Egyptian Village Research Articles

Deterioration of The Urban Environment of The Egyptian Village between Deterioration Attributes and Development Mechanisms (Dept.A)

Deterioration of The Urban Environment of The Egyptian Village between Deterioration Attributes and Development Mechanisms (Dept.A)

صاحب الکورة (الباجرکوس) فی مصر فی عصر الولاة فی ضوء أوراق البردی العربیة (21 – 254هـ / 641 – 868م)

The Arabic papyrus shed light on the work of the owner of the village in Egypt in the era of the Governors, the owner of the village was the link between the Arab rulers

THE IMPACT OF MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ON CALVES PERFORMANCE

Records of 3691 growing Holstein Friesian calves, from birth up to weaning (born in a period from 2013 to 2019), belonging to commercial farm named El-Baiomy dairy farm located in Gamasa-Dakahlia Province- Egypt were used in this study. Data collected included management factors such as dam effect (dry period, parity, calving interval and previous milk production) and calves management (Housing system, suckling system, season and gender) and their effects on calves' performance (birth weight (kg), weaning weight (kg), weaning age (day) and daily gain (kg/day)). There were no significant effects in dry period length, parity, calving interval and previous milk production of dam on calf's performance. The lowest birth weight found to be in first parity cows (31.63 kg), while the heaviest one was found to be in third parity cows (33.00 kg). The lowest calves birth weight (30.40kg) was produced by high yielder cows (>11 ton). While it was been 31.71kg for calves belonging to cows with low (< 9 ton) milk production. There was significant effect (P ≤ 0.05) of housing system, suckling system and seasons of calving on weaning age and daily gain of calves. The lowest birth weight was been in winter (31.34 kg) however the heaviest one was been in winter (93.88 kg). The heaviest birth weight was been in male (32.93 kg) but female was 31.63 kg only. On the other hand weaning age found to be 81.31 and 79.14 days in female and male respectively. In addition, a supplementary study has been made to explain management systems of calves raised in some Egyptian villages using field survey. Data of 267 questionnaires (3458 Animals) have been recorded and analyzed to study calf's management systems in different farms located in Nile delta.

THE IMPACT OF MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ON CALVES PERFORMANCE

Records of 3691 growing Holstein Friesian calves, from birth up to weaning (born in a period from 2013 to 2019), belonging to commercial farm named El-Baiomy dairy farm located in Gamasa-Dakahlia Province- Egypt were used in this study. Data collected included management factors such as dam effect (dry period, parity, calving interval and previous milk production) and calves management (Housing system, suckling system, season and gender) and their effects on calves' performance (birth weight (kg), weaning weight (kg), weaning age (day) and daily gain (kg/day)). There were no significant effects in dry period length, parity, calving interval and previous milk production of dam on calf's performance. The lowest birth weight found to be in first parity cows (31.63 kg), while the heaviest one was found to be in third parity cows (33.00 kg). The lowest calves birth weight (30.40kg) was produced by high yielder cows (>11 ton). While it was been 31.71kg for calves belonging to cows with low (< 9 ton) milk production. There was significant effect (P ≤ 0.05) of housing system, suckling system and seasons of calving on weaning age and daily gain of calves. The lowest birth weight was been in winter (31.34 kg) however the heaviest one was been in winter (93.88 kg). The heaviest birth weight was been in male (32.93 kg) but female was 31.63 kg only. On the other hand weaning age found to be 81.31 and 79.14 days in female and male respectively. In addition, a supplementary study has been made to explain management systems of calves raised in some Egyptian villages using field survey. Data of 267 questionnaires (3458 Animals) have been recorded and analyzed to study calf's management systems in different farms located in Nile delta.

Prevalence, Risk Factors, Control and Treatment Adherence of Hypertension: A Community-Based Study In An Egyptian Village

Prevalence, Risk Factors, Control and Treatment Adherence of Hypertension: A Community-Based Study In An Egyptian Village

Institutional complexity and CSR practices: evidence from a developing country

PurposeThe study aims to investigate the appearance of corporate social and environmental responsibility (CSER) practices in a context where economic, communal and political institutions are highly central and competing with each other.Design/methodology/approachTheoretically, the study draws upon the institutional logics perspective and the theoretical concepts of logics centrality and compatibility to understand how higher-order institutions interact with mundane CSER practices observed at the case company's micro level. Empirical data were solicited in an Egyptian village community, where fishing, agriculture and especially salt production constitute the main economic activities underlying its livelihood. A combination of interviews, informal conversations, observations and documents solicits the required data.FindingsThereby, this study presents an inclusive view of CSER as practiced in developing countries, which is based not only on rational economic perspectives – as is the case in developed and stabilised contexts – but also on social, familial and political aspects that are central to the present complex institutional environment.Originality/valueThe reported findings in this study highlight the role of non-economic (societal) logics in understating CSER in African developing nations.

Mitigation Plan and Water Harvesting of Flashflood in Arid Rural Communities Using Modelling Approach: A Case Study in Afouna Village, Egypt

This paper aims to propose methods to mitigate the risks of flash flood events in arid rural communities with poor infrastructure. A flash flood management case study was conducted at Afouna Village in Egypt, which is characterized by an arid climate and faced a devasting flash flood in 2015. First, the flash flood was modelled and it was found that it corresponds to a 100 year return period flood that led to an almost 13 million m3 total runoff volume. A structural protection approach, using an artificial infiltration pond, was applied to mitigate the flooding risks through water harvesting and recharging the groundwater of the Moghra aquifer. In this study, a novel approach was proposed, which is substituting the low permeability silty sand (2.0 × 10−4 m/s) in the pond area with a high permeability one (9.6 × 10−3 m/s), which will enhance water harvesting and reduce direct evaporation. Modern techniques of hydrological modelling were utilized in order to achieve the optimal use, and harvesting, of flash flood water.

Incidence and Seroprevalence of Avian Influenza in a Cohort of Backyard Poultry Growers, Egypt, August 2015-March 2019.

Currently enzootic avian influenza H5N1, H9N2, and H5N8 viruses were introduced into poultry in Egypt in 2006, 2011, and 2016, respectively. Infections with H5N1 and H9N2 were reported among poultry-exposed humans. We followed 2,402 persons from households raising backyard poultry from 5 villages in Egypt during August 2015–March 2019. We collected demographic, exposure, and health condition data and annual serum samples from each participant and obtained swab samples from participants reporting influenza-like illness symptoms. We performed serologic and molecular analyses and detected 4 cases of infection with H5N1 and 3 cases with H9N2. We detected very low seroprevalence of H5N1 antibodies and no H5N8 antibodies among the cohort; up to 11% had H9 antibodies. None of the exposure, health status, or demographic variables were related to being seropositive. Our findings indicate that avian influenza remains a public health risk in Eqypt, but infections may go undetected because of their mild or asymptomatic nature.

The Problems Facing Workers in the Rural Health Units in Assiut Governorate

The health sector is receiving increased attention and care because it is one of the main areas of human development in particular and the development path of the country in general, and despite this the health situation in the Egyptian countryside is characterized by two very dangerous features; lack of ways to prevent disease and the inability to treatment. We noted the low level of central hospitals and the inefficiency of health units in the Egyptian villages. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to identify the material and human capabilities in the rural health units in the study villages, and to identify the most important difficulties and problems facing the rural health units, and to identify the most important proposals to improve health services in rural health units. To achieve these goals, the governorate was divided geographically into north, south, east, west and central, and a center was chosen from each direction in a random manner, and from those centers a random village was chosen from each center, then a health unit was chosen from each of the selected villages. The data was collected using a questionnaire form from the workers in these units (doctors- nurses- administrators- workers).

HCV and HEV: two players in an Egyptian village, a study of prevalence, incidence, and co-infection.

The highest recorded hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence worldwide is in Egypt. A high prevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in chronic liver disease has been reported. The aim of this study was to study prevalence, incidence, and outcome of HCV infection in an Egyptian Nile Delta village and the relation between HEV infection and HCV-related chronic hepatic affection. This prospective cohort study included 2085 Nagreej village residents. Mass HCV screening was conducted and testing for HEV antibodies among HCV-infected patients performed. The annual incidence of HCV was recorded. Five hundred five (24.22%) of the tested villagers were positive for HCV RNA. Prevalence escalated with age and male sex. The main recorded risk factors were a history of surgery, dental procedures, hospitalization, blood transfusion, and antischistosomal treatment. HEV IgG antibody was positive in 71.4% of individuals with chronic HCV and 96.1% with advanced liver disease (cirrhosis ± hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)). After 1 year, 29 of the 1390 HCV Ab negative villagers had a positive HCV PCR, placing an annual incidence of new HCV infections at 2.09%. The Egyptian HCV prevalence remains high with infection particularly among the elderly. The annual incidence in a small Nile Delta village is 2.086%. HCV-HEV co-infection may lead to a worse prognosis among Egyptians with chronic liver disease.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s11356-020-09591-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Tourism and its role in changing the position of women in the Egyptian village. Field study in the village of Tunis, Fayoum Governorate. Study in Rural Sociology | السیاحة ودورها فی تغییر مکانة المرأة فی القریة المصریة (دراسة میدانیة بقریة تونس محافظة الفیوم) دراسة فی علم الاجتماع الریفی

The problem of the study lies in the attempt to reveal the role of women in the development of the village on the economic, social and cultural level, while searching for the extent to which the culture of the rural community accepts the idea of women's work, and the research aims to try to identify the role of rural women in bringing about real development within their rural community, as it seeks Always in order to improve its economic, social and cultural level, in addition to trying to reveal the obstacles that hinder it in fulfilling this role, and finally trying to reach a set of proposals to revitalize this role. The study also relied on the case study method and the corresponding guide in collecting study data. لا شک أن المجتمع الطموح هو المجتمع الذي يقدم مناخا اجتماعيا ملائما، فالتفاعل الإيجابي والتأثيرات الاجتماعية التعبوية للتغير الأفضل تدفع إلى تهيئة الظروف الملائمة، وتوفر الفرص الحياتية اللازمة لإزدهار عطاءات أفراد المجتمع باتجاة الأهداف الاجتماعية المنشودة، ويفترض إن تکون هذه الأهداف واضحة ومعبرة عن التوجه العام وتتحرک کافة المؤسسات الاجتماعية لإنجازها على أرض الواقع، ولکي تکتسب ذلک ينبغي بناء رؤية اجتماعية تستند إلى فسلفة المجتمع .

Development of a Wastewater Network Model Using ArcGIS Based Automated Tool

In this study a wastewater network model is developed using ArcGIS based automated tool that integrates with AutoCAD and SewerCAD. The developed model consists of three main phases. The AutoCAD phase where input data like served area, land survey, and network planning are prepared in DWG form. Then, the ArcGIS processes the DWG input data and generates output shapefiles required to build a SewerCAD network in the third phase. The shapefiles include all defined parameters required to start network analysis like pipelines layout, manholes’ locations, elevations, assigned populations and sanitary loads. Also, The model provides an unserved area option which allows the model user to eliminate a specific unsewered zone(s) from the predefined served area. The model helps network designers saving time and minimizing efforts since building wastewater networks in SewerCAD becomes a matter of minutes not hours. The model is applied on a wastewater network of an Egyptian village.

Parenting practices and oral health status in rural areas in Egypt: a household survey

BackgroundParenting practices influence children’s health and development. The present study assessed the association between parenting practices and oral health status of children living in rural areas in Egypt.MethodsA cross-sectional household survey including 190 households and 392 children was conducted from May 2019 to January 2020 in four villages in Egypt. Data were collected through clinical examination and interview-based questionnaires of children. Clinical examination assessed caries (DMFT and dft), oral hygiene and gingival condition. Parenting practices were assessed using the short version of the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire (APQ) and oral health practices were assessed using the WHO questionnaire-child form. Four linear regression models were used to assess the relationship between four outcome variables (oral health indicators: (DMF, df, plaque and gingival indices) and parenting practices and oral health behaviors (exposure) after adjusting for potential confounders. Regression coefficients (B), 95% confidence intervals (CI) and model adjusted R2 were calculated.ResultsComplete questionnaires and clinical data were available for 392 children (response rate = 86.34%). The mean (SD) age = 9.93 (3.05) with 54.60% females. Most children (67.60%) had caries in their primary teeth, mean ± SD of df = 2.94 ± 3.10, while only 27.30% had caries in their permanent teeth, mean DMF ± SD = 0.57 ± 1.13. There was a statistically significant difference between parenting practices of both fathers and mothers (p < 0.001, < 0.001, < 0.001, 0.008 and < 0.001 for the five parenting constructs). The adjusted R2 of the models that included parenting practices (for DMF = 0.168, for df = 0.400, for plaque index = 0.061 and for gingival index = 0.090) were similar to the models that included oral health behaviors (for DMF = 0.197, for df = 0.421, for plaque index = 0.059 and for gingival index = 0.084).ConclusionThe association between oral health status and parenting practices which- although not statistically significant- was similar in impact to that between oral health behaviors and oral health status, highlighting the importance of parenting practices to oral health.

Integration between Torrent Protection Gray Infrastructures with Constructed Wetland to Achieve Resilience in Ras Gharib

Flooding and torrents are a seasonal phenomenon that hit a lot of cities every year around the world. As climate changes affect the world, cities are increasingly exposed to such threats especially those located on flood streams are most exposed to damages in the winter and the flooding season. In the past ten years, Egypt has been facing severe climate change effects like the increasing frequency of flooding in Egyptian cities. According to the Egyptian government, there are more than 1200 Egyptian cities and villages on flood streams and torrent tracks. These cities are distributed between the Mediterranean coast, Cairo region, Red Sea coast, Sinai and Upper Egypt, these and increasingly vulnerable towards the floods and their urban life is severely affected weather in old cities or in new planned cities. It is mostly located in the Eastern Desert at the east of the Nile. According to geologists and Meteorologists, these cities and their inhabitants are facing future hazards if they were not well prepared to handle floods. The international experience in constructed wetland projects proved to be a successful technique maintaining floods and turning it into sources of development and increasing biodiversity. Several countries led by China have developed national strategies to use wetland parks as a defense tool against flood risks, at the same time these parks have become a source of income for their cities. This paper is a part of series of papers and researches for constructed wetland technology and opportunities to use it in Egypt. In this paper, the torrents and flood risks facing Ras Gharib city will be highlighted. Explaining the abilities of constructed wetland parks to minimize the damage and transform it into a source of strength, which will be a part of resilience city new policies. The research method is a comparative analysis between international project strategies and the Egyptian current strategies and actions to face flood and torrent risk. It will be the fundamentals of an Egyptian model that is compatible with the city's risks and challenges.

Marketing Egyptian Crafts Villages for Preserving the Cultural Heritage "Applied on the Nubian Village of Gharb Soheil"

Marketing Egyptian Crafts Villages for Preserving the Cultural Heritage "Applied on the Nubian Village of Gharb Soheil"

Hypertension and Health-Related Quality of Life: A Community Based Epidemiological Study in an Egyptian Village

Background: High blood pressure is the most important modifiable risk factor for stroke, associated with 54% episodes of stroke worldwide and 45% of Ischemic Heart Disease deaths are attributable to high systolic blood pressure. Aim of the work: To identify the prevalence rate of hypertension among adult inhabitants of Badaway village, Al-Mansoura District, Al-Dakahlia Governorate, to identify the epidemiological characteristics and risk factors of hypertension compared to non-hypertension individuals, to assess the (HRQOL) among hypertensive patients compared to non- hypertension individuals, and to evaluate the effect of an educational health program on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among hypertensive patients. Subjects and methods: A study was conducted on 1100 of adult populations aged 30 years and older living at the studied village, A cross sectional study using questionnaire to assess the participant's HRQOL by SF-36 questionnaire, and interventional study included application of intervention program on hypertension group. Results: The total prevalence of hypertension was 28.2% of the total studied sample. The important predictor's factors were overweight, obese, older age, unmarried status, employment, and high socioeconomic level. The mean of Physical Component Summary and Mental Component Summary and their items of HRQOL were statistically higher among the normal group compared with hypertension group. The intervention program has a significant effect on improving means of PCS and MCS of HRQOL. Conclusion: Application of simple health education intervention program can lead to significant positive impact on knowledge, behaviors and HRQOL of hypertension patients.

Risk assessment of human exposure to lead and cadmium in maize grains cultivated in soils irrigated either with low-quality water or freshwater

Maize is the third important cereal crop after wheat and rice, especially in Egyptian villages. It is used in baking as a substitution component in wheat products and a main component in snacks for children. The target of this study was to estimate the risk assessment of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in maize grains cultivated in the agricultural soil irrigated by the contaminated water in comparison with that irrigated by freshwater. Lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) levels in irrigation water, soils and maize grains collected from different sites in Egypt were determined using ICP-OES. The studied samples were collected from 5 agricultural sites irrigated with freshwater (Nile River water and groundwater) as well as 4 agricultural sites irrigated with low-quality water (contaminated by sewage and industrial wastewater). Results exhibited that the levels of Pb and Cd in soil and maize grains were significantly affected by their levels in irrigation water; where, the levels of Pb and Cd in soil and maize grains irrigated by low-quality water possessed the multiple concentrations in comparison with those irrigated by freshwater. Specific water sources such as Kafr-Dokhmais and Al-Nasiria sites, Kafr El-Sheikh governorate had the highest levels of metals in the samples of irrigation water, soil and maize grains (p < 0.05). Metals levels in water and soil samples were within the permissible limits except Cd in low-quality water samples. Levels of Pb in maize grains irrigated by low-quality water were above the permissible limits (0.20 mg kg−1), while Cd levels were within the permissible limits (0.1 mg kg−1) except Al-Nasiria samples. Levels of Pb and Cd in maize grains irrigated by low-quality water were 19–30 folds those of maize grains irrigated by freshwater. The risk assessment of Pb and Cd levels in maize grains was estimated by daily intake of metals (DIM) and health risk index (HRI). All determined HRI was <1 indicating a non potential health risk for both adults and children.

An educate, test and treat model towards elimination of hepatitis C infection in Egypt: Feasibility and effectiveness in 73 villages

Egypt has one of the highest burdens of HCV infection worldwide. It has a large treatment programme, but reaching rural communities represents a major challenge. We report on the feasibility and effectiveness of a comprehensive community-based HCV prevention, testing and treatment model whose goal was to eliminate infection from all adult villagers. An HCV "educate, test and treat" programme was implemented in 73 villages across 7 governorates in Egypt between 06/2015 and 06/2018. The programme model comprised community mobilisation facilitated by a network of village promoters to support the education, testing and treatment of patients, as well as fundraising in the local community. Comprehensive testing, linkage to care and treatment were provided for all eligible villagers aged 12 to 80 years. Of 221,855 eligible villagers, 204,749 (92.3%, 95% CI 91.6-93.5) were screened for HCV antibody and HBsAg, of whom 33,839 (16.5%, 95% CI 12.2-16.1) and 763 (0.4%, 95% CI 0.3-0.5) were positive, respectively. Nearly all 33,839 HCV antibody positive individuals had a sample immediately collected for HCV RNA testing, and 15,892 were HCV RNA positive. The overall prevalence of HCV viraemia was 7.8%. A total of 14,495 (91.2%, 95% CI89.9-96.4) patients received treatment within a median of 2.1weeks from serological diagnosis (IQR 0.6-3.3 weeks) and a sustained virological response was achieved among 14,238 of the treated cases (98.3%, 95% CI 96.7-98.6). Cirrhosis was present in 3,192 patients (20.1%), of whom 166 (5.2%) were diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma. There was treatment coverage and cure of 84.6% of the estimated 17,137 infected persons aged 12-80 years across the 73 villages. In this study of more than 200,000 villagers, we demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of a community-based "educate, test and treat" programme as a model for the elimination of HCV infection in rural communities. A large community-based educate, test and treat hepatitis C programme was conducted in more than 200,000 villagers across 73 villages in Egypt. This study demonstrates that a simplified care model can achieve high uptake of testing, linkage to care and treatment, with high cure rates. We consider this a model for the elimination of hepatitis C virus infection in rural communities, which can be applied to other countries highly affected by hepatitis C.

Modification on Design Equation of Facultative Stabilization Ponds Due to Egyptian Circumstances

Stabilization ponds are established in various cities and villages in Egypt there are about 38 ponds covering almost all the regions of the country some of these ponds are working with low efficiency some of them are over designed and some are under designed One of the main problems is the plants are not fenced properly which maximize the wind effect and cause disturbance in the pond performance, some ponds are designed to receive a certain flow but actually it receives much less flow which increases the retention time . In this study, Eight working WSPs in different locations all over Egypt were monitored and their performances were evaluated with respect to ponds retention time and prevailing climate temperature, wind and humidity conditions. These locations had covered regions presented in (Al Beheira, Fayoum, New Valley, Luxor, Hurghada, Sharm El Sheikh, Areesh &amp; Abu Rudies) Each location had been visited during season's winter, spring, summer &amp; autumn to obtain the different weather conditions and several samples were collected during the day over three days in each season. It was found that reduced pond retention time could work perfectly with climate conditions in Egypt. Conclusions were drawn to suggest a modification on the design equation of the facultative stabilization ponds to meet Egyptian circumstances that minimize the required area for such technology in Egypt application.

The social life of wheat and grapes: domestic land-grabbing as accumulation by dispossession in rural Egypt

ABSTRACT In the last three decades, Egypt’s rural population has experienced different types of struggle over land as a result of neoliberal land reforms, which have favoured landowners and marginalised tenants’ interests. While the literature highlighted the negative effects on the tenants, little attention was given to what landlords did with the land after the reforms. Drawing on fieldwork conducted between 2011 and 2013 in five Egyptian villages, the article addresses this lacuna by investigating tenants’ understanding of land-use change. Using a revised conceptualisation of Marx’s metabolic rift, the article shows that evicted tenants understand this shift as part of a domestic land grab that disrupted the ecological system. The article therefore conceptualises land dispossession and domestic land grabs as mutually reinforcing processes and draws particular attention to the sensorial dimensions associated with domestic land grab, in addition to the political and economic dimensions.