quantum theory, not separating the physical reality from the observation of instruments and human being. This paper attempts to bring back science from inside the “Ha–Ha” mirror to the common senses and rational study. This paper reflects some important viewpoints of International Pansystems School.