Eighth Year Research Articles

FP7.12 - A Three-Year Retrospective Analysis of Variables and Their Relationships as Outcome Indicators Following Emergency Laparotomies in Octogenarians: Insights from a Single Institutional Experience

Abstract Aim This retrospective study aims to evaluate the morbidity and mortality outcomes associated with emergency laparotomies in individuals aged 80 years and above, referred to as octogenarians. Against the backdrop of the National Emergency Laparotomy Audit's data from the Eighth Year (2020–2021), which indicates a slight increase in overall in-hospital mortality rates across all age groups, the specific focus on octogenarians intends to provide insights into the unique challenges and outcomes experienced by this elderly population undergoing emergency laparotomies. Methods This retrospective analysis focused on emergency laparotomies in octogenarians between June 2020 and June 2023, comprising 62 cases out of 370. Using a standardized proforma, data was collected and statistical analysis was done with SPSS. Results In this study involving 62 elderly patients (mean age 84) undergoing emergency laparotomies, common diagnoses included Adhesional Small Bowel Obstruction and Large Bowel Obstruction due to Diverticular Disease. Despite the absence of geriatrician involvement, the overall mortality rate was 21%, emphasizing the potential impact of geriatrician reviews. While factors like sepsis and bowel resection did not significantly influence outcomes, the study identified associations between ASA Score, diagnosis type, and predicted mortality rate with patient survival. Complications and comorbidities, such as AKI and atrial fibrillation, were linked to increased mortality. Conclusion In summary, emergency major abdominal surgery poses significant risks, particularly for frail and elderly individuals with multiple co-morbidities. Recognizing frailty as an independent risk factor is crucial. While assessing frailty is complex, open discussions with patients and families about the substantial surgery-related risks are imperative. Establishing realistic expectations is vital for informed decision-making and patient-centered care.

Temporal trends of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils amended with sludge, compost, and manure in a Scotland pasture: An 8-year field experiment

To optimize the effective utilization of organic waste in agricultural practices, a comprehensive assessment of associated risks and benefits is crucial. This study investigated the impact of three types of organic wastes (sludge, compost, and manure) on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in contaminated soil in a Scottish pasture. The experimental setup comprised 16 plots with four treatments (compost, manure, sludge, and inorganic fertilizer) and four replicates. After eight years of this study, notable disparities in ΣPAH16 concentrations were observed among the different treatments, with compost-amended soil at 378 μg kg−1, sludge-amended soil at 331 μg kg−1, and manure-amended soil at 223 μg kg−1. The concentrations of ΣPAH16 in soil amended with compost and sludge exhibited a linear increase with extended sampling time. Significant changes in ΣPAH16 concentration were evident in the compost treatment plot, with an increase of 20% in the first year and 82% in the eighth year. Risk assessment suggested a low level of health risk from exposure to PAHs at the measured concentrations in the three organic wastes. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of considering the effects of organic waste amendments on soil PAH levels to make informed decisions in sustainable agricultural practices. It also underscores the need for ongoing research to fully understand the implications of different organic waste applications on soil health and environmental quality.

Do we have to continue antiseizure medications post surgery in long-term epilepsy associated tumors (LEATs)?

ObjectiveTo identify the rate of successful antiseizure medication (ASM) withdrawal after resective surgery in patients with long-term epilepsy-associated tumors (LEATs). MethodsA retrospective analysis (from our prospectively archived data) on the post-operative ASM profile of 123 consecutive patients who completed a minimum of 2 years after resection of LEATs for ASM-resistant epilepsy. A comparison between recurred and non-recurred groups in terms of seizure recurrence was used to identify the potential predictors of seizure recurrence whose attributes were further analyzed using univariate and multiple logistic regression analysis. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to study the probability of ASM freedom following surgery. ResultsWe attempted ASM withdrawal in 102 (82.9 %) patients. Forty-eight (47.1 %) had seizure recurrence while reducing ASM, of which 22 (21.6 %) continued to have seizures even after ASM optimisation. On univariate analysis, presence of pre-operative secondary generalized seizure(s) was the only factor associated with seizure recurrence. At a mean follow-up of 6.1 years, 72 (58.5 %) patients were seizure-free and aura-free at terminal follow-up (53 patients were off any ASM). The cumulative probability of achieving complete ASM-free status was 29 % at fourth year, 42 % at sixth year, 55 % at eighth year, and 59 % at 10th year after surgery. ConclusionsFollowing resective surgery for LEATs, ASM(s) could be successfully discontinued in half of the patients. About one-third of the patients may have recurrent seizures on follow-up. Presence of secondary generalized seizure(s) prior to surgery predicts seizure recurrence, whereas MRI defined completeness of resection will not. This information will help in rationalising decisions on ASM management post-resection.

Iron nutritional efficiency, cycling and export in oil palm cultivated at different ages

Iron (Fe) plays a fundamental role in the nutrition of plants, yet its role in oil palm remains understudied. This study aims to unlock the role of Fe by analyzing its cycling and export different stages of oil palm tree growth. The experiment was conducted in Thailand, Pará State (Brazil), in a dystrophic Yellow Ferralsol, in a split-block, with four replications and seven treatments (plant age; 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8). The concentration, accumulation, recycling, immobilization, and export of Fe were evaluated, in addition to Fe use efficiency, in all plant organs. Analysis of variance (p < 0.05) was carried out on the results and regression model adjustments. The concentration and accumulation of Fe in the stem was greatest at the eighth year of the plants, and the fruit had higher Fe export values in the eighth year of the oil palm as well. As plants aged, the Fe concentration, accumulation, export, and use efficiency increased. Oil palm accumulates and immobilizes more Fe in its organs than it exports, a fact that contributes to the cycling and nutrition of the Fe in the plant. This research paves the way for future studies to explore how Fe can be optimized in oil palm trees to unlock their full potential.

Characteristics and numerical simulation of chromium transportation, migration and transformation in soil–groundwater system

Understanding chromium (Cr) migration and dispersion patterns in the soil-groundwater system is critical for the control and remediation of subsurface Cr contamination. In this study, a typical Cr-contaminated site from the Pearl River Delta (PRD) in China was simulated with a three-dimensional (3D) sandbox experiment to investigate the migration and transformation behavior of Cr. Results revealed that under the combined influence of rainfall and groundwater flow, a complex flow field favorable for 3D migration and solute dispersion was formed. The flow field characteristics were influenced by water-table depth, which in turn affected Cr behavior in the system. Moreover, downward flow field expansion under low water-table conditions led to Cr vertical migration range expansion, causing greater contamination in the deep soil. The migration process was accompanied with Cr(VI) reduction, during which approximately 75 % of the total Cr was immobilized in soils. The reactive transport model achieved a good fit for Cr retention and morphological distribution in the solid phase. The model indicates that Cr is more readily transported and dispersed with groundwater, and Cr migrated and spread downstream by 15 m during the eighth year. Therefore, managing water-table depth could be a strategy to minimize the Cr vertical migration and contamination.

Pediatric Heart Transplantation in the Context of Severe Pulmonary Hypertension Secondary to Restrictive Cardiomyopathy—Case Report

The aim of this study is to analyze the feasibility of performing an isolated heart transplant in patients with severe pulmonary hypertension as a result of restrictive cardiomyopathy. The results present the clinical course from the diagnosis of restrictive cardiomyopathy at the age of 2 until the heart transplant at 8 years old. Initially, the patient was considered for multiorgan transplantation, heart and lungs, due to extremely high pulmonary resistance. However, due to the prolonged waiting period for a donor and the worsening condition of the child, a decision was made to perforate the atrial septum with the implantation of an atrial flow regulator system. After conducting control hemodynamic measurements, the qualification was changed to an isolated heart transplant, accepting the high operative risk associated with the still elevated pulmonary resistance index of 4.9 Wood units. This study describes the medical problems that occurred during postoperative treatment. The patient underwent an orthotopic heart transplant in her eighth year of life. Postsurgery, complications were observed, including generalized seizures and heart transplant rejection reaction. Immunosuppressive therapies were applied, and efforts were made to combat anemia and electrolyte disorders. While the cardiovascular system and heart parameters improved, there were some difficulties in controlling heart rhythm and stabilizing electrolyte levels.

Selection, sequencing and progression of content in biology in four diverse jurisdictions

Selection of content for a school syllabus is important in achieving progress towards inclusive generalisations which characterise powerful knowledge. Biology as a discipline progresses from knowledge of individual facts to inclusive generalisations such as homeostasis, energy transformations, heredity, and evolution. The present study evaluated the selection of content in the official biology syllabus for the seventh and eighth years of schooling in four diverse jurisdictions: Kenya, South Africa, British Columbia (Canada) and Singapore. The purpose was to determine whether and how content selection enabled progression to inclusive generalisations in biology and to compare selection, sequencing and progression among the four jurisdictions. General Topic Trace Mapping was used to compare each syllabus to a generic reference syllabus structured according to inclusive generalisations. Although there was some agreement in the scope of topics selected, jurisdictions varied in the way it was organised. Kenya included more everyday knowledge than other jurisdictions. British Columbia and Singapore selected content according to unifying themes, whereas South Africa and Kenya did not. South Africa selected content that enabled progression towards inclusive generalisations, but did not explicitly identify the generalisations. This study supports the contention that powerful knowledge in biology may be construed differently in diverse jurisdictions.

Copper: Evaluation of the Nutritional Status of Oil Palm Cultivated in the Eastern Amazon

ABSTRACT Oil palm is the main palm tree cultivated in the tropics, but little is understood about copper (cu) management in this crop. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status of copper in oil palms plants in the Eastern Amazon. The experiment was carried out in Tailândia, in the state of Pará (Brazil), using a completely randomized experimental design, with four replications and seven treatments (ages of oil palm plants: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 years). The concentration, accumulation, cycling, immobilization, export, and efficiency of copper use in the different organs of the plants were evaluated. The highest copper concentrations occurred in the palm heart in the second year, and copper accumulation (481 g ha−1) and export were highest in the eighth year of growth. Among the plant organs, the highest copper exports occurred in the bunches (69.38 g ha1). The highest proportion of copper was immobilized (326 g ha−1), while the lowest proportion of the nutrient accumulated in the export organs. Copper use efficiency increased with plant age, and efficiency was greater in the petiole and lower in the palm heart. The copper requirement increased with the age of oil palms grown in the Eastern Amazon.

Studies of tractor maintenance and replacement strategies of Wonji Shoa Factory, Ethiopia

This study mainly focuses on tractor maintenance and replacement strategies to assess the impact of various parameters on the economic life of tractors in order to improve the value of a profitable management choice on selected tractor samples. Considering the preventive replacement policy, the total annual costs were estimated taking into account the repair and depreciation costs. At a 95% level of confidence for each approach, the statistical analysis program “IBM SPSS Statistics 26” was used. An empirical relation based on multiple regression analysis has been generated to predict the economic operational life of a tractor using per-unit repair cost and annual usage (hours). From the analysis, John Dear 333, SAME 130, New Holland 80, and Massy Ferguson 150 are not supposed to be used economically in the field after the fifth, seventh, sixth, and eighth years respectively at Wonji Shoa Sugar Factory due to increasing maintenance cost in present condition.

Varicella vaccine effectiveness evaluation in Wuxi, China: A retrospective cohort study.

Varicella is a vaccine-preventable infectious disease. Since 1 December 2018, the varicella vaccine has been included in the local Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) in Wuxi, China, and children born after 1 December 2014 are eligible for free vaccination. To evaluate the effect of varicella vaccination in Wuxi city, we selected 382397 children born from 2012 to 2016 as subjects. Their disease data were obtained from the Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System, and their vaccination data were obtained from the Jiangsu Province Vaccination Integrated Service Management Information System. The incidence of breakthrough varicella cases increased in the first 4years and reached the peak in the fifth year. With the increase of vaccination rate, the incidence of varicella decreased significantly. The vaccine effectiveness (VE) was found to be 88.17%-95.78% for one dose and 98.65%-99.93% for two doses. Although the VE per dose decreased from 99.57% in the first year to 93.04% in the eighth year, it remained high. These findings confirmed the effectiveness of varicella vaccination in children, supported the use of a two-dose varicella vaccination strategy to achieve better protection, and provided important insights into the optimal vaccination strategy for varicella prevention in children.

Design and Optimization of an Alkaline Electrolysis System for Small-Scale Hydropower Integration

Alkaline electrolysis systems are currently considered to be suitable for large-scale hydrogen production. Previous research has primarily focused on integrating renewable energy sources such as solar and wind into water electrolysis systems. However, intermittent issues stemming from the sporadic nature of renewable energy sources have led to the introduction of energy storage systems (ESSs) to address these intermittent challenges. Extensive research has been conducted on the efficiency and operational aspects of these systems. In contrast to other renewable energy sources, hydropower offers the advantages of stable output and high utilization, making it a promising solution for overcoming intermittent issues. In this study, we propose the design of an optimized alkaline electrolysis system tailored for small-scale hydropower generation. This approach allowed us to confirm the efficiency of a small-scale hydropower-based hydrogen production facility and the analysis of hydrogen production costs under diverse scenarios. Notably, the optimal selling price per kilogram of hydrogen was determined to be USD 15.6 when the operational time exceeded 20 h, albeit indicating a challenging market supply. Under the consideration of various scenarios and government subsidies, this study revealed that a USD 10/kgH2 subsidy or 24 h of continuous operation achieved break-even points in the sixth and eighth years, respectively. Ultimately, the findings underscore the necessity for essential measures, including government backing and technological advancements in small-scale hydropower facilities, to enhance the economic viability of the green hydrogen market in South Korea.

Evaluation of perennial poaceae grasses species and varieties for creating lawns

Under the conditions of the Moscow region, in a field experiment, a comparative assessment of 6 types of perennial grasses and 13 of their varieties was carried out in the lawn mode of use for 12 years. It has been established that in the first year of life, the highest intensity of tillering in the first two to three months was observed in perennial ryegrass, meadow fescue and giant bentgrass. The projective cover of single-species lawns from these species amounted to 92-96% by autumn. In the first year, red fescue was characterized by lower development rates and by the beginning of autumn formed a high-quality lawn with a closed-mosaic structure and 71-79% projective cover, depending on the variety used. The slowest formation of lawns in the year of sowing was noted for meadow bluegrass, which provided projective cover in different varieties from 14 to 60%. The bluegrass lawns reached their maximum density mainly in the third year. The most high-quality lawn with a closed-diffuse composition and 100% projective cover was formed already in the first year when using a grass mixture with the participation of varieties of red fescue, meadow fescue, perennial ryegrass, bent grass, a mixture of meadow fescue, perennial ryegrass and giant bent grass, as well as a mixture of these species with varieties of bluegrass, red fescue and meadow timothy. The best longevity with a high density of shoots and close-diffuse composition with more than 90% annual projective cover for 12 years was distinguished by lawns from red fescue varieties Dipa and Celianna. In polyspecific lawns with the participation of bluegrass meadow, the share of its shoots in the total structure did not exceed 17-38%. Starting from the eighth year, due to the low vegetative mobility of red fescue, there was a consistent increase in the number of bluegrass shoots in the lawn. With intensive constant use of the lawn for sports, the grass mixture with a predominance of up to 90% of bluegrass meadow variety Balin turned out to be the most stable.

Feasibility Analysis of Investing in Additional Vehicles at An Egg Distributor

Business or investment feasibility analysis is research into a business plan that will analyze whether the investment to be made is feasible or not. Amalia Bintang Telur is located in the Cibitung area, Bekasi, West Java and has a branch located in Kalibata, South Jakarta which is the object of this research. This distributor has vehicles in the form of Grandmax type pick-up cars. The car's carrying capacity is 1800 kg. The problem faced by this distributor is that there are frequent delays due to a lack of vehicles for distribution, while there is high demand to be met. Usually, in dealing with these delays, distributors negotiate first with customers. If not addressed, the level of customer satisfaction with this distributor will decrease. There are several methods used to analyze the feasibility of an investment, namely, NPV, PP, Interest Rate (IRR) and Sum off Years Depreciation. It is concluded that the investment in adding a pick up car is worth doing, seen from the resulting positive NPV value of Rp. 942,260,893.38, based on the payback method this investment period is worth doing because the return occurs in the 1st year which produces a cumulative value of positive, the IRR investment method is worth investing in because the IRR value obtained is greater than the MARR used, namely 399% &gt; 15%. For depreciation value, car prices tend to decrease every year. In the first year, the book value decreases by 19.44%, but after that, the depreciation in value will slow down with the depreciation percentage continuing to decrease by 2.34% until the eighth year.

Environmental impact of the supervised toothbrushing programme amongst children in Scotland

ObjectivesTo understand the environmental impact of providing a nationwide supervised toothbrushing programme (Childsmile) for 5-year-old children in Scotland. MethodsA life cycle assessment was conducted to assess the annual environmental effects of the supervised toothbrushing programme in early years childcare, as well as each dental procedure (dental restoration under local anaesthesia (LA), single tooth extraction under LA, and multiple teeth extraction under general anaesthesia) spanning from 2001/02 to 2009/10. The expected savings in annual carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emissions for all combined dental treatments in subsequent years were calculated compared to those in 2001/02. ResultsAn overall decrease in CO2e emissions was evident in the Childsmile programme and across all dental procedures. The estimated reduction in emissions across all procedures varied from 102.5 tonnes in 2002/03 to 461.1 tonnes in 2009/10 when compared to 2001/02. Within three years, the expected emissions savings from all combined dental procedures surpassed the emissions generated by implementing the Childsmile programme. ConclusionsOver time, there was a significant reduction in annual CO2e emissions for all combined dental treatments in children. In the eighth year of the Childsmile, emissions savings were more than 4.5 times greater than the emissions generated during its implementation. Clinical significanceThe study highlights the importance of educating public by individual dentists about the environmental impact of caries prevention programmes and paediatric dental treatments as this may influence patient choice. It also encourages commissioners of community dental programmes to support the implementation of supervised toothbrushing programmes in early years childcare.

PERTUMBUHAN DAN PERKEMBANGAN TANAMAN Gmelina moluccana (RE-NUMERASI KEDELAPAN)

This research aims to determine the annual growth rate, diameter growth, and technical rotation age achievement of Titi trees (Gmelina moluccana) 8 years after planting. The method employed is a quantitative descriptive approach, involving the re-measurement (re-numeration) of Titi trees to calculate growth rates and observe changes in growth stages. The results of the study indicate a current annual increment (CAI) of 2.69 cm/yr for diameter in the eighth year, and a mean annual increment (MAI) of 1.52 cm/yr for diameter. In terms of height, the current annual increment (CAI) is 2.48 cm/yr in the eighth year, with a mean annual increment (MAI) of 1.49 cm/yr. The achievement of the technical rotation age for Titi trees (Gmelina moluccana) based on diameter growth is reached in the seventh year. In the eighth year, the development of Titi trees (Gmelina moluccana) shows that 23 individuals are still at the pole stage, 52 individuals have reached the tree stage, and there are no trees that have flowered or fruited yet.

Economic Analysis of Construction Equipment in Public Projects in Jordan

Escalating project costs in Jordan is a great challenge for public project managers and decision-makers. This research aims to calculate the financial feasibility of owning versus renting heavy equipment. Real data were collected from 12 public construction governorates in Jordan. The data covered rental and ownership costs of construction equipment over two years 2021&amp; 2022. Present worth analysis over a 10-year service life showed that The ownership option is found economically feasible over the year-long rental option at a monetary saving of 30,000 JD per equipment per year. The cumulative curve for the year-long rental breaks even with the equipment ownership curve in the eighth year. After eight years of life, the ownership option becomes economically favored over the year-long rental option. On the other hand, the on-call rental option is found economically feasible compared to the ownership option with over 120,000 JD savings per equipment per year. Finally, research conclusions provide insight for government decision-makers to save substantial costs from the public project budget.

Incidence and prevalence, and medication use among adults living with dermatomyositis: an Alberta, Canada population-based cohort study

Dermatomyositis is a rare disease characterized by progressive muscle weakness and skin rashes. Estimates of incidence and prevalence are fundamental measures in epidemiology, but few studies have been conducted on dermatomyositis. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a population-based study to determine the contemporary incidence (between 2013 and 2019) and prevalence (2019) of adults living with dermatomyositis using administrative health data in Alberta, Canada. We also described disease-related medication use, as there are very few approved medications for the treatment of dermatomyositis, and no Canadian therapeutic guidelines. The average age- and sex-standardized annual incidence of dermatomyositis was 2.8–3.0 cases per 100,000 adults, and prevalence was 28.6 cases per 100,000 adults, which is greater than reported in other cohorts. Dermatomyositis-related medication use decreased from 73% in the first year to 46% in the eighth year after diagnosis. Glucocorticoids were the most commonly used drug class, often taken concurrently with various immunomodulatory agents; this medication use aligns with empirically-based recommendations and the few therapeutic guidelines for dermatomyositis. Considering that Alberta may have one of the highest rates of dermatomyositis among adults, further research on the burden of disease is warranted for planning within the health care system.

The Design and Characteristics of White Porcelain Vessels for Royal Marriage Ceremonies in Late Chosŏn: porcelain jar with dragon design in underglaze cobalt blue with inscription of chŏnjiugimssijason(傳之于金氏子孫) at the British Museum

The aim of this study is to analyze the designs of &lt;i&gt;chujun&lt;/i&gt;(rice wine jar) and &lt;i&gt;hwajun&lt;/i&gt;(flower vase), white porcelain vessels used in Chosŏn’s royal marriage ceremonies, and to identify how their use differed according to the status of the person being married. Furthermore, I propose the circumstances under which the &lt;i&gt;paekchayongjun&lt;/i&gt;(white porcelain jar with dragon design) stored at the British Museum was produced. &lt;i&gt;paekchach’ŏnghwajuhae&lt;/i&gt;, a type of white porcelain jar for rice wine with decoration of dragons in underglaze cobalt blue, stands out among white porcelain vessels used in royal marriages as it was reserved for the king or the crown prince. Those made in late Chosŏn are taller than fifty centimeters in height and decorated with a design of two dragons with five toenails, foliage patterns around the mouth, palm leaf patterns around the shoulders, and lotus petal patterns at the bottom. Originally, the use of blue and white porcelain had not been granted for the marriage of princes and princesses who were not heirs to the throne, but &lt;i&gt;ch’ŏnghwayonghwajun&lt;/i&gt;, a type of white porcelain jar with the decoration of dragons in underglaze cobalt blue was permitted as flower vases in the early eighteenth century(1721-1753). However, as King Yŏngjo increasingly advocated frugality, &lt;i&gt;ch’ŏnghwayonghwajuns&lt;/i&gt; were replaced with simple white porcelain in 1764, marking the latest date for &lt;i&gt;ch’ŏnghwayonghwajuns&lt;/i&gt;. The surviving examples of &lt;i&gt;ch’ŏnghwayonghwajun&lt;/i&gt; are almost identical in pattern to paekchach’ŏnghwajuhaes, but are smaller in size — about thirty centimeters tall — and the dragons only have four toenails. Based on evidences, I propose that the jar stored at the British Museum was likely used at the wedding of Princess Hwasun and Kim Hanshin in 1732, the eighth year of King Yŏngjo’s reign. This vessel likely represents the King’s wishes for the birth of grandchildren by the princess, and was inherited by her descendants, Kim I-ju, Kim Noyŏng, Kim Nogyŏng, and Kim Jŏnghŭi.

ДЕОБАНД ОҚУ ОРЫНДАРЫНДА ОҚЫТЫЛАТЫН ФИҚҺ ЕҢБЕКТЕРІ

Мақалада Деобанд білім ордасында оқытылатын фиқһ саласындағы кітаптарға талдау жасалады. Дәр әл-улумға тиесілі оқу орындарында фиқһ ғылымы сегіз жыл оқытылады. Фиқһ саласы бойынша оқулық ретінде таңдалған кітаптардың барлығы ханафи мәзһабында мойындалған, мәзһабты үйретуде басшылыққа алынатын еңбектер. Бұл еңбектер тек қана Деобанд оқу орындарында ғана емес, ханафи мәзһабын үйрететін Түркия, Орталық Азия елдері секілді басқа да елдердегі діни білім ошақтарында негізгі әдебиеттер саналады. Деобанд білім беру жүйесінде фиқһ ғылымын сатылай, деңгейлеп үйрету мақсатында ханафи мәзһабындағы кітаптардың көлеміне, қамтыған мәліметтеріне қарай таңдалған да. Алғашқы жылы «Нур әл-идах», екінші жылы «Мәсәил әл-Қудури», үшінші жылы «Шарх әл-уиқая», төртінші жылы «Кәнз әд-дақаиқ», ал бесінші, алтыншы және жетінші жылдары Орта Азияда өте танымал, ханафи мәзһабында ерекше орны бар имам әл-Марғинанидің «әл-Һидая» кітабы толықтай оқытылады. Ал «тахассус» деп аталатын сегізінші жылы имам Ибн Абидиннің «Хашиясынан» жекелеген мәселелер таңдалып, сол тақырыптар төңірегінде зерттеулер жүргізіледі. Осы мақалада жоғарыда аталған фиқһ кітаптары туралы кең көлемді мәліметтер берілерді. Ол кітаптардың авторлары және авторларының ұстаздарының тізбегі беріліп, Қазақ елімен олардың байланыстары анықталады. Қазақстанның кітапхана және қолжазба қорларында олардың қаншалықты сақталғандығы туралы да мәліметтер қамтылады. Қорытындыда Деобанд оқу орындарында ханафи мәзһабын үйретуде басшылыққа алынатын еңбектердің ханафи мәзһабын үйрететін өзге елдердегі еңбектерден айырмашылығы жоқ екендігі айтылады.

Adolescents’ Substance Use Initiation and Transitions Across Alcohol, Tobacco, and Illicit Drugs: A Survival Analysis Approach

This study investigated the patterns of substance use initiation and transition across tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drugs over time using retrospective longitudinal data. Based on national data of 18,861 adolescents aged 14 to 17 years who had engaged in substance use, the findings revealed that nearly 50% of these adolescents initiated substance use with alcohol, 18% with tobacco, and 33% with illicit drugs. By the end of the second year, the probability of these adolescents trying a new substance class was 40% to 50%, rising to 80% to 90% by the eighth year. Adolescents who initiated with tobacco or illicit drugs exhibited a higher risk of transition. The study indicates the significant role of all substance classes in initiating adolescent substance use and highlights the rapidity of transitioning to new substance classes, underscoring the importance of proactive prevention and intervention strategies.