Eigenvalues Research Articles

Assessment of genetic diversity and population structure of groundnut cultivarsusing morphological characters

Forty six germplasm of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) evaluated under kharif season have been classified using Principal component analysis (PCA) based on correlation matrix yielding eigen values and eigen vectors. Multivariate analysis of phenotypic characters extracted eight principal components (PC) using the mean performance of the genotypes and showed that the first three principal components contributed 61.75% of observed variability amongst the 46 genotypes with the eigen value >1 and PC1 accounted for 25.60% of the total morphological variation for the traits. The information given in this paper will be valuable in the efficient management and utilization of the groundnut genetic resources.

Genetic architecture and association study of yield and component traits of sesame(Sesamum indicum L.) genotypes

In the present experiment, 328 sesame genotypes were evaluated in Summer season 2021 with augmented block design at Project Coordinating Unit (Sesame and Niger), JNKVV, Jabalpur. Twelve quantitative traits were taken into consideration where significant variability was obtained for all the studied traits. The significant positive correlation was observed for primary branches/plant, secondary plant/plant, node to first flower, seed/capsule, capsule length, capsule/plant and plant height with seed yield/plant. On the basis of PCA, 5 PCs obtained more than one eigen value. Overall results revealed that traits and genotypes studied have a considerable level of variability which can be exploited in future breeding programmes.

THE IMPORTANCE OF SELF-EMOTIONAL COMPETENCY MODEL FOR MIDDLE SCHOOL LEADERS IN THE ERA OF SOCIETY 5.0: A PILOT STUDY

The self-emotional competency model can be used as a measurement tool to increase the emotional qualities of school leadership in facing the change in the education era of Society 5.0. However, validation of the self-emotional competency model using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) is still scarce. Therefore, this pilot study is conducted to identify the applicability of the emotional competency model of middle leaders in primary schools through exploratory factor analysis (EFA). This study employed a quantitative approach using a survey method. A questionnaire was used as a research instrument. The instrument contained 18 items. A total of 179 respondents participated in this pilot study. The validity and reliability of the instrument were obtained through descriptive analysis of Cronbach's Alpha reliability and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) using SPSS version 27 software. The overall analysis shows that 13 items meet the EFA fit requirements with Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) values of more than 0.6. Bartlett's test values were significant, with item communalities values exceeding 0.3 and Eigen values exceeding 1.0 at a percentages of variance exceeding 60 percent. The Cronbach's Alpha coefficient was above 0.70 for all items. A total of five items were removed. The findings of the study show that the instrument of self-emotional competency instrument has very high validity and reliability and has the potential to be used as a guide in the development of self-emotional competence of middle leaders in Malaysia. A positive impact is essential in generating emotionally intelligent leaders who are competitive and capable to lead the school community towards the era of Society 5.0 especially in primary school in Malaysia.

Design of a novel multi-epitopes vaccine against Escherichia fergusonii: a pan-proteome based in- silico approach.

Escherichia fergusonii a gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium in the Enterobacteriaceae family, infect humans, causing serious illnesses such as urinary tract infection, cystitis, biliary tract infection, pneumonia, meningitis, hemolytic uremic syndrome, and death. Initially treatable with penicillin, antibiotic misuse led to evolving resistance, including resistance to colistin, a last-resort drug. With no licensed vaccine, the study aimed to design a multi-epitope vaccine against E. fergusonii. The study started with the retrieval of the complete proteome of all known strains and proceeded to filter the surface exposed virulent proteins. Seventeen virulent proteins (4 extracellular, 4 outer membranes, 9 periplasmic) with desirable physicochemical properties were identified from the complete proteome of known strains. Further, these proteins were processed for B-cell and T-cell epitope mapping. Obtained epitopes were evaluated for antigenicity, allergenicity, solubility, MHC-binding, and toxicity and the filtered epitopes were fused by specific linkers and an adjuvant into a vaccine construct. Structure of the vaccine candidate was predicted and refined resulting in 78.1% amino acids in allowed regions and VERIFY3D score of 81%. Vaccine construct was docked with TLR-4, MHC-I, and MHC-II, showing binding energies of -1040.8 kcal/mol, -871.4 kcal/mol, and -1154.6 kcal/mol and maximum interactions. Further, molecular dynamic simulation of the docked complexes was carried out resulting in a significant stable nature of the docked complexes (high B-factor and deformability values, lower Eigen and high variance values) in terms of intermolecular binding conformation and interactions. The vaccine was also reported to stimulate a variety of immunological pathways after administration. In short, the designed vaccine revealed promising predictions about its immune protective potential against E. fergusonii infections however experimental validation is needed to validate the results.

Estimates of Contribution, Claustration and Principal Component Analysis in Different Genotype of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)

The present investigation was carried out in thirty-two genotypes of brinjal with a view to estimate the extent of variability, variance and genetic divergence. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design with three replications at Department of Vegetable Science, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology Narendra Nagar, (Kumarganj), Ayodhya (U.P.), during Kharif, 2020-21. Each treatment consisted of twelve plants in two rows, having spacing of 60 cm x 50 cm with net plot size of 1.2 m x 3.0 m2. Based on the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with 15 parameters of cent percent diversity, it formed 6 Principal Components (PCs) with more than one Eigen value. These components indicate maximum variation among the variables with a diversity percentage of 75.46%. The first PC showed 19.59% variation, while the second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth (PCs) showed the variation of 19.18%, 11.48%, 9.37%, 8.29% and 7.54% respectively. Contribution of diverse traits in principal component analysis showed positive and maximum variable loaded component PCI for T.S.S (0.3321), PC II for number of primary branches per plant (0.0.6397), PC III for days to 50 % flowering (0.5158), PC IV for plant height (0.0.592), PC V for day to first fruit harvest (0.4073) and PC VI for day to first fruit harvest (0.5741).

Evaluation of indigenous and exotic soybean accessions for yield, resistance to frog-eye leaf spot and yellow mosaic virus diseases

AbstractSoybean is a major source of vegetable oil and protein worldwide. Globally, India is among the top five producers where soybean is a major oilseed grown under diverse agro-climatic conditions by small and marginal farmers. The present study aims to identify soybean varieties with higher yield levels, resistance to pestdiseases and adaptability to climatic fluctuations. One hundred and twenty-five (125) indigenous and exotic soybean germplasm accessions and five checks were evaluated and characterized for eight agro-morphological traits at five testing locations and also screened for frog-eye leaf spot (FLS) and yellow mosaic virus (YMV) diseases under hot-spot locations during the rainy season. A wide range of variability was observed among accessions for days to 50% flowering (39–59), plant height (41–111 cm), number of nodes/plant (10–30), pod clusters/plant (14–39), number of pods/plant (40–102), days to maturity (96–115), grain yield/plant (4.89–16.54 g) and 100-seed weight (6.02–13.72 g). Among various traits, 100-seed weight (0.45), number of pods/plant (0.60) and number of pod clusters/plant (0.38) were found to be major yield-contributing traits as they exhibited highly significant correlation with grain yield/plant. Principal components PCI and PCII with eigen value >1 accounted for 42.66 and 27.08% of the total variation, respectively. Accessions G24 (EC 393222) from Taiwan and G40 (IMP-1) from the USA belonging to cluster IV were found promising for multiple yield traits and JS 20–38 from cluster III for earliness as per cluster analysis. GGE biplot average environment coordination (AEC) view revealed that the accessions viz., G11 (EC 333872), G2 (EC 251506) and G47 (TNAU-S-55) were the best performing stable genotypes in terms of grain yield/plant across locations. Twelve accessions had a high level of resistance against both FLS and YMV diseases under natural hot-spot conditions which can be utilized as promising donors in the soybean breeding programme.

Principal Component Analysis for the Egg Traits in Three Genetic Lines of Japanese Quail

The current study was carried out at the poultry farms of animal production department, college of agriculture, University of Kirkuk from May 2022 to June 2023. A total of (300) eggs were collecting from three genetic groups of the Japanese quail (brown, grey, and white) to evaluate the external egg traits concerning (Egg weight, Egg length, Egg breadth, Shell thickness). The Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) for the three genetic lines (brown, grey, and white) of the Japanese quail were (0.651, 0.728, and 0.667) respectively. The communalities represent estimates of variance in each variable accounted, for the brown genetic group of the three traits length, breadth, and eggshell thickness was (0.990, 0.817, and 0.872) respectively. Three Eigen values were extract for the three genetic lines. We conclude that the principal component analysis of the external egg traits that effected the egg weight in the three genetic lines of the Japanese quail differ among the lines due to the genetic makeup of the lines.

Assessment of Genetic Divergence through Principal Component Analysis and Clustering in Tomato Germplasm Accessions

The base material of this study comprises of 104 tomato accessions including local landraces, varieties and germplasm collections. The collected tomato accessions were evaluated using 13 quantitative traits by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchial clustering. PCA was done to quantify diversity among the germplasm accessions and also the contribution of individual traits towards diversity. In our study, only the first four (PC1, PC2, PC3 and PC4) of the thirteen principal components yielded eigen value more than one indicating the greater influence of identified traits under study. The first six PCs accounts for 84% of variability whereas, PC1 exhibited 41% of total variability. Cluster analysis aids to classify the genotypes based on the grouping pattern of the accessions under evaluation. According to the dendrogram obtained, cluster analysis grouped 104 tomato accessions into two significant clusters. The first cluster consists of 16 genotypes whereas, the second cluster consists of 88 genotypes. Among the genotypes used in this study EC617055, EC617061, EC638302, Periakulam local and EC631390 were found to be best performing in terms of yield and quality. These accessions can be used as a base material in future breeding programs.

Katz index of activities of daily living in assessing functional status of older people: Reliability and validity of Sinhala version.

This study evaluated the reliability and validity of the Sinhala version of Katz index of activities of daily living (ADL) in assessing the functional status of older people aged >65years. The Katz index was translated to Sinhala, cross-culturally adapted and administered in two stages. In stage 01, 200 patients aged ≥65years, selected randomly from out-patient medical clinics, were asked to fill the Sinhala version of Katz index along with the Sinhala version of the 10-item Barthel index (BI). The Katz index was re-administered after two weeks among a subgroup of 45 patients selected randomly. In stage 02, Katz index was administered among randomly selected 200 community dwelling older people, aged ≥65years. In addition, performance-based physical functions [gait speed (GS) and short physical performance battery (SPPB)] were also measured. The analysis of stage 01 data showed internal consistency measured with Cronbach's alpha of 0.82 and test-retest reliability evaluated with intra-class correlation (ICC) (95% CI) of 0.94 (0.89-0.96) (p<0.001). Exploratory Factor Analysis with the Principal Component Analysis revealed the presence of two factors with Eigen value exceeding 01, explaining 75.9% of cumulative variance. Further, the Sinhala version of Katz index total score showed a strong correlation with the BI total score (r=0.91, p<0.001) indicating strong concurrent validity. The stage 02 data revealed that older people with poor perception of general health status had lower mean (SD) Katz index score (3.58±1.82) compared to those with good perception of health (5.56±0.79) (p<0.001). Similarly older people with prevalent diseases had comparatively lower scores of Katz index, compared to those without, indicating the known group validity (p<0.05). Further, moderate correlations between the Katz index and performance based physical functions were observed showing the agreement (with GS - r; -0.26, p<0.001, with SPPB - r; 0.31, p<0.001). We conclude that the Sinhala version of Katz index has satisfactory psychometric properties and it is a reliable and valid tool to assess the functional status of Sinhala conversant older people in Sri Lanka.

Using the Principal Component Analysis of Body Weight in Three Genetic Groups of Japanese Quail

The total number of (189) three genetic quail chicks (White = 54, brown = 64, and gray = 71) were used to identify the components effecting body weight Using the principal component analysis. Means, standard errors, and standard deviation of body weight and the cuts parts were calculated using the descriptive statistic of SPSS/PASW statistics for Windows version 19. One-way analysis of variance was used to test the effect of genetic line on the traits. The results of the statistical analysis indicated that the highest Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy for three lines of Japanese quail recorded to the brown quail, and also brown quail given higher and significant superiority of most parts of carcass and internal viscera which included weights of chest (g), thigh (g), back (g), neck (g), and wing (g) compared with white and grey quails. The first principal component (PC1), second (PC2) and three (PC3) were higher from white quail with Eigen values compared with brown and grey quails. Higher percentage of carcass component for white quail recorded to wings while for brown and grey quail recorded to chest part. We concluded from this study that the three principal components that extracted from White, Brown and Grey can be used for genetic improvement body weight, and also to predicting the best carcass parts weight while we can be used brown Japanese quail as a broiler due to its high carcass parts weight compared white and gray Japanese quail.

Analisis Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Motivasi Siwa Mengikuti Kegiatan Pramuka Kelas VIII di MTsN 2 Pasaman Barat

The factors that influence students' motivation to participate in extracurricular activities are the focus of this study. These factors may originate within the student (internal factors) or from without (external factors). Students' needs, hopes, and interests are all internal factors that can influence their interest in and participation in extracurricular activities. However, external factors include things like family, the natural world, and social equilibrium.This study aims to shed light on the most influential factors influencing grade eight students' decision to participate in extracurricular activities. This study combines descriptive methods with quantitative estimation. Data collection software that makes use of angkets. This study's sample population consists of the sixty-five students that participated in the pre-exam activities at Class VIII of MTsN 2 in Pasaman Barat. This study used a non-probabilistic sampling technique called "total sampling," in which the entire population was sampled because the study's population was less than 100. This study used SPSS to conduct a thorough validity test, replicability test, normality test, homogeneity test, and factor analysis on the collected data. The research results show that the factors that influence students' motivation to participate in pramuka activities at the eighth grade level at MTsN 2 Pasaman Barat are as follows: the first factor is students' expectations, with an eigen value of 4.532, or 20.601%; the second factor is students' family environments, with an eigen value of 2,453, or 11.150%; and the third factor is students' school environments, with an eigen value of 4.532. That's why hope is the most important of those other twelve factors.&#x0D; &#x0D;

A resource-efficient form-finding approach to tensegrity structures

PurposeThe aim of this article is to obtain a stable tensegrity structure by using the minimum knowledge of the structure.Design/methodology/approachThree methods have been formulated based on the eigen value decomposition (EVD) and singular value decomposition theorems. These two theorems are being implemented on the matrices, which are computed from the minimal data of the structure. The required minimum data for the structure is the dimension of the structure, the connectivity matrix of the structure and the initial force density matrix computed from the type of elements. The stability of the structure is analyzed based on the rank deficiency of the force density matrix and equilibrium matrix.FindingsThe main purpose of this article is to use the defined methods to find (1) the nodal coordinates of the structure, (2) the final force density values of the structure, (3) single self-stress from multiple self-stresses and (4) the stable structure.Originality/valueBy using the defined approaches, one can understand the difference of each method, which includes, (1) the selection of eigenvalues, (2) the selection of nodal coordinates from the first decomposition theorem, (3) the selection of mechanism mode and force density values further and (4) the solution of single feasible self-stress from multiple self-stresses.

The Genetic Dissection of Economically Important Traits in Chilli Genotypes (Capsicum annuum L.) through Multivariate Analysis

Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivar share a variety of different and intriguing growth and yield characteristics, for a plant breeder studies on genotypic and phenotypic relationship for horticulture cum vegetable spicy crop and its traits are useful to design, evaluate and to develop selection criteria for desired traits. With this background information the present study focused on identification of crucial characteristics required for boosting yield and to determine the parameters for the selection of superior genotypes. A total of 30 chilli genotypes were subjected to variability, divergence and mutual correlation studies for yield and yield component traits by using multivariate analysis.&#x0D; Results from the analysis of variance and variability revealed highly significant differences at (p≤0.01) and (p≤0.05) for all the studied traits. The highest genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were observed for FL fallowed by FYP, NFP, IFW, WPDM, FD, PH and NSF respectively, except for MC has revealed low GCV and PCV. All the traits were shown the presence of high heritability ( ) in broad sense (&gt;60%) coupled with high GAM (&gt;20%), except for MC, indicating the presence of positive additive gene action and effective transmission of characters to the next generation with selection. Highly significant and positive strong correlation was observed for IFW (r = 0.68**), WPDM (r = 0.54**), TW (r = 0.40*) and FD (r = 0.37*) with FYP, while the path analysis revealed highest direct effect for the traits such as FPT, FL and NFP. Principle component analysis revealed a 70.60% total variation accounted with first four PCAs with Eigen vector values more than one.&#x0D; Further cluster analysis grouped the 30 chilli genotypes into four major cluster (Cluster I, II, III and IV) and combined cluster analysis identified genotypes contributing to the maximum variability, viz., cultivars such as LIPSTICK, B.KADDI, B.DABBI, BHOOT JALOKIA, SUM- 17, BCH- 42, PBC- 80, LCA- 310, M- 262, KA2- L, S. SELECTION 1, JCH- 42 and 9608- U, so these genotypes serves as a donor for further breeding programme to develop superior cultivars.

An integrated exploration of heat kernel invariant feature and manifolding technique for 3D object recognition system

Spectral Graph theory has been utilized frequently in the field of Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition to address challenges in the field of Image Segmentation and Image Classification. In the proposed method, for classification techniques, the associated graph's Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the adjacency matrix or Laplacian matrix created from the images are employed. The Laplacian spectrum and a graph's heat kernel are inextricably linked. Exponentiating the Laplacian eigensystem over time yields the heat kernel, which is the solution to the heat equations. In the proposed technique K-Nearest neighborhood and Delaunay triangulation techniques are used to generate a graph from the 3D model. The graph is then represented into Normalized Laplacian (NL) and Laplacian matrix (L). From each Normalized Laplacian and Laplacian matrix, the feature vectors like Heat Content Invariant and Laplacian Eigen values are extracted. Then, using all of the available clustering algorithms on datasets, the optimum feature vector for clustering is determined. For clustering various manifolding techniques are employed. In the suggested method, the graph heat kernel is constructed using industry-standard objects which are taken from the Engineering bench mark Data set.

Caregiver strain among patients of palliative care in Sri Lanka: validation of modified caregiver strain index - Sinhala version

BackgroundCare givers of Palliated patients are at risk of adverse physical, psychosocial and emotional sequelae in varied nature. Efficient and valid assessment tools facilitate early detection to take corrective measures. The Modified Caregiver Strain Index (MCSI), composed of domains associated with caregiver strain is a simple and brief tool that can be used in both clinical and field settings. This study aimed to adapt and validate this in order to cater effective palliative care services in Sri Lanka.MethodsAfter cross-cultural adaptation, 200 primary caregivers in 3 teaching hospitals were recruited. The internal consistency, item-total correlations, of the 13-item S-MCSI were performed. The criterion validity was assessed by Pearson correlation between the total scores of S-MCSI, the Karnofky Performance Scale and the Barthel index. Construct validity was determined by the principal component analysis keeping the Varimax with Keiser normalization as the rotation method. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test (KMO) and Bartlett’s test of sphericity statistics were also performed to determine the adequacy of the sample and correlations between items, respectively. The number of factors was determined by the Scree plot, percentage of variance explained by each component and number of Eigen values over 01 (Kaiser-Guttman rule).ResultsThe total MCSI score ranged 0 to 26. The overall Cronbach’s alpha of the 13-item questionnaire was 0.80 while item-total corrections ranged 0.34 to 0.62, exception of one item (0.11). Inverse correlations were demonstrated in total scores of MCSI and Karnofky Performance Scale (r =- 0.32, p < 0.001) and Barthel index (r =-0.34, P < 0.001). A Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value of 0.79 (p < 0.001) for Bartlett’s test indicated adequate sampling and nonlinearity of factors. The Scree plot showed a three-factor structure explaining 57% of the variation. Items regarding personal wellbeing of caregiver loaded together while the effects on the family loaded separately. Adjustment of personal concerns and family issues along with time alteration grouped as the third factor.ConclusionsThe study showed that the Sinhala version of MCSI has adequate psychometric properties and reliability to be used as a validated tool to estimate the caregiver burden within a short time period for any health care workers.

Analyzing the Variability in Maize (Zea mays L.) Genotypes Using Principal Component Analysis under Varied Ecosystems

Maize is a cereal cross-pollinated crop which belongs to the family poaceae. It is grown over a wider range of environment than any other cereal crop. The present study was conducted to study genetic variability using principal component analysis. Twenty maize genotypes were used in the study. Ten characters viz., plant height, ear height, days to 50 % tasselling, days to 50 % silking, ASI, cob length, number of rows per cob, hundred seed weight, shelling percentage and yield were recorded for the study. In the PCA, four principal components exhibited eigen value more than 1.0 exhibiting 84.54 percent of the variability for the characters under irrigated conditions. The PC1 negative loadings for the flowering traits, viz., days to 50 % silking (-0.3886), ASI (-0.3233) and days to 50 % tasselling (-0.2972) and positive loadings with higher contribution from cob length (0.4033), no of rows per cob (0.3480) followed by shelling percentage were observed. Positive loadings were exhibited by days to tasselling (0.4780), plant height (0.4670) and hundred seed weight (0.4518) in PC2. In PC3 positive loadings for the characters viz., number of rows per cob (0.5338), ASI (0.5226) and cob length (0.3299) and negative loadings for the traits grain yield (-0.3815), ear height (-0.2658) and plant height (-0.2437) and in PC4 positive loadings for plant height (0.4953), ear height (0.2546) and negative loadings were shown by days to grain yield (-0.6632), shelling percentage (-0.3751), ASI (-0.2369) and 50 % silking (-0.0648) were observed. In rainfed conditions, the two principal components had eigen value of more than 1. Under normal irrigated condition, PC1 and PC2 had eigen value of 5.689 and 1.6439. Plant height (0.3866), cob length (0.3726), number of rows per cob (0.3551), shelling % (0.3196), grain yield (0.2941), and hundred seed weight (0.2847) contributed positively to PC1. PC 2 had highest positive contributions from days to 50 % tasselling (0.5676), days to 50 % silking (0.5249), shelling % (0.3885), hundred seed weight (0.3763) and grain yield (0.2007). Negative loadings were shown by ear height (-0.1356) and plant height (-0.0093). Positive loadings were contributed by days to 50 % tasselling (0.5676), Days to 50 % silking, shelling percentage (0.3885) and hundred grain weight (0.3763).

Rate-Splitting Multiple Access for Quantized Multiuser MIMO Communications

This paper investigates the sum spectral efficiency maximization problem in downlink multiuser multiple-input multiple-output systems with low-resolution quantizers at an access point (AP) and users. We consider rate-splitting multiple access (RSMA) to enhance spectral efficiency by offering opportunities to boost achievable degree-of-freedom. Optimizing RSMA precoders, however, is highly challenging due to the minimum rate constraint when determining the common rate. The quantization errors coupled with the precoders make the problem more complicated. In this paper, we develop a novel RSMA precoding algorithm incorporating quantization errors for maximizing the sum spectral efficiency. To this end, we first obtain an approximate spectral efficiency in a smooth function. Subsequently, we derive the first-order optimality condition in the form of the nonlinear eigenvalue problem (NEP). We propose a computationally efficient algorithm to find the principal eigenvector of the NEP as a sub-optimal solution. We also extend the weighted minimum mean square error-based RSMA precoding to the considered quantization system. Simulation results validate the proposed methods. The key benefit of using RSMA over spatial division multiple access (SDMA) comes from the ability of the common stream to balance between the channel gain and quantization error in multiuser MIMO systems with different quantization resolutions.

A data integration approach unveils a transcriptional signature of type 2 diabetes progression in rat and human islets.

Pancreatic islet failure is a key characteristic of type 2 diabetes besides insulin resistance. To get molecular insights into the pathology of islets in type 2 diabetes, we developed a computational approach to integrating expression profiles of Goto-Kakizaki and Wistar rat islets from a designed experiment with those of the human islets from an observational study. A principal gene-eigenvector in the expression profiles characterized by up-regulated angiogenesis and down-regulated oxidative phosphorylation was identified conserved across the two species. In the case of Goto-Kakizaki versus Wistar islets, such alteration in gene expression can be verified directly by the treatment-control tests over time, and corresponds to the alteration of α/β-cell distribution obtained by quantifying the islet micrographs. Furthermore, the correspondence between the dual sample- and gene-eigenvectors unveils more delicate structures. In the case of rats, the up- and down-trend of insulin mRNA levels before and after week 8 correspond respectively to the top two principal eigenvectors. In the case of human, the top two principal eigenvectors correspond respectively to the late and early stages of diabetes. According to the aggregated expression signature, a large portion of genes involved in the hypoxia-inducible factor signaling pathway, which activates transcription of angiogenesis, were significantly up-regulated. Furthermore, top-ranked anti-angiogenic genes THBS1 and PEDF indicate the existence of a counteractive mechanism that is in line with thickened and fragmented capillaries found in the deteriorated islets. Overall, the integrative analysis unravels the principal transcriptional alterations underlying the islet deterioration of morphology and insulin secretion along type 2 diabetes progression.

MASALAH NILAI EIGEN ATAS ALJABAR MAX-PLUS PADA SISTEM PRODUKSI BULU MATA

A discrete event system is a system whose behavior is determined by events and their events change at discrete times. The eyelash production system at PT Bio Takara Purwokerto is a discrete event system problem and can be expresses in a max-plus linear problem. By using the power algorithm, it is determined eigen values ​​and eigen vectors over max-plus algebra which will be used as production time periodization. The results obtained that the periodic time for the eyelash production system at PT Bio Takara Purwokerto is 78.488 minutes. Based on this periodic time, we can then obtain the time each processing unit starts working to produce eyelashes.

MARKET INTEGRATION OF SWEET LIME BETWEEN DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL MARKETS

The study focused on the integration of domestic and international markets for sweet limes during 2021. The co-integration of commodity prices was considered to be necessary for the implementation of a successful marketing reform for which both domestic and international market prices are required. Due to the lack of information regarding international prices, export price information was gathered from thewebsite of the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA), and secondary data regarding domestic prices of sweet lime was gathered from the website of the Agricultural Marketing Information Network (AGMARKNET). The annual average prices data for the chosen markets were gathered, and the Pearson correlation coefficient and Johansen’s co-integration analysis approaches were used to analyse the relationship between the chosen market pair. Both markets were found to be correlated through correlation analysis, and the findings of the Johansen Co-integration rank, trace test, and eigen value statistics test were used to analyse the integration among the markets. The study’s findings on market integration reveal how closely related the selected market places’ pricing are to one another. Additionally, this research demonstrated that the model’s variables exhibited an equilibrium longrun co-movement with the market price series.