Eighteenth-Century France Research Articles

Sexy Beasts: The Politics of Hunting Portraiture in Eighteenth‐Century France

Art HistoryVolume 42, Issue 1 p. 40-67 Essay Sexy Beasts: The Politics of Hunting Portraiture in Eighteenth-Century France Amy Freund, Amy FreundSearch for more papers by this author Amy Freund, Amy FreundSearch for more papers by this author First published: 25 January 2019 https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8365.12413Citations: 1Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume42, Issue1February 2019Pages 40-67 RelatedInformation

“Neither Poets, Painters, nor Sculptors”: Classical Mimesis and the Art of Female Hairdressing in Eighteenth-Century France

In the astute and often satirical Tableau de Paris (1781–88), Louis-Sébastien Mercier writes about the emergence of an unusual literary genre: the hair-dresser’s manifesto. In the eighteenth century, multiple texts boldly claimed hair dressing’s status as a liberal art, on par with the fine arts of poetry, painting, and sculpture. With the rise of the celebrity hairdresser, among them Legros de Rumigny and Autié Léonard, a new notion of the individual hair-dresser as a creator and artist developed from 1760 to 1780 through the adoption and manipulation of aesthetic theories. By examining this thriving literary genre, this article traces the extent to which classical mimesis and the contemporaneous paragone debates of the second half of the century—which deliberated the relative merits of sculpture and painting—breached the walls of the French Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture to inform a wide range of artistic and artisanal production in France.

Le Réveil des coeurs: Journal de voyage du frère morave Fries. Languedoc, Béarn, Guyenne, Saintonge, Angoumois, Poitou 1761–1762

Le Réveil des coeurs: Journal de voyage du frère morave Fries. Languedoc, Béarn, Guyenne, Saintonge, Angoumois, Poitou 1761–1762

A Contested Inheritance: The Family and the Law from the Enlightenment to the French Revolution

This article examines a particularly interesting inheritance case from late-eighteenth-century France to study the intersection of legal practices and Enlightenment ideas at the end of the Old Regime. The case, involving dispute around the estate of a deceased tax farmer, addresses family relations broadly within the specific context of inheritance and spousal assets. The five briefs produced on appeal to the Parlement of Paris show particular engagement with Enlightenment themes of reason, nature, and sentiment. The family was a locus of particular interest in eighteenth-century France because of its implications for social relations and its connection, through inheritance, to royal sovereignty. However, family law has been primarily studied from the perspective of practices, whereas the present article focuses on ideals. The article argues that the courtroom was an important site where the diverse implications of Enlightenment thought on family law were worked out. The argument that family law was a site for integrating ideals into practices has implications for how we think about the relationship between law and social change, as well as, in particular, the relationship between Enlightenment and Revolution.

What Made Reading Dangerous in Eighteenth-Century France?

Abstract This article approaches reading by comparing the views of police officers and physicians in eighteenth-century France. Both had a vested interest in readers as part of their professional duties. Contrary to expectations, anxiety about reading cut across the ideological divisions of the Enlightenment. When we situate the police perspective on the dangers of reading in this broader conversation, we see their repressive activities in a new light. What distinguished their views from those of doctors, who targeted reading as a public health problem for medical intervention, was not their conviction that reading required regulation but their understanding of fiction and its effects. The police located the dangers of reading outside the text, not inside it. Reading fueled conversations, speculations, and the production of more texts. By contrast, the doctors warned about the absorptive powers of fiction and moved the danger zone inside the individual's imagination. This analysis suggests that attitudes toward reading revealed doubts about the human capacity for self-government that guided both royal officials and men of science in their diagnosis of social life.

The Rise and Fall of the Fine Art Print in Eighteenth-Century France by W. McAllister Johnson

<i>The Rise and Fall of the Fine Art Print in Eighteenth-Century France</i> by W. McAllister Johnson

Daniel ROCHE, France in the Enlightenment, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. 1998, 723 pp; John McMANNERS, Church and Society in Eighteenth-Century France, I: The Clerical Establishment and lts Social Ramifications, II: The Religion of the People and the Politics of Religion, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1998, 817 + 866 pp.

Daniel ROCHE, France in the Enlightenment, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. 1998, 723 pp; John McMANNERS, Church and Society in Eighteenth-Century France, I: The Clerical Establishment and lts Social Ramifications, II: The Religion of the People and the Politics of Religion, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1998, 817 + 866 pp.

Daniel ROCHE, France in the Enlightenment, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. 1998, 723 pp; John McMANNERS, Church and Society in Eighteenth-Century France, I: The Clerical Establishment and lts Social Ramifications, II: The Religion of the People and the Politics of Religion, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1998, 817 + 866 pp.

Daniel ROCHE, France in the Enlightenment, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. 1998, 723 pp; John McMANNERS, Church and Society in Eighteenth-Century France, I: The Clerical Establishment and lts Social Ramifications, II: The Religion of the People and the Politics of Religion, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1998, 817 + 866 pp.

La première autobiographie dans la littérature persane entre normes traditionnelles et société moderne

France has been witnessing a proliferation of autobiographical literatures, also known as personal or intimate literatures, in recent decades. These stories take different forms and tell the life or life periods of an individual. These are life stories that claim a subjective ‘I’. In Iran, self-writing has begun, in recent years, to interest modern writers and critics who try, in more or less disguised forms, to tell in writing the story of their lives in a context where literature is always in direct connection with politics. In this context, the purpose of this article is to question the first self-writings that appeared in Iran. In what context has this self-literature emerged? How is the first self-writing of Iranian writers expressed? What is its real place? The first part of this article will be devoted to the context of the emergence of autobiography, and the relationship between modern society and self-writing from the eighteenth century in France, which will serve as a model to explain, in a second time, the framework of appearance of autobiography in Iran. The second part will analyze textual elements, the narration of A stone on a tomb, the first autobiography in Iran.

A Literary Commentary on the Elegies of the Appendix Tibulliana by Laurel Fulkerson. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2017. Pp. x, 384.

172 PHOENIX Alejandro Amenábar’s film Ágora (2009), which showed Hypatia’s Alexandria through the lens of post-9/11 discourse on extremism—he also offers fresh and exciting insights. Especially intriguing is Watts’s discussion of a diptych of two writings from eighteenthcentury France—the “Dissertation sur Hypacie” by the male writer “M.G.” together with the response of “Mademoiselle B.,” who had commissioned it—which reflects the ideological tensions in Hypatian reception and encapsulates the dynamics of continuation, re-shaping, and suppression that Hypatia’s story has undergone through the ages. The afterword takes its cue from The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance in order to reflect on the point where “the legend becomes fact” (149). Watts ends with an impassioned plea to push back and resist the temptation to just “print the legend,” and he largely succeeds in doing so himself. Inevitably, there are slips into a more hagiographical tone, but on the whole Watts’s book demonstrates how to “appreciate Hypatia for the person that she was, not the literary character that she became” (155). UniversitÈ at Basel / CÂ edric Scheidegger LÈ ammle University of Cambridge A Literary Commentary on the Elegies of the APPENDIX TIBULLIANA. By Laurel Fulkerson. Oxford : Oxford University Press. 2017. Pp. x, 384. The APPENDIX TIBULLIANA (AT) has been transmitted as the third (sometimes third and fourth) book of Tibullus’ poetry. The collection is traditionally broken up into four or five authors: Lygdamus ([Tib.] 3.1–6), [Tibullus] (7), the friend of Sulpicia (8–12), Sulpicia (13–18), [Tibullus] (19), and an anonymous poet (20). Its poems situate themselves in the literary world of Augustan Rome. With the exception of 3.7, they are written in the meter and style of erotic elegy. Their chronology and authorship, however, is much debated. Many argue that some or all of the poems are pseudonymous and should be dated to a later period. Most heatedly debated is the authorship of the Sulpicia poems (3.8–18). Commentaries on the book have been piecemeal and infrequent. K. F. Smith prints the entire corpus with a brief discussion of the poems in the Appendix, but only offers line-by-line notes for the Sulpicia cycle (4.2–14 [= 3.8–20]).1 H. Tränkle is the only one to cover the entire Appendix.2 E. Navarro Antolı́n provides commentary on Lygdamus’ poems (3.1–6); R. O. A. M. Lyne writes on the poems most commonly attributed to Sulpicia (3.13–18); and W. W. Batstone has published notes on all the poems by and about Sulpicia (3.8–18).3 While commentaries on the AT are well supplemented by a great deal of scholarship, Fulkerson’s new volume treating the whole is a welcome addition. Fulkerson approaches the AT as a complete book. In contrast to modern critics who have dismissed its poets as second-rate or amateur imitators, Fulkerson treats the 1 K. F. Smith (ed.), The Elegies of Albius Tibullus (New York 1913). 2 H. Tränkle (ed.), Appendix Tibulliana (Berlin and New York 1990). 3 E. Navarro Antolı́n (ed.), Corpus Tibullianum 111.1–6: Lygdami Elegiarum Liber (Leiden 1996); R. O. A. M. Lyne, Collected Papers on Latin Poetry (Oxford 2007) 341–367; W. W. Batstone, “Sulpicia,” in D. J. Rayor and W. W. Batstone (eds.), Latin Lyric and Elegiac Poetry: An Anthology of New Translations (New York 1995; second ed., London 2018) 261–265. BOOK REVIEWS/COMPTES RENDUS 173 writers of the AT as “competent, even good, poets” working within the traditional rules of Roman erotic elegy alongside the canonical three: Tibullus, Propertius, and Ovid (vi). She demonstrates in her introduction that the inclusion of these authors in our assessment of the genre expands and redefines what we know as Roman erotic elegy. To maintain her focus on elegy, she has omitted discussion of [Tib.] 3.7, an anonymous hexameter panegyric to Messalla. Her reason for doing so is clear and sensible (37–39). The absence of the panegyric, however, somewhat disrupts the process she advocates—to read the collection as if the poems “belong together” (37). The volume opens with an introduction, followed by the text...

Peripécias na alcova de Sade: A mulher em La philosophie dans le boudoir

The article analyzes the way the female characters appear in the book A Filosofia na alcova of Marquis de Sade. It highlights the author’s recurrent themes, such as space, private life and freedom, relating them to the discussion about the role of women during the eighteenth century in France. Such a thematic-spatial option analyzes, therefore, points that were not thoroughly studied and that, for a long time, were only considered in addendums within the studies about the French post-revolutionary context. The discussion is part of the theoretical intersection between History and Literature, using as reference the works of Georges Bataille, Michele Perrot, Eliane Robert Moraes and Lynn Hunt.

Editor's Introduction

Editor's Introduction James Marten This issue explores a new field for the JHCY: the ways in which museums have examined the lives of children, and the ways in which children have engaged museums. Loren Lerner suggested this special issue more than a year ago, and she's done a great job bringing together historians and museum professionals whose work spans hundreds of years and museums in half a dozen countries. Her Guest Editor's Introduction will offer more details and context about the issue. As this issue went to press, we learned that Julia M. Gossard won the 2017 JHCY "Best Article" Prize for "Tattletails: Childhood and Authority in Eighteenth-Century France," which appeared in the second issue of volume 10. More information can be found on the JHCY website. This is my last issue as editor of the JHCY. Linda Mahood, professor of history at the University of Guelph, took over on July 1 of this year. Linda is a historian of nineteenth- and twentieth-century Canada and Britain. Her books include Thumbing a Ride: Hitchhiking, Hosteling and Counter Culture in Canada, (UBC Press, Spring 2018); Feminism and Voluntary Action: Eglantyne Jebb and Save the Children, 1876–1928 (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009); Policing Gender, Class and Family, 1850–1945 (London: University College London Press, 1995); and The Magdalenes: Prostitution in the Nineteenth Century (London: Routledge, 1990). I enjoyed working with her during the transition last summer and I have no doubt that the journal will continue its tradition of quality under her leadership. I have a few thank yous to make: Nick Syrett and Cori field for their good work as book review editors; Allison Smith and Lauren Marten Parker for their excellent copy-editing and proofreading, respectively; Mary Muhler and Bill Breichner at Johns Hopkins University Press; the JHCY editorial board and SHCY Executive Committee for their advice and support; and the Klingler College of Arts and Sciences for five years of funding for the journal. [End Page 287] Stepping down as editor marks an end to seventeen years as an officer in the Society for the History of Children and Youth, which I had the privilege to help found with many friends and colleagues in 2000 (we held our first conference at my university in 2001). Working to build the Society and, later, serving as the journal's second editor, have been among the more meaningful experiences of my professional life. Indeed, my relationship with the SHCY has lasted for well over half of my career as a historian. In the same way that I look forward to seeing Linda make her own imprint on the journal, I look forward to seeing the next generation of leaders take the SHCY in new and important directions. I'll close with the words of another founder of the Society, Joe Hawes, who said long ago that "Childhood is where you catch a culture in high relief." I think for many of us, the task of explaining human history through the lens of childhood is a sacred obligation, and it's been—and will continue to be—a privilege to share that responsibility with all of you. [End Page 288] Copyright © 2018 Johns Hopkins University Press

Rethinking Debt: The Evolution of Private Credit Markets in Preindustrial France

This article focuses on traditional private credit markets in eighteenth-century France through the examination of notarized loan deeds and to a lesser extent civil court records. It examines in particular how credit markets functioned and how they developed in the eighteenth century. It argues that traditional credit markets featured norms of solidarity, cooperation, and fairness, and allowed considerable flexibility and input from both creditors and debtors. But in the middle of the eighteenth century, this market experienced several major changes. Not only did the volume of exchange and the number of notarized credit contracts dramatically increase, engendering a standardization of contracts and a greater resort to external institutions, but a new group of investors modified the traditional norms and practices of exchange. This article concludes that the private credit market shifted from an institution in which input, negotiation, and flexibility prevailed to a more rigid institution in which rules and rigor applied.

Concepts of Value in European Material Culture, 1500–1900 ed. by Bert De Munck, Dries Lyna

Reviewed by: Concepts of Value in European Material Culture, 1500–1900 ed. by Bert De Munck, Dries Lyna Sarah A. Bendall De Munck, Bert, and Dries Lyna, eds, Concepts of Value in European Material Culture, 1500–1900 (History of Retailing and Consumption), Farnham, Ashgate, 2015; hardback; pp. 304; 21 b/w illustrations; R.R.P. £75.00; ISBN 9781472451965. This edited volume of essays, compiled by Bert de Munck and Dries Lyna, establishes its contribution to the history of material culture on the first page of the introduction, noting that the ways that people have attributed value to objects during the past is 'crucial for understanding not just economic practices but virtually all human behaviour' (p. 1). As such, this interdisciplinary collection considers the changing values of material goods in Europe from the early modern period until the end of the nineteenth century, with the aim of linking economic practices to broader historical trends, while avoiding the teleological trappings of past scholarship. To achieve this, the volume draws together eleven multidisciplinary essays that examine the 'location of value' (p. 10), assessing the meanings ascribed to material goods over time by the individuals, social groups, institutions, and cultural systems that dictated their value. An excellent opening introductory essay by Bert de Munck and Dries Lyna establishes an overview of the material culture field, while the remainder of the book is divided into three parts. Part 1 focuses on expanding markets, with case studies on the linen manufacturing trades in seventeenth-century Münster, eighteenth- and nineteenth-century art auctions in the Austrian Netherlands and Brussels, and branding strategies in early modern Antwerp. All demonstrate the ways that individuals and institutions such as guilds and auctioneers manipulated the market value of their products. Part 2 explores the conventions of institutions through an examination of how the real estate market was controlled in early modern Milan, how the [End Page 218] art market was mediated by Académies in eighteenth-century France, and how increasingly outdated guild conventions slowly made these institutions obsolete in the manufacturing trades of Northern Italy. The final section discusses the ways that objects' value could diverge from market principles, through an examination of early modern glass-making trades, the value of patinated silver in eighteenth-century Britain, and collecting practices in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. This volume moves beyond simple, often linear, narratives of supply and demand by showing how value was socially and culturally, as well as economically, constructed in historical contexts and circumstances. This collection provides interesting and thought-provoking discussions that are of significance to those with an interest in the history of material culture, consumption and retail, guilds and local economies, as well as the history of collecting and art dealing, from the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries in Europe. Sarah A. Bendall The University of Sydney Copyright © 2018 Sarah A. Bendall

The Wanton Jesuit and the Wayward Saint: A Tale of Sex, Religion, and Politics in Eighteenth-Century France by Mita Choudhury

The Wanton Jesuit and the Wayward Saint: A Tale of Sex, Religion, and Politics in Eighteenth-Century France by Mita Choudhury

W obronie rozumu nie do końca oświeconego, czyli kilka uwag o refleksyjności i krytyce

The paper presents process of autonomisation of enlightened reason and its influences on the constitution of social sciences. My thesis is that the gap between dynamic ongoing social complexity and social science has been increasing since Enlightenment. Moreover, I argue that the mode of conceptualization of social world by social sciences multiplies complexity rather than explains it. To show this dependency I use the well-known example of a deficit of food in eighteenth-century France. Despite these problems I claim that enlightened reason is still indispensable in scientific practice.

Why Are Modern Bureaucracies Special? State Support to Private Firms in Early Eighteenth-Century France

TheBureau du Commerceallocated rights and rents to private entrepreneurs via a mix of hierarchical division of labor and peer-based collegial deliberation. This set-up reflected an attempt to maximize information and expertise, but also allowed for the recognition of private rights and social interests. The final decisions of theBureau(for or against each demand), and the qualitative arguments brought forward during the procedure, are robust predictors of eventual decisions. We see this result as an indication that impersonal, rational and informed decision-making could be obtained even within a patrimonialist, rent-seeking State.

Mita Choudhury. The Wanton Jesuit and the Wayward Saint: A Tale of Sex, Religion, and Politics in Eighteenth-Century France.

Mita Choudhury. The Wanton Jesuit and the Wayward Saint: A Tale of Sex, Religion, and Politics in Eighteenth-Century France.

Liberal Jansenists and interest-bearing loans in eighteenth-century France: a reappraisal

This article is an attempt to prove that although the liberal Jansenists – Jansenism being the most powerful Christian protest movement of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries – were not the first and the only ones to address the prohibition of interest-bearing loans, their writings on the issue shifted and fuelled the debate during the French Enlightenment, especially among the Encyclopédistes and the economists. By refuting the very logic of “extrinsic titles” of the Scholastics and their extension later on by the Jesuits, the liberals Jansenists redefined “interest” as the price to be paid for the use of money.

Free Riding in the Monastery: Club Goods, the Cistercian Order and Agricultural Investment in Ancien Regime France

How can transaction costs prevent effective monitoring of members in an organization? In this paper I test for a relationship between the cost of monitoring and free riding behavior within a religious organization by using a historical case study: the Cistercian Order in Ancien Regime France. The advantage of using the Cistercian Order comes from the two monitoring devices used to discourage market-orientated behavior: (1) an annual visit by the head of a ’supervising’ monastery and, (2) attendance at an annual General Chapter meeting at Citeaux. Since the transaction costs for both monitoring devices are likely correlated with transportation costs, I use newly digitized maps of transportation networks in eighteenth century France and the locations of Cistercian monasteries to derive monitoring costs for each trip. I then use a new data set of agricultural properties confiscated at the beginning of the French Revolution and sold at auction to create a proxy for free riding behavior by the monks – the value of agricultural investment. After matching each property with its owner’s costs, I find that where monitoring costs are higher, monasteries engage in more free riding behavior. The results hold after controlling for characteristics of the monasteries, potential issues of sample selection and bias from major houses.