Eicosapentaenoic Acid Content Research Articles

Effects of dietary arachidonic acid supplementation in low fishmeal and fish oil-free diets on growth performance, inflammatory response, gut histology, and non-specific immunity in sub-adult rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

Arachidonic acid (ARA) is becoming increasingly important due to significant reductions in fishmeal (FM) and fish oil (FO), the primary sources of ARA, in aquafeeds. ARA is an essential omega-6 fatty acid in some fish species and plays a wide range of physiological roles. However, studies reported to date have demonstrated contrasting findings concerning the effects of ARA in fish growth and health, regardless of the fish's trophic level. Additionally, limited research has addressed energy allocation during reproduction and growth in sub-adult rainbow trout as they approach reproductive maturity. Therefore, a study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of ARA on growth performance, the fatty acid composition of whole-body and ovary, intestinal inflammatory gene expression, gut histology, antioxidant activity, and non-specific immunity in sub-adult rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Four isonitrogenous (51% crude protein), isolipidic (15% crude lipid), and isocaloric (23 MJ/kg) diets were formulated and supplemented with ARA-enriched oil (40%), resulting in analyzed ARA levels of 0.10 (ARA0.10), 3.95 (ARA3.95), 7.67 ARA(7.67), and 14.8% (ARA14.8) of total fatty acid, respectively. Rainbow trout (307 ± 3.64 g) were fed to apparent satiation three times a day for 12 weeks to assess growth performance, feed utilization, and intestinal inflammatory response. The fish were then exposed to acute stress to evaluate circulating cortisol, prostaglandin E2, antioxidant activity, and non-specific immune response. The 12-week growth trial demonstrated that dietary ARA did not affect rainbow trout growth performance and feed utilization during the final grow-out. Whole-body fatty acid profiles reflected those of the diets except for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) content being significantly lower in the ARA14.8 group than in the ARA0.10 and ARA3.95 groups. EPA and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) contents in the ovary were less affected by dietary ARA supplementation, likely reflecting the selective deposition of those fatty acids in embryonic development. The expression of tnf-α was significantly downregulated in ARA7.67 and ARA14.8 groups relative to other treatment groups, and only distal intestinal villus height was significantly increased in the ARA3.95 group, suggesting that dietary ARA supported intestinal health. Plasma superoxide dismutase, catalase, and lysozyme activity significantly increased in both pre- and post-stress groups due to incremental increases in dietary ARA. These results suggest that a moderate level of dietary ARA in low FM and FO-free enhances innate immune function and antioxidant responses while supporting intestinal health in sub-adult rainbow trout.

Evaluation of Influencing Factors on Metabolism of Land-Based n-3 Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids-The KoALA Study.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of influencing factors (sex, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) status at baseline, linoleic acid (LA) intake, milk fat intake) on the conversion of α-linolenic acid (ALA) obtained from linseed oil into its long-chain metabolites. In addition, the effect of ALA on cardiovascular risk markers was investigated. This study used a parallel design approach by randomly assigning the 134 subjects to one of four diets (high in LA (HLA); low in LA (LLA); high in milk fat (MF); control (Western diet)) each enriched with linseed oil (10 en%, 22-27 mL ≙ 13-16 g ALA). Blood samples were taken at baseline and after 4, 8, and 12 weeks of dietary intervention. The study was fully completed by 105 subjects (57.4 ± 12.1 years; 65.7% female). Results showed that ALA (296-465%), C-20:4n3 (54-140%), and EPA (37-73%) concentrations in erythrocytes increased in all groups (p < 0.01). In contrast, docosahexaenoic acid (19-35%, p < 0.01) and n-3 index (10-21%, p < 0.05) dropped in the HLA, LLA, and control groups. An increase in C-22:5n3 was only observed in the MF (36%) and control groups (11%) (p < 0.05). In addition, an increase in LA (7-27%) was found in the HLA, LLA, and control groups, whereas C-20:3n6 (16-22%), arachidonic acid (10-16%), C-22:4n6 (12-30%), and C-22:5n6 (32-47%) decreased (p < 0.01). The conversion into EPA was higher in men than in women (69 vs. 39%, p = 0.043) and in subjects with low EPA status compared to participants with high EPA status (79 vs. 29%, p < 0.001). A high LA status attenuates the conversion rate. In line with the literature, no clear effects on blood lipids and parameters of glucose metabolism were found in relation to ALA supplementation.

Optimised extraction of phospholipids and omega‐3 fatty acids from Patagonian squid waste with low‐toxicity solvents

SummaryExtracting conditions of lipid compounds (phospholipids, PLs; ω3 fatty acids, FAs) from Patagonian squid (Doriteuthis gahi) waste were optimised by employment of a Simplex‐Lattice design. For it, different concentrations of low‐toxicity solvents (ethanol, acetone and ethyl acetate; single and binary and ternary mixtures) were tested. As a result, the multiple regression anova proved that the quadratic model was significant (P &lt; 0.05) for PL and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) contents and for total polyunsaturated/total saturated and total ω3/total ω6 FA ratios. Thus, the anova application of the fitting model led to the following optimised values for such parameters: 477.42 g kg−1 lipids, 21.48 g 100 g−1 total FAs, 3.48 and 13.03, respectively. The combination of process variable levels which maximised the desirability function (0.49 value) was ethanol/ethyl acetate (0.50:0.50, v/v) and led to values of 412.50 (g kg−1 lipids), 19.05 (g 100 g−1 total FAs), 2.59 and 12.86, respectively, for the above‐mentioned lipid parameters. Results were compared to those obtained by the conventional chloroform/methanol procedure. By including an advanced mathematical design, a novel eco‐friendly strategy based on the employment of low‐toxicity solvents is proposed for the extraction from a marine waste substrate of highly valuable lipid compounds with healthy and nutritional properties.

Use of Genetically Modified Canola Oil as a Replacement for Fish Oil in Practical Diets for Whiteleg Shrimp Litopeneaus vannamei Reared in Green Water Conditions

With current advancements in technology allowing for genetic modification of crops, canola has been modified to contain n3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of using genetically modified canola oil as a DHA and EPA replacement for Menhaden fish oil (FO) in practical diets for Pacific white shrimp Litopeneaus vannamei. This trial was conducted using twenty-four 750 L tanks stocked at 40 shrimp per tank (0.1 ± 0.007 g initial weight) and grown for 63 days. Shrimp were fed one of five experimental diets (36% protein, 8% lipid) with supplemental FO replacement varying from 75% to 100% twice daily (7 a.m. and 7 p.m.). Two of the diets contained 15% fishmeal (FM) as the basal protein source, while the other three diets were FM free, allowing for complete removal of DHA sources in the basal formulation. While basal FO was removed, none of the experimental diets were completely devoid of FO. Shrimp were harvested and frozen after 9 weeks to be used for lipid extraction and taste and texture analysis by an untrained panel to mimic consumer responses. Results were subjected to a two-way analysis of variance, with significant differences observed in final mean weight (8.47–10.59 g) ( p = 0.0275 ), individual weight gain (8.37–10.48 g) ( p = 0.0279 ), and weekly gain (0.84–1.05 g) ( p = 0.0378 ). Human sensory analysis did not yield significant differences between measured taste parameters ( p &gt; 0.05 ). Lipid extraction and analysis results showed that fatty acid concentrations from whole shrimp samples correlate with diet lipid profiles except for EPA. There is no significant difference ( p &gt; 0.05 ) in EPA concentrations in whole shrimp samples regardless of diet. These results suggest that Latitude™ oil can be successfully used as a partial replacement for FO in commercial shrimp diets.

Effects of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae oil on fillet quality and nutritional traits of gilthead seabream

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae oil (HIO) on fillet fatty acid (FA) profiles and other nutritional traits of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Four experimental diets were formulated with 45% crude protein and 18% lipids (circa 50:50 of fish oil and vegetable oil (VO) blend: 20% rapeseed, 30% palm, and 50% linseed oil) and HIO was used to replace VO blend at 42%, 84%, and 100%, corresponding to a dietary inclusion level of 4%, 7.9%, and 9.5%, respectively. After a feeding trial of 10 weeks, several fillet quality traits were analyzed, including morphometric and somatometric indexes, physical and chemical characteristics, FA profile, and lipid peroxidation products. No differences were found in the morphometric and somatometric parameters, or skin and fillet color. The fillets FA profile was significantly modulated by the experimental diets, showing an increase in saturated fatty acids (SFA), particularly lauric acid, and a decrease in monosaturated FA and n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) with the increase of HIO inclusion, while eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) contents were not affected. Fillets FA quality indexes (PUFA/SFA, n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio, hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio, thrombogenicity, and atherogenicity indexes) were also modulated by dietary HIO inclusion. Fillets pH was reduced and water holding capacity increased with dietary HIO inclusion. Fillet lipid peroxidation level (measured as TBARS) was significantly decreased with dietary HIO inclusion despite an increase in conjugated dienes. Overall, results showed that HIO can efficiently replace VO in gilthead seabream diets, without major negative effects on fillet characteristics and quality traits while decreasing fillet lipid oxidation.

Urinary Metabolite Profiling to Non-Invasively Monitor the Omega-3 Index: An Exploratory Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial in Young Adults.

The Omega-3 Index (O3I) reflects eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content in erythrocytes. While the O3I is associated with numerous health outcomes, its widespread use is limited. We investigated whether urinary metabolites could be used to non-invasively monitor the O3I in an exploratory analysis of a previous placebo-controlled, parallel arm randomized clinical trial in males and females (n = 88) who consumed either ~3 g/d olive oil (OO; control), EPA, or DHA for 12 weeks. Fasted blood and first-void urine samples were collected at baseline and following supplementation, and they were analyzed via gas chromatography and multisegment injection-capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (MSI-CE-MS), respectively. We tentatively identified S-carboxypropylcysteamine (CPCA) as a novel urinary biomarker reflecting O3I status, which increased following both EPA and DHA (p < 0.001), but not OO supplementation, and was positively correlated to the O3I (R = 0.30, p < 0.001). Additionally, an unknown dianion increased following DHA supplementation, but not EPA or OO. In ROC curve analyses, CPCA outperformed all other urinary metabolites in distinguishing both between OO and EPA or DHA supplementation groups (AUC > 80.0%), whereas the unknown dianion performed best in discriminating OO from DHA alone (AUC = 93.6%). Candidate urinary biomarkers of the O3I were identified that lay the foundation for a non-invasive assessment of omega-3 status.

Effects of Breeds on the Content of Functional Nutrition in Eggs.

The purpose of this study was to compare the differences in the content of functional nutrients in eggs, performance parameters, and egg quality parameters of different chicken breeds. In Trial 1, 150 41-week-old hens of each breed, including the Dwarf Layer, White Leghorn, Silky fowl, Beijing-you chicken, and Shouguang chicken, were randomly assigned to the control (CON) and 2.5% flaxseed oil (FSO) groups to compare the difference in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content in eggs. The contents of α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and total n-3 PUFA in eggs were increased (p < 0.05) in the FSO groups. The ALA (4.28%), DHA (2.03%), and total n-3 PUFA (6.46%) contents in eggs of Dwarf Layer were the highest among the five breeds (p < 0.05). To further verify if other functional nutrients also have such differences, 600 24-week-old White Leghorn and Dwarf Layer were allocated to four groups: CON, FSO, 0.02% selenium-enriched yeast (SEY), and 0.20% marigold flower extract (MFE), in Trial 2. The content of functional nutrients in eggs was significantly increased (p < 0.05) after feeding these additions. After feeding FSO, the eggs of the Dwarf Layer had a higher n-3 PUFA content than the White Leghorn (p < 0.05). However, no significant differences were found in selenium and lutein content in different breeds. Performance and egg quality were not negatively impacted by FSO, SEY, or MFE.

Evaluating the Effects of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Inflammatory Bowel Disease via Circulating Metabolites: A Mediation Mendelian Randomization Study.

Epidemiological evidence regarding the effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is conflicting. Additionally, little evidence exists regarding the effects of specific omega-3 components on IBD risk. We applied two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) to disentangle the effects of omega-3 PUFAs (including total omega-3, α-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) on the risk of IBD, Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Our findings indicated that genetically predicted increased EPA concentrations were associated with decreased risk of IBD (odds ratio 0.78 (95% CI 0.63-0.98)). This effect was found to be mediated through lower levels of linoleic acid and histidine metabolites. However, we found limited evidence to support the effects of total omega-3, α-linolenic acid, and DHA on the risks of IBD. In the fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) region, robust colocalization evidence was observed, suggesting the primary role of the FADS2 gene in mediating the effects of omega-3 PUFAs on IBD. Therefore, the present MR study highlights EPA as the predominant active component of omega-3 fatty acids in relation to decreased risk of IBD, potentially via its interaction with linoleic acid and histidine metabolites. Additionally, the FADS2 gene likely mediates the effects of omega-3 PUFAs on IBD risk.

Predicting Survival Outcomes at Five Years Following Administration of Omega-3 Long-Chain Fatty Acids in People Living with Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck

There is a paucity of research on longer-term outcomes following oral nutrition supplementation (ONS) in patients with cancer. An observational analysis on mortality and survival rates were conducted in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) that received cancer treatment ONS plus 2 g of eicosapentaenoic-acid (EPA) versus standard treatment (EN). Twenty-six participants were available (81.3% of the original cohort [n=32]) in the ONS-EPA 2 g and 24 (75% of original cohort [n=32]) in the ONS-standard groups. Mortality at five years was 50% in the ONS-EPA 2 g and 58.3% in the ONS-standard group but with longer survival time in the ONS-EPA 2 g than the ONS-standard group (35 versus 18 months, respectively). A trend toward a longer survival time five years was observed in participants who received ONS with a high EPA content compared to those who received standard-formula ONS. Results may represent a possible long-term benefit of using high EPA supplementation during active cancer treatment to address malnutrition and positively influence clinical outcomes. Keywords: Nutritional supplementation, Eicosapentaenoic acid, Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, 5­year mortality

Krill oil showed a good application potential as the dietary lipid source on the growth, physiology, nutritional quality, and flavor of the edible meat of the oriental river prawns (Macrobrachium nipponense)

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary krill oil (KO), fish oil (FO) and soybean oil (SO) on growth, nutritional quality and flavor of the edible meat of the oriental river prawns (Macrobrachium nipponense). The results revealed that SO and KO diets promoted the growth performance (P < 0.05). The activity of alanine aminotransferase in hemolymph of the FO group was significantly lower than that in the SO group (P < 0.05). The contents of total cholesterol in hemolymph in the SO and FO groups were significantly lower than those in the KO group (P < 0.05). Superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione content in the hepatopancreas were the lowest in the SO group (P < 0.05). Lipoprtein lipase and trypsin activities of the hepatopancreas decreased significantly in the KO group (P < 0.05). Among the fatty acids in meat, the contents of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) increased significantly in M. nipponense after feeding on animal lipid sources (FO and KO) (P < 0.05). The contents of umami and bitter free amino acids in the SO and KO groups were significantly higher than those in the FO group (P < 0.05), and the contents of adenosine monophosphate and inosine monophosphate were highest in the KO group (P < 0.05). The contents of bitter nucleotides hypoxanthine and hypoxanthine ribonucleoside were lowest in the KO group (P < 0.05). In general, compared with FO, the use of KO and SO as lipid sources in feed promoted the growth of M. nipponense, and KO significantly improved the antioxidant index of the hepatopancreas. FO and KO increased the contents of EPA and DHA in the edible meat of M. nipponense, and KO further enhanced the contents of amino acids and nucleotides responsible for flavor in the meat.

Environmental drivers alter PUFA content in littoral macroinvertebrate assemblages via changes in richness and abundance

Shallow littoral areas in lakes are productive and highly diverse ecotonal zones, providing habitats for both invertebrate and vertebrate species. We developed a Bayesian modeling framework to elucidate the relationships between environmental drivers (lake typology, habitat, water chemistry, and latitude) and taxon richness, abundance, as well as the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in littoral macroinvertebrate communities in 95 boreal lakes. PUFAs, particularly arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are critical micronutrients to maintain normal physiological functions in consumers. Lake typology was a significant predictor for PUFA content in the invertebrate assemblages, which was connected to taxon richness and/or abundance. Benthic communities in large humus-poor or nutrient-rich lakes displayed higher abundance, taxon richness, and more PUFA-rich taxa, whereas those in medium- and large-sized humic (color 30–90 mg Pt/L) and humus-rich lakes (color >90 mg Pt/L) were characterized by decreased abundance and subsequently low PUFA content. The abundance, taxon richness, and nutritional quality of the communities were also strongly related to latitude. Lakes with lower pH were characterized by lower benthic invertebrate diversity and low frequency of taxa with high somatic EPA and DHA content. The complexity of littoral habitats dominated by various macrophyte assemblages creates an environment that favors higher benthic abundance and increased presence of taxonomic groups with high PUFA content. Nutritional quality of benthic invertebrates for upper trophic levels can be modulated by a complex interplay between external stressors and abiotic factors that typically shape the structure of littoral benthic communities.

Balancing dietary plant-based lipids and cholesterol to increase fillet omega-3 deposition in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed a diet without animal ingredients

We hypothesized that a low phytosterol oil, such as soybean oil, in combination with an α-linolenic acid (ALA) rich oil, such as linseed oil, and supplemental cholesterol could effectively replace fish oil in salmonid feeds. As such, the primary objective was to blend soybean oil with linseed oil and supplemental cholesterol to maintain fish growth and increase de novo production of the omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in trout muscle, since EPA and DHA have been identified as beneficial nutrients in human nutrition, and farmed seafood must meet consumer needs and expectations. To accomplish this, we used soy oil for its low phytosterol properties in combination with linseed oil for its n-3 FA content, with and without cholesterol to improve utilization. Upon conclusion of the study, our results did not support our hypothesis. Trout fed plant-based diets containing any amount of soy oil had reduced growth performance. Only fish fed the plant-based diet with 100% linseed oil plus supplemental cholesterol grew as well as both control groups, fishmeal/fish oil and plant meal/fish oil. Dietary cholesterol supplementation increased plasma cholesterol levels and EPA in fillets (P < 0.05). Two-way ANOVA demonstrated that growth performance and muscle EPA content were significantly increased in fish fed cholesterol-supplemented diets. However, expression of genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis were not enhanced by cholesterol, suggesting a potential disconnect between gene expression and functional activity. Although our hypothesis failed and soybean oil was found to be less accepted by the fish, resulting in lower growth and feed intake, we were successful in developing a high soy-protein diet (35%) with all-plant ingredients using linseed oil and supplemental cholesterol that resulted in equal fish performance to fish fed a fishmeal/fish oil control diet. More research is needed to identify a cost-effective EPA/DHA source to meet consumer needs and expectations for n-3 FA in trout fillets.

Determination of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid contents and the oxidation level of fish oil supplements from Bahrain market

Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid are two types of omega-3 fatty acids that provide numerous health benefits. It is thus important to gain the recommended daily intake of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid and compensate for omega-3 deficiency through supplements. However, supplements are very susceptible to oxidation, which affects their biological significance. This study aimed to examine the quality of fourteen different commercially available fish oil supplements in Bahrain markets by comparing their actual and labelled Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid contents, determination of their oxidation levels by measuring the peroxide value, anisidine value, and the total oxidation value. Fish oils were methylated, separated, and identified by Gas Chromatography. Measurement of peroxide value was conducted using titration, and the anisidine value using spectrophotometry. The total oxidation value was calculated based on anisidine value and peroxide value values. Results showed that most brands have lower actual total fish oil per capsule than the labelled values. Only two brands (14.29%) showed an approximately similar amount of Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, whereas six brands (42.86%) have a lower actual amount of both Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. In addition, five brands (35.71%) have higher actual EPA and lower DHA values. Only one brand has higher actual amounts of both Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. The results also showed that 57.1% of the tested supplements (8 out of 14) exceeded the recommended levels of peroxide value, while only one brand (7.14%) exceeded the safe levels of anisidine value. Moreover, five brands (35.71%) recorded a total oxidation value level higher than the recommended. Compared to other studies in several countries, the oxidative levels of supplements in Bahrain are not very high; nonetheless, it must be improved by applying oxidation levels regulations and storage regulations regarding fish oil supplements.

Composition and content of fatty acid, lipid classes of two octopus species: \(\textit{Amphioctopus neglectus}\) and \(\textit{Cistopus indicus}\) from Ha Long bay, Quang Ninh province, Vietnam

The fatty acid compositions of the lipids of two octopus species (Amphiotopus neglectus and Cistopus indicus) were investigated. The composition and content of fatty acids of two octopus samples were analyzed using a GC-MS. The percentages of the lipid classes in total lipid were determined based on the image analysis program Sorbfil TLC Videodensitometer DV, Krasnodar, Russia. The highest content of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (from 20.65% to 34.56% of total fatty acids) in the lipids of both species was revealed, followed by the content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), palmitic acid, and arachidonic acid (AA) in the ranges (12.76–21.54%; 12.23–14.96%; and 8.99–17.26% of total fatty acids, respectively). The content of unsaturated fatty acids did differ between males and females of the two species studied. However, these differences are few and can be explained by the timing of their breeding seasons. The fatty acid composition of the fats from both investigated octopus species permits their use as food with nutritional value, and the production of bioactive additives.

Extra Virgin Olive Oil: Does It Modify Milk Composition of Hair Sheep?

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of olive oil addition on the production, chemical composition, and fatty acid profile of sheep’s milk. Twenty-four lactating ewes with a live weight of 34.6 ± 4.61 kg were used. The animals were randomly distributed into four treatments (n = 6) with dietary addition of 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% (dry matter basis) olive oil for 45 days. Milk samples were taken every 7 days for fatty acid (FA) and chemical analyses. A decrease (p &lt; 0.05) in dry matter and crude protein intake was observed with 4% oil inclusion. Milk production and milk components were similar between treatments. The kilograms of meat from weaned lambs linearly increased as the oil inclusion increased. Milk C4:0 to C17:0 decreased with 2% olive oil. The monounsaturated and polyunsaturated FA content in the milk increased with the oil inclusion. There was an increase in the milk’s linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid content with 2% olive oil. Overall, the addition of 2% extra virgin olive oil is recommended to improve milk’s FA profile without negative effects on animal performance.

Analysis of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism by compound-specific isotope analysis in humans

Natural variations in the 13C:12C ratio (carbon-13 isotopic abundance [δ13C]) of the food supply have been used to determine the dietary origin and metabolism of fatty acids, especially in the n-3 PUFA biosynthesis pathway. However, n-6 PUFA metabolism following linoleic acid (LNA) intake remains under investigation. Here, we sought to use natural variations in the δ13C signature of dietary oils and fatty fish to analyze n-3 and n-6 PUFA metabolism following dietary changes in LNA and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + DHA in adult humans. Participants with migraine (aged 38.6 ± 2.3 years, 93% female, body mass index of 27.0 ± 1.1 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to one of three dietary groups for 16 weeks: 1) low omega-3, high omega-6 (H6), 2) high omega-3, high omega-6 (H3H6), or 3) high omega-3, low omega-6 (H3). Blood was collected at baseline, 4, 10, and 16 weeks. Plasma PUFA concentrations and δ13C were determined. The H6 intervention exhibited increases in plasma LNA δ13C signature over time; meanwhile, plasma LNA concentrations were unchanged. No changes in plasma arachidonic acid δ13C or concentration were observed. Participants on the H3H6 and H3 interventions demonstrated increases in plasma EPA and DHA concentration over time. Plasma δ13C-EPA increased in total lipids of the H3 group and phospholipids of the H3H6 group compared with baseline. Compound-specific isotope analysis supports a tracer-free technique that can track metabolism of dietary fatty acids in humans, provided that the isotopic signature of the dietary source is sufficiently different from plasma δ13C.

Análisis proximal y perfil de ácidos grasos de los tejidos musculares en diferentes partes del cuerpo del barbo de Crimea (Barbus tauricus Kessler, 1877)

This study aimed to determine proximate analysis and fatty acid profile of whole body muscle tissue (WM) and muscles in different parts of the body, including dorsal (D), ventral (V), and caudal (C) regions, of the crimean barbel (Barbus tauricus), which is an species caught from the Gelingüllü Dam. In whole body muscle the protein, lipid, moisture, and ash contents of the fish were 18.61, 1.54, 78.49, and 1.09% respectively. The lipid contents of crimean barbel varied between 1.78 and 2.68%, with the highest and lowest percentages in the C and V regions, respectively. There was a significant difference (P&lt;0.05) in the fatty acid content present in the different parts of the fish. The highest and lowest proportions of saturated fatty acids (SFA) were found in WM (23.03) and D (21.94%) region, respectively. The highest and lowest monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) contents were found in the D muscle (36) and V muscles (33.73%), respectively. The proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was highest and lowest in C (25.63) and D (22.62%) regions, respectively. The highest eicosapentaenoic acid (4.11) and docosahexaenoic acid (12.98%) contents were found in V and C regions, respectively. The results showed that lipid content and composition of fatty acids may vary in the different body parts of the fish.

Exploring the use of fish as indicators of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic supply in lake ecosystems.

An adequate supply of food sources with high levels (i.e., weight proportion of total fatty acids) and contents (i.e., absolute amount per mass) of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are important for ecosystems. Therefore, the supply of EPA and DHA from basal food sources is a useful indicator of ecosystem health. To determine whether EPA and DHA levels and contents in fish can be used as indicators of EPA and DHA supply in lakes, five dominant species of fish and basal food sources (seston and sediment) were collected monthly from June to November from 2016 to 2021 from Lake Hachiro, Japan. Seston and Hypomesus nipponensis were collected from 12 lakes (one collection per lake) with varying seston contents in EPA and DHA. The trends of EPA and DHA in all fish species were similar to those of the basal food sources. Correlation analysis showed that the EPA levels were strongly correlated between fish and seston; moreover, the correlation coefficient increased when a 1- or 2-month moving average was applied to the basal food sources, suggesting that fish represent a time-integrated supply of EPA and DHA. EPA levels of H. nipponensis had the highest correlation coefficients with seston among all fish species. EPA levels of H. nipponensis were significantly correlated with those of seston among lakes. The results of this study suggest that H. nipponensis is a useful indicator of EPA and DHA supplies in lake ecosystems.

The nutritional characteristic of spotted seabass (Lateolabrax maculatus) flesh

Spotted seabass (Lateolabrax maculatus) is a popular food fish in Asian countries. Not only does the fish tasted well, but it is also widely utilized as nutraceuticals. However, the knowledge about the composition of the fish is lack. In this work, the proximate composition of spotted seabass flesh was determined. The content of proximate composition (moisture, proteins, fat, and ash) of spotted seabass flesh was fell within the range of other reported fish species, while it was a high-quality food fish with low oil-very high protein. The ratio of essential amino acids (EAAs) to nonessential amino acids (NEAAs) was 0.74, and the amount of EAAs accounted for approximately 42.34% of the total amino acids. Unsaturated fatty acids composed the majority of the fatty acid components, with linoleic acid was the predominate one. The content of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were abundant in spotted seabass flesh. The proximate composition of the dorsal, ventral, lateral, and tail flesh was similar, except for the ventral flesh exhibited a higher content of fatty acids and lower content of moisture. Our research will be helpful for the general population to know the nutritional traits of spotted seabass.

Pilot study on the effect of supplementation with long-chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on body composition in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: randomized clinical trial

N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA-ω3), particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) might have beneficial effects on lean mass and fat mass synthesis. To investigate the effect of LCPUFA-ω3 supplementation on body composition changes in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) at remission and three months (3mo) after supplementation. This randomized controlled trial enrolled 72 children (3-13y) with newly diagnosed ALL (placebo group [500mg sunflower oil]: 36 patients; LCPUFA-ω3 group [225mg DHA, 45mg EPA]: 36 patients). LCPUFA-ω3 was administered at 0.100g/kg of body weight/day for 3mo. Both groups were provided with an oral milkshake supplement. Body composition was measured at diagnosis, remission, and 3 months after supplementation by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Red blood cell fatty acid analyses were performed with gas chromatography. Student's t test compared the percentage changes in body weight, total body fat percentage (TBFP), and lean body mass (LBM) between the groups. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the groups, and the Friedman range test and Wilcoxon signed rank test were used for intratreatment comparisons. Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated for LBM and erythrocyte LCPUFA-ω3 content. LBM decreased significantly in both groups. This loss was greater in the placebo group than in the LCPUFA-ω3 group at remission (p=0.044) and at 3 months of supplementation (p=0.039). There were significant and progressive increases in DHA and EPA concentrations in the LCPUFA-ω3 group (p<0.001). LBM at remission was directly correlated with increased DHA (r=0.487, p=0.034) and EPA (r=0.499, p=0.030) erythrocytes in the LCPUFA-ω3 group. At ALL diagnosis and during the first three months of treatment, 100mg/kg of body weight/d DHA and EPA decreased LBM loss and allowed the incorporation of fatty acids into cell membranes (clinicaltriasl.gov #: NCT01051154).