Ehretia Laevis Research Articles

Comprehensive Study of Ehretia laevis in Treatment of Diabetes and Related Complications

Diabetes mellitus appears to be a significant health issue globally, impacting millions of individuals and imposing an economic strain on healthcare systems all over the world. The pursuit of effective and safe alternative therapies has led researchers to investigate therapeutic plants with probable antidiabetic activity. This article highlights a comprehensive study investigating the therapeutic potential of Ehretia laevis in controlling of diabetes and associated complications in rats. The phytochemical investigation of E. laevis extracts observed phytoconstituents like flavonoids, phenolics, and triterpenoids. These phytoconstituents are known to possess antidiabetic properties. By injecting 60 mg/kg of STZ intraperitoneally once, rats were induced to develop diabetes. According to the experimental study, blood glucose levels were significantly reduced from 270 to 118 mg/dl after administering 200 and 400 mg/kg of aqueous and methanolic E. laevis extracts. Further evaluations on serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) revealed a significant reduction in their values, highlighting the control of liver complications. A lowering of serum urea and creatinine levels served to assess kidney-related complications. This comprehensive study sheds light on the potential of E. laevis in the treatment of diabetes and paves a path for the development of formulations, however, further mechanistic evaluation could be explored.

Wound Healing Potential of Different Extracts of Ehretia Laevis Roxb. (Khandu Chakka/Ajan Vruksha) Versus Silver Sulfadiazine in Burn Wound - Pre-Clinical Study

Burns are also a leading cause of morbidity; millions who survive suffer from lifelong disability and disfigurements with resulting emotional trauma and stigma. To identify the effective extract of Charma Vruksha( Ehretia Laveis Roxb.) in burn wound management and to generate empirical evidence for substantiation of burn wound healing by Kashaya Rasa ( Astringent taste) through experimental demonstration of the comparative wound healing property of Charma Vruksha ( Ehretia Laevis Roxb.) this study was planned. This study is useful in broadening of therapeutic aspect of Charma Vruksha( Ehretia Laveis Roxb.) plant. This is contribution to the literature related to ayurvedic sciences. The stated side effects of silver sulfadiazine like pain, burning, itching, rash, cell death, destruction of red blood cells (in patients with G6PD deficiency), deficiency of granulocytes in the blood, low blood platelet count, low white blood cell count , can be minimized to some extent by the use of Charma Vruksha( Ehretia Laveis Roxb.) plant leaves. Wound healing measured by histology score and wound contracture percentages. Average wound contracture percentage was 36.83 % in Crude Extract group, 33.75% in Ethanol Extract group, 34.6 % in Chloroform Extract group , 42.41% in Aqueous Extract group, as compared to 38.08 % of Silver sulfadiazine. Histological score was 16 in Crude Extract group, 15 in Ethanol Extract group,15 in Chloroform Extract group , 16 in Aqueous Extract group as compared to 18 of Silver sulfadiazine. Aqueous Extract was more effective in burn wound contracture by 11.37 % than Silver sulfadiazine Crude and Aqueous extract was more effective than ethanol and chloroform extract by 1 histological score but less effective by 2 histological score than Silver sulfadiazine.
 Aqueous Extract is more efficacious in burn wound contracture by 11.37 % than Silver sulfadiazine.

Comparative Efficacy of Green Synthesized Silver Nano Particles of Ehretia Laevis and Azadirachta Indica on Wound Healing in Cow

Comparative Efficacy of Green Synthesized Silver Nano Particles of Ehretia Laevis and Azadirachta Indica on Wound Healing in Cow

Ehretia laevis leaves: Potential herbal remedy for mouth microflora

The advantages and uses of folklore herbs have been acclaimed and executed from ancient times in India. The use of these Folklore remedial herbs for therapeutic applications is contributing to maintenance of human health. The ancient literature, i.e., Ayurveda and Unani, also describes the global usage of herbal medicine for treatment, and its formulation’s concoction for prevention of various diseases. Ehretia laevis is a conventional therapeutic herb from ancient times, frequently designated as Khandu Chakka by local people in Maharashtra. E. laevis leaves are used in the treatment of skin infections, fungal infections, mouth blisters, eczema, cuts and wounds, diabetes, asthma, fever and joint pain etc. The leaf of this plant contains abundant therapeutically beneficial secondary metabolites besides primary metabolites. This paper describes antimicrobial sensitivity of E. laevis leaf (fresh and dried) acetone and ethyl alcohol (95%) soxhlet extract and dried leaf dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) extract (prepared after from evaporation of acetone in dried leaf acetone extract) against isolated oral microbial flora i.e., Streptococcus spp, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida spp. Amoxicillin in dimethyl sulphoxide was also tested for antimicrobial sensitivity. The result revealed that E. laevis fresh leaf ethyl alcohol and acetone extract and dried leaf acetone and DMSO extract was efficacious against isolated oral microbial flora. The extracts showed positive results for flavonoids and tannins. The results showed the antibacterial and antifungal potential of this folklore plant, particularly against S. aureus and Candida spp., which are microorganisms that are becoming resistant against most therapeutic drugs. This use of this folklore herb requires further study on pharmacological drug formulations. And it can also be used in herbal products i.e., toothpastes, mouthwash etc.

Bactericidal and photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange of silver-silver chloride nanoparticles synthesized using aqueous phyto-extract

Silver-silver chloride nanoparticles (Ag-AgCl NPs) have bactericidal activity and are widely used for water disinfection. The rapid, facile and green method was proposed for the synthesis of Ag-AgCl NPs which are nontoxic and cost effective. The present study highlights the use of water extract of Ehretia laevis leaf as a reducing agent for Ag-AgCl NPs synthesis from silver nitrate by a green synthesis route. The formation of Ag-AgCl NPs was analyzed by UV-Vis spectrophotometer, a characteristic absorbance peak at 450–500 nm with a color change in reaction solution was observed. Further, it was confirmed by XRD and EDX technique. The transmission electron microscopy reveals the synthesized Ag-AgCl NPs were spherical to oval shape with an approximately size of 20–80 nm. The X-ray diffraction confirms face-centered cubic structure of synthesized Ag-AgCl and the element composition by energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Interaction between leaf extract and the synthesized Ag-AgCl was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The synthesized Ag-AgCl NPs show bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli bacteria and also shows the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange by Ag-AgCl NPs in combination with Fenton’s reagent with 98% maximum degradation efficiency.

In silico prediction of phytoconstituents from Ehretia laevis targeting TNF-α in arthritis

ObjectiveRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease involving the synovial lining of the major joints. Current therapies have noteworthy side effects. Our study involved in silico evaluation of Ehretia laevis (E. laevis) phytoconstituents targeting tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). MethodsMolecular docking studies performed to investigate the binding pattern of the plant E. laevis phytoconstituents along with the crystal structure of TNF-α (PDB ID: 2AZ5) using AutoDock Vina followed by a study of interacting amino acid residues and their influence on the inhibitory potentials of the active constituents. Further the pharmacokinetic profile and toxicity screening carried out using SwissADME and pkCSM. ResultsThe docked results suggest that lupeol (− 9.4 kcal/mol) and α-amyrin (− 9.4 kcal/mol) has best affinity towards TNF-α compared to standard drug thalidomide (− 7.4 kcal/mol). The active chemical constituents represents better interaction with the conserved catalytic residues, leading to the inhibition/blockade of the TNF-α-associated signaling pathway in RA. Furthermore, pharmacokinetics and toxicity parameters of these phytochemicals were within acceptable limits according to ADMET studies. ConclusionThe binding potential of phytoconstituents targeting TNF-α showed promising results. Nonetheless, it encourages the traditional use of E. laevis and provides vital information on drug development and clinical treatment.

Variation in structural diversity and regeneration potential of tree species in different tropical forest types of Similipal Biosphere Reserve, Eastern India

Understanding the regeneration potential of tree species in natural forest ecosystems is crucial to deliver suitable management practices for conservation of biodiversity. We studied the variation in structural diversity and regeneration potential of tree species in three different tropical forest types, namely: Dry Deciduous forest (DDF), Moist Deciduous forest (MDF) and Semi-evergreen forest (SEF) of Similipal Biosphere Reserve (SBR), Eastern India. Random sample plots were laid for studying the diversity and distribution pattern of tree, sapling, and seedling stages of the tree species. A total of 84 species belong to 73 genera and 35 families were recorded from the study area. The highest species richness was reported for tree (54 species) in DDF, sapling (24 species) in MDF and seedling (22 species each) in SEF and DDF. The overall density of trees with GBH (Girth at Breast Height) ≥ 10 cm was 881 individuals/ha. The regeneration potential of tree species was poor in DDF (39%) where as it was fair in SEF (43%) and MDF (49%). Most of the dominant tree species at each forest type performed good regeneration. The species such as Ehretia laevis Roxb., Bridelia retusa (L.)A.Juss., Mitragyna parviflora (Roxb.) Korth., Terminalia tomentosa Wight & Arn., Terminalia chebula Retz., Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.etc. had either no regeneration or poor regeneration potential need immediate attention for conservation measures. The diversity of standing trees did not correlate with seedling or sapling diversity in all the cases but there was significant correlation among seedling and sapling diversity found in DDF (r = 0.67, p ≤ 0.05) and SEF (r = 0.83, p ≤ 0.05). Further, the diversity of tree species increased with their age (trees > saplings > seedlings) and the stem density decreased with their age (trees < saplings < seedlings) in all three forest types. The results of our study would be helpful in understanding the structural attributes, diversity and regeneration potential of different tropical forest types of India for their better conservation and management.

Species Diversity, Soil Nutrients Dynamics and Regeneration Status of Sal (Shorea robusta) Forests in Western Himalayan Region of India

Sal (Shorea robusta) forest is found in an extensive array of conditions in Western Himalaya. It has been heavily used for commercial purposes. Thus, we did a study to gather the information on sal forests occupying a broad range of the Rajaji Tiger Reserve which spans across an extensive range in the Western Himalaya. We tested the species diversity, soil nutrients status, and regeneration potential of the Sal forest. Vegetation was sampled in 10 transects zone of 20×20 m2 plots covering an area of 10.0 ha area. Trees, saplings, seedlings, shrubs, and herbs were sampled along the transects in the Chilla forest division of the tiger reserve. Samplings were done every 200 m along the transect with the help of the Nested quadrat method. Altogether 64 species were recorded: 24 trees, 12 shrubs, and 28 herbs. Environmental variables like pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available potassium, available phosphorous, and soil texture were also recorded to observe the effects of these environmental variables into diversity attributes. The Shannon Weiner index for trees was 1.350, for saplings 1.774, for seedlings 1.679. For shrub species, it was1.96. The Shannon Weiner index for herbaceous species in the rainy season was 2.8, in winter it was 2.36 whereas in summer it was 2.46. We concluded that the management of sal has enhanced the diversity and soil nutrients dynamics in the study area. Sal diversity also has enhanced the growth of co-dominant species like Mallotus philippensis, Aegle marmelos, Listea chinensis, Naringi crenulata, Ehretia laevis, Cassia fistula, etc. in the study area. Although we did not find any seedlings of the sal during the present study, the regeneration potential of sal forest increasing with a greater number of associated species provide a favorable environment for sal species.

Phytochemical and Ethnopharmacological Perspectives of Ehretia laevis.

Ehretia laevis Roxb. (Boraginaceae) has been extensively used as a traditional remedy for the treatment of a diverse range of ailments related to the respiratory system, the gastrointestinal tract, the reproductive system, and against several infections. This review critically assesses and documents, for the first time, the fragmented information on E. laevis, including its botanical description, folklore uses, bioactive phyto metabolites and pharmacological activities. The goal is to explore this plant therapeutically. Ethnomedicinal surveys reveal that E. laevis has been used by tribal communities in Asian countries for the treatment of various disorders. Quantitative and qualitative phytochemical investigations of E. laevis showed the presence of important phytoconstituents such as pentacyclic triterpenoids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, fatty acids, steroids, alkaloids, aliphatic alcohols, hydrocarbons, amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. Fresh plant parts, crude extracts, fractions and isolated compounds have been reported to exhibit broad spectrum of therapeutic activities viz., antioxidant, antiarthritic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antidiarrheal, antidysenteric, wound healing and anti-infective activities. E. laevis is shown to be an excellent potential source of drugs for the mitigation of jaundice, asthma, dysentery, ulcers, diarrhea, ringworm, eczema, diabetes, fissure, syphilis, cuts and wounds, inflammation, liver problems, venereal and infectious disorders. Although few investigations authenticated its traditional uses but employed uncharacterized crude extracts of the plant, the major concerns raised are reproducibility of therapeutic efficacy and safety of plant material. The outcomes of limited pharmacological screening and reported bioactive compounds of E. laevis suggest that there is an urgent need for in-depth pharmacological investigations of the plant.

Evaluation of Ehretia Laevis Roxb. (Khandu Chakka/Ajan Vruksha) in the Wound Healing Adjudged by Histological Examination of the Tissue

Many herbal plants are mentioned in Ayurveda for wound healing. Folklore medicine for various ailmentsincluding wound healing is being practiced in India. Ehretia Laevis Roxb. contains many such chemicalcompounds useful for promotion of healing &amp; repair. Tissue renewal goes hand in hand with inflammationinfluenced by multiple processes. Ehretia Laevis Roxb. called Khandu Chakka &amp; Ajan Vruksha andtraditionally being used for wound healing, body pain &amp; minor fractures in the form of local application byfolklore in the state of Maharashtra India. Objectives of the present study is to know the effect of EhretiaLaevis Roxb. in the wound healing on the histological parameters in animal model. Phenytoin ointmentas a control was used. The present study has found put that leaf extract paste of Ehretia Laevis Roxb.has enhanced the process of wound healing ascertained on histological parameters as compared to topicalphenytoin application. Ehretia Laevis Roxb. paste is found to be immensely useful at wound healing ascompared to Phenytoin. Ehretia Laevis Roxb. is concluded to promote the healing significantly as observedby feature of granulation, collagenisation &amp; re epithelisation of the wounds suggesting early healing byprimary intension

Internal Use of Ajan Vruksha/ Khandu Chakka (Ehretia Laevis Roxb). Plant Leaves Powder in Shoulder Pain Management. – Case Report

Introduction— Shoulder pain and stiffness are common features among working women. It is affectingtheir day to day life style.The main symptoms of the patient and the important clinical findings:- Patient was suffering fromsevere pain in right shoulder with restricted movement of right shoulder from 8 days. Patient was assessedby ( SPADI) Shoulder Pain &amp; Disability Index.The main diagnoses, therapeutics interventions, and outcomes:- Ehretia Laevis Roxb. leaves powdercapsules was made up of 250 mg. Patient was advised to take two capsules in morning and two capsules atnight after food. Daily 1 gm powder was administered internally for 7 daysOn the day zero pain score was 80%, on third day of treatment pain score was 54% and on seventh day painscore was 0. On the day zero disability score was 95%, on third day disability score was 55% and on seventhday score was 0.Conclusion—. Patient cured from pain and shoulder disability by internal use of Ehretia Laevis Roxb.leaves powder within seven days

Ajan Vruksha/ Khandu Chakka (Ehretia Laevis Roxb). Plant Leaves as A Effective Healer in Chronic Varicose Vein Ulcer. – A Case Report

Introduction— Varicose vein ulcer is caused by abnormal function of veins due to chronic vein insufficiency,vein damage, ageing, obesity, congestive heart failure. Ehretia Laevis Roxb. plant is traditionally used forwounds(1) . Also its efficacy is tested in various wounds except chronic varicose ulcer.(2)The main symptoms of the patient and the important clinical findings:- Patient having swelling, rednessat right foot, yellowish pus discharge, blackness of skin and presence of ulcer since three years with severepain and inability to perform his regular dutiesThe main diagnoses, therapeutics interventions, and outcomes:- Patient having chronic varicosevein ulcer at right leg since three years. Ehretia Laevis Roxb. leaves paste was prepared under all asepticprecaution and daily dressing of Ehretia Laevis Roxb. paste done on wound. Severe pain was reduced within48 hrs after application of paste, which was significant finding. Wound was healed within 40 days withoutany complication and use of antibiotics and pain killerConclusion— Patient was very happy as he got immediate relief from pain and his wound was healedwithout any invasive procedures by application of Ehretia Laevis Roxb. leaves paste.

A general appraisal of Ehretia laevis Roxb: An essential medicinal plant

Ehretia laevis is a rare Indian medicinal plant used from ancient times. The plant is used for a variety of purposes, including ornaments, pot herbs, wood and stone dye, medicines, wines, and cosmetics. The inner bark of Ehretia laevis Roxb is used in the treatment of ulcers and headaches. Also useful in treatment for schizophrenia, absorption of calcium, muscle protein, post-surgery recovery, sports injuries, production of hormones, enzymes, antibodies. The plant has many uses that that many uses for different medicinal purposes. The fresh root is used in the treatment of syphilis, and the root is also used to treat diphtheria. Leaf powder mixed with sugar is divided into 10 equal doses. Each dose is taken daily along with goat milk curd to healing dysuria. The review focusing on the pharmacognostic parameters of E. Laevis and pharmacological uses.

Role of Ajan Vruksha/Khandu Chakka Plant (Ehretia Laevis Roxb.) in Covid-19 Pandemic

Ehretia Laevis Roxb. plant has many compounds useful in wound healing, fractures, UTI, aphrodisiac, headache, antihelminthics, diuretic, demulcent, expectorant, RTI, fever, fungal infections, hepato-protective , cytotoxic, insecticidal, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-carcinogenic, weight gain, diabetes , muscles wasting, anti viral activity, preventing viral mutations, blood clotting, reduce the serum lipid level, immunity booster, promotes neural crest cell survival, sedation , anti-Alzheimer,antinociceptive , thyroid uptake promotion, anticoagulant, antiplatelet aggregatory, peptic ulcer, antiasthmatic, antiosteoporotic &amp;amp; antiosteopenic , anticataract &amp;amp; ophthalmic effect, decongestant, skin protective, nephroprotective, anti fatigue effect, protection of human sperm, protection of testicular tissue , larvicidal, antimalarial, antiretroviral, cosmetics product, atopic dermatitis, anti fatigue, neuroprotective, retinoprotective, lung tissue protection, heart protection , prevention of splenocyte apoptosis, relieve stress and improve sleep, hepatic encephalopathy , anti-secretory, neurotransmitter, myelin sheath maintenance, gastric acid secretion &amp;amp; regulation, metal ions chelator, anemia, psychiatric disorders, collagen formation, reduce the recurrence, severity, healing period of herpes simplex virus infections, calcium absorption , muscle protein, post surgery recovery, sports injuries, hormones , aging, used in psychotropic drugs.

Biological and Photocatalytic Activity of Silver Nanoparticle Synthesized from Ehretia laevis Roxb. Leaves Extract

Biological and Photocatalytic Activity of Silver Nanoparticle Synthesized from Ehretia laevis Roxb. Leaves Extract

Comparative study of efficacy of Khanduchakka (Ehretia laevis) Ghrit and cow ghee in the management of Parikartika (fissure in ano)

Background: Fissure in ano a very common anorectal disorder can be compared with Parikartika as per Ayurveda. Khanduchakka (Ehertia laevis) has Vraņashodhana and Ropaņa (wound-healing) properties that can help to heal the Vraņa (ulcer) rapidly. Its base is ghee, which itself has Samskaranuvarti (i.e., enhancing the properties of a drug) and healing properties. Khanduchakka Ghrita is beneficial by virtue of easily available ingredients and a time-tested classical formulation. Hence, it was compared with cow ghee in this study. Aim: Evaluation of the efficacy of Khanduchakka Ghrita, compared with cow ghee, in the management of Parikartika.Materials and Methods: Diagnosed cases of fissure in ano as per the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected and divided into two groups. For patients in group A, Khanduchakka Ghrita was applied; and in group B, cow ghee was applied. Assessment of each patient was carried out on 0, 15th, and 30th day and a follow-up on 45th day. Data were collected and a statistical analysis was done using appropriate tests. Results: The present study found that pain, itching, bleeding, and tenderness were significantly reduced and healing was significantly faster in group A (n = 15) compared to group B (n = 15). Conclusions: Based upon the results it can be concluded that Khanduchakka Ghrita is more significant than cow ghee in managing Parikartika.

Evaluation of hepatoprotective and anticancer potential of Ehretia laevis: An In-vitro evidence

Background: Ehretia laevis has been used to treat Jaundice in various Uttarakhand sub-Himalayan regions in India. The current study focused primarily on Ehretia laevis hepatoprotective and anticancer activity. Objective: The present study validates Ehretia Laevis traditional claim as a jaundice remedy by evaluating in vitro hepatoprotective properties of Ehretia laevis leaves along with their anti - cancer properties. Materials and Methods: The well-known model of carbon tetrachloride induced in vitro rat hepatocyte injury in HepG2 cells, the hepatoprotective effect of the hydroalcoholic extract, ethyl acetate fraction and aqueous fraction of Ehretia laevis was evaluated. Further the concentrations of aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), triglycerides (TGL) and total proteins in the culture medium were evaluated as an indication of hepatocytes necrosis using Ecoline diagnostic kits. The MTT assay was used to estimate the in vitro anticancer activities of the hydroalcoholic extract, ethyl acetate fraction and aqueous fraction of Ehretia laevis against cancer cell lines [Vero (African, Green Monkey Kidney), MCF-7 (Human, Breast Carcinoma), A-549 (Human, Lung Carcinoma) HEP-G2 (Human, Liver Carcinoma)]. Result: Among the extracts evaluated ethyl acetate fraction showed significant Hepatoprotective and anticancer activities at low concentration. Ehretia laevis demonstrated dose-dependent hepatoprotective activity. Conclusion: The present study validates its traditional use as a remedy of jaundice and can provide promising therapeutic interventions against chemical-induced liver damage. Moreover Ehretia laevis also showed significant anti-cancer activity.

Proficiency of Khanduchakka Ghrit in the management of Parikartika: A case report

Background: Fissure-in-ano is a common anorectal disease. It is mainly of two types: acute and chronic. Chronic fissure-in-ano is difficult to treat and most of the time, it is associated with sentinel tag, which guards the fissure from healing, resulting in nonhealing ulcer, which calls for surgical intervention. Khanduchakka (Ehretia laevis) is a folklore plant that is used popularly by the tribal people for the healing of the nonhealing ulcers. Using that reference in this research work, Khanduchakka Ghrit was used as a local application for managing chronic fissure-in-ano and its efficacy was evaluated. Materials and Methods: In this case report, a patient with chronic fissure-in-ano was treated by Khanduchakka Ghrit, which was used as a local application, after all the mandatory investigations, and its efficacy was evaluated on the basis of clinical parameters such as pain, bleeding, itching, and healing. Results: The patient showed significant results in the clinical parameters evaluated. She got relief in pain, itching, bleeding per rectum, and fissure within 20 days. Even on follow-up assessment, no signs of recurrence were reported. Conclusion: From the aforementioned case, it was concluded that simply applying Khanduchakka Ghrit over a chronic fissure-in-ano is able to heal it. This study revealed that it not only acts as a Ropana (healing agent) but also acts as a Lekhandravya (scrapping agent), which helps in removing slough present at fissure bed and simultaneously helps in the healing of chronic fissure-in-ano.

Role of Khanduchakka (Ehretia laevis) Lepan (local application) in the management of delayed union of metatarsal fracture: A case report

Background: The application of Khanduchakka (Ehertia Laevis) Kalka (paste) in the case of Delayed-union of metatarsal fracture is an innovative idea. It is a case report having the fracture of 3rd and 4th metatarsal of right foot. Ehertia Laevis is folklore plant locally known as Khanduchakka used in fracture and wound healing in various forms by the tribal people. In the present case it is used as Lepan (local application). Observation after treatment shows that the Ehertia Laevis is an effective alternative treatment for fracture and delayed union of bones without any complications. Aim: To evaluate healing effect of Khanduchakka Lepan in the management of Delayed union of Metatarsal fracture. Material and Method: In this present case report, the patient with Delayed union of Metatarsal fracture was treated with Khanduchakka Kalka used as local application after all the mandatory investigations and its efficacy was evaluated on the basis of clinical parameters like pain, swelling and fracture healing. Statistical analysis used: 1. Universal Pain Assessment Tool i.e. Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scoring for pain. 2. Swelling was assessed by measuring affected foot circumference in centimeters. 3. American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Scale (AOFAS) result was calculated. Results: Patient showed significance results in clinical parameters evaluated. He got partial relief within 2 weeks. Conclusion: X-Ray revealed that there was callus formation and the mal-union was slightly aligned just by simply applying Khanduchakka Kalka over a fracture. Visual analog scale used for pain showed before treatment score - 8/10 and after treatment score - 2/10. Circumference of swelling reduced from 33cm to 29cm. AOFAS score was improved from 38/100 to 79/100 points. Therefore it can be concluded that this intervention not only acts as fracture healing but also relieved symptoms of pain and swelling.

Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective activity of Ehretia laevis Roxb against paracetamol induced acute Hepatotoxicityin wistar rats

The aim of the current study is to evaluate the antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective activity of hydroalocoholic (70%) extract and ethyl acetate fraction of Ehretia laevis Roxb in wistar rats against paracetamol-induced acute hepatotoxicity. In addition, reducing the power of the extracts and their ability to scavenge free radicals were evaluated by applying 2, 2-diphenyl 2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) and Reducing Power Assay. The hydroalocoholic (70%) extract and its ethyl acetate fraction of Ehretia laevis displayed strong antioxidant activity. The extracts at a dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o., showed significant dose-dependent protection against paracetamol-induced changes in the serum ASAT, ALAT, ALP, and TP. The hydroalocoholic (70%) extract and its ethyl acetate fraction also showed dose-dependent protection against Paracetamol-induced changes in liver tissue such as fatty degeneration, lymphatic infiltration, and necrosis. Among the extracts tested the ethyl acetate fraction shows better activity than the Hydroalocoholic extract.