Egyptian Orange Research Articles

The Competitiveness of Egyptian oranges in the Saudi market

The Competitiveness of Egyptian oranges in the Saudi market

IMPACT OF THE EGYPTIAN PARTNERSHIP IN ECONOMIC BLOCS AND BILATERAL AGREEMENTS ON Egypt's AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS

The study aimed to answer three questions, the first of which looks at the difference in the volume of Egyptian agricultural exports between countries that enter into economic or bilateral blocs with Egypt from their counterparts that do not share with Egypt.The results were as follows: The average volume of Egypt's exports of oranges, grapes, potatoes, and onions to the countries with which Egypt has agreements reached about 26, 2, 22, 13 thousand tons as an average for the period 1986-2017, respectively. While the average volume of exports of the same crops to countries with which Egypt is not bound by any form of agreements was about 27, 2.5, 62, 27 thousand tons during the same period. The significant differences between the quantities exported of the four crops to different countries were also proven. Moving to the second question, which reflects the effect of activating trade agreements or blocs on the change in the volume of exports of the study crops, the results were as follows:The results of the t-test for the differences between the two averages before and after the agreement showed that all the differences between the average exports of Egyptian oranges after and before activating the agreements between the countries referred to in the research were significant, except for Jordan and Kuwait. In the case of the grape crop, the results showed that all the differences between the average exports of Egyptian grapes were insignificant after and before activating the agreements.All the differences between average exports of potatoes after and before activating the agreements between the aforementioned countries, with the exception of Greece and Germany, were also found to be significant. Finally, regarding the onion crop, the results indicated that all the differences between the average exports of Egyptian onions after and before activating the agreements from the countries referred to in the study were significant, except for the countries of Kuwait and Greece.Finally, regarding the third question, which examines the effect of activating the agreements on the behavior of agricultural exports to the countries participating with Egypt in trade agreements only, it shows that the regression function model is significant in general for the four crops, regardless that this significance was in the function segment only or the slope only or both together.

Economic study for Egyptian exports from orange crop to BRIX conglomerate

This research is aimed at studying the importance Export quantity and value confiscated Egyptian oranges To the Brix conglomerate Compared to the amount and value of exports of that Egyptian crop for different countries of the world And study the geographical distribution of the amount of exports of that commodity to the countries of the Brix conglomerate And study the development and trends of the quantity of orange exports and the export price of a ton at the level of the BRIX bloc and the Russian market, To see how important the BRIX market is to Egyptian orange exports. The research came up with a set of results, the most important of which: Egyptian orange exports to the BRIX conglomerate accounted for about 25.5% of Egypt’s average orange exports to the world, which amounted to about 1,334,000 tons in the average period (2014-2018), Exports of Egyptian oranges were concentrated in the Russian market, which accounts for 70.49% of the average amount of exports of Egyptian oranges from the Prix conglomerate, which stood at 353,000 tons in the same period ,The amount of export of Egyptian oranges to the Prex conglomerate and conglomerate markets together has taken a statistically confirmed and increasing general trend ,Egypt enjoyed a visible comparative advantage in its orange exports in conglomerate markets during the aforementioned period, Egypt has a competitive price comparative advantage for its exports of oranges in the Bricks conglomerate market as compared to the countries competing in this market represented in Turkey, Morocco, China, Spain, the United States of America and Israel, Bricks conglomerate markets are ready to receive about 773 thousand tons of Egyptian orange, representing about 99.5% of the conglomerate's orange imports from the world.

دراسة تحليلية لصادرات البرتقال المصري وتنافسيته في الأسواق الخارجية

The importance of competitiveness in maximizing the benefit of the features offered by the global economy and the reduction of its negatives, and the global competitive report indicates that small States are more able to take advantage of the concept of competitiveness from large countries. The problem of study was in the small production of junior traveler despite the far flexible areas of the Republic and although the climate in the Arab Republic of Egypt is characterized by many other countries competing for us. The strategic location of the Republic is qualified for export to all countries of the world easily and without imposing extra charges for the shipping or transport process. The aim of studying me to know some of the competitiveness of the export of Egyptian citizens and study the centimeter of the overall industrial competition for the oral Egyptian orange. The study was adopted on published and unpublished secondary data, published data from the Internet and the International Trade Organization. The study was adopted in the analysis and viewing of the results on the desired and quantum of al-Asi and al Qa'i al-Asi, as well as to use some statistical and statistical indicators such as the contrast analysis, relative importance estimates, the time period of time, the factual differences and growth rate, as well as some competitiveness indicators. The results of the study indicate 1. The General Index to the Stability In the amount of Egyptian export of orange exports is about 4.252%. Which indicates the extension of the amount of Egyptian orange exports. 2. Calculate the export efficiency of the Orange Transport in 2018 showed that about 189.05%. 3. The high-ratio of the assessment of the Egyptian orange competition is exposed to the OSA, which is about 20.445

AN ECONOMIC STUDY ON EGYPTIAN ORANGE EXPORTS AND ITS COMPETITIVENESS IN THE INTERNATIONAL MARKETS

Foreign trade plays a major role in the implementation of the economic development programs, especially in developing countries. The goals and national orientation represented by export development which ensures the continuation of development efforts consequently are increasing employment opportunities, improving living standards of citizens and decrease the deficit in the trade balance, especially in light of rapid global changes. This changes requires the necessity of providing a competitive advantage for export commodities. That competitive advantage result from the interaction between economic growth stability. Moreover, the development of the private sector, education, productivity and efficiency, which affects the degree of integration in the global economy. From this standpoint, the agricultural sector plays an important role in developing the economy by its contribute in developing the exports. According to CAPMAS data the Egyptian orange is considered one of the most important exported fruits in Egypt trade, as its export value about 493.28 million dollars, which represents 11.3% of the value of Egyptian agricultural exports, which equal 4391.915 million dollars, during the average period (2014-2017). Moreover, Egyptian orange prices in the international markets are more competitive than prices offered by other international suppliers, therefore studying the most important foreign markets for Egyptian orange exports to know prevailing conditions in these markets, and determine the competitors and their price levels, which helps Egypt to push and increase oranges exports within these markets and then identifies the most important factors that can be focused on keeping the competitiveness of the Egyptian orange in the international markets.

INDICATORS OF COMPETITIVENESS AND DETERMINANTS OF EXTERNAL DEMAND FOR THE EGYPTIAN ORANGE

The research problem was the decrease and fluctuation of the quantity exported of oranges to the most important import markets for Egyptian oranges in recent years. The research aimed to identify the reasons leading to the occurrence of this problem by studying the most important indicators of competitiveness and factors affecting the external demand of Egyptian oranges in the most important external markets. That the causes of this problem can be identified and appropriate solutions resolved. As for the prices of exporting Egyptian oranges, it has taken a growing general trend during the period (2001-2017), and its growth rate hasreached25.98 dollars per year.The farm price and the costs of producing tons of oranges, increased general trend during the period (2001-2017), and the rate of its increase reached about 43.11 pounds per ton, 1202 pounds per acre. As for the market share of the most important import market for oranges, some indicators were extracted during the period (2013 – 2017), which is the takeover of the Egyptian orange ranked first in the market of Russia, Britain, Saudi Arabia in relation to competitors. The share was really fluctuated during the period of the study. The market sharein the most importantmarkets has declined in the recent period, due to the decrease in the amount of Egyptian exports of oranges in these markets, due to the high export prices of oranges respect to the competitors, the increase in export prices due to the increase in both production and marketing costs of Egyptian orange and the increase in farm prices significantly. The share has decreasedsignificantly during 2017. It is noticed that there is a competitive price advantage for Egypt in the Saudi and UAE markets during most of the study years, and in the general average, due to the proximity of Arab markets to Egypt, which leads to reduced transportation costs, and also the presence of agreements and treaties between Egypt and the Gulf Cooperation Council countries, which works to remove obstacles to Egyptian exports Whether customs barriers or taxes and fees, it must be pointed out that Egypt lost its competitive price advantage during 2017 for most competitors in these markets due to the high prices of Egyptian orange exports. It is noted for the Russian market that Egyptian oranges face fierce competition in relation to export prices of competing countries to Egypt, given the high costs of transportation for Egyptian oranges relative to competitors. In light of the high production and marketing costs of the Egyptian orange, this leads to raising its export prices against competitors. The logistical statistical estimate of the logarithmic model of determinants of external demand for Egyptian oranges in the Russian market during the period (2006-2017) showed that the biggest factors influencing external demand are world export prices, then domestic production of oranges with a positive signal, and flexibility reached 3.67 and 1.85, respectively. As the increase of about 10% of these factors leads to an increase in the amount of exports by about 36.7% and 18.5%, respectively.In the Saudi market, the biggest factor affecting external demand is the Saudi population,with a positive signal, and elasticity of 3. 72. As the increase of about 10% of this factor leads to an increase in the amount of exports by about 37. 2%. In the UAE market, the most influencing factors on external demand are the population, then the country’s total imports of oranges with a positive signal, and flexibility reached about 3. 98, 0. 5, respectively. As an increase of about 10% of these factors leads to an increase in the amount of exports by about 39. 8% ,0. 5%, respectively. Conclusively, it could be concluded as follows: 1- The necessity of the state adopting a price and export policy that helps to achieve a high competitive advantage in foreign markets, in light of the increase in the prices of Egyptian oranges in the recent period for competitors. 2- Providing agricultural production requirements at reasonable prices to help producers produce and reduce farm prices. 3- Increasing support for Egyptian orange exports to help exporters reduce their prices to increase their ability to compete abroad. 4- Encouraging the production policy for export, in order to take into account the availability of international standards and specifications in the exported commodity. 5- Providing market information about foreign markets.

ESTIMATE THE EXTERNAL DEMAND ON EGYPTIAN ORANGE FOR MAJOR IMPORT MARKETS

Egyptian orange is one of the most important agricultural crops export, which can contribute to the increase of foreign exchange of agricultural exports, where the Egyptian orange is in the first place for fruit export Egyptian exports, Accordingly, the aim of the research was to identify the main import markets of the Egyptian orange crop to study the external demand of Egyptian oranges for these markets and to determine the factors affecting the Egyptian oranges in the most important import markets and to identify the most important countries competing for Egypt in the most important importing markets. A study of the geographical distribution of Egyptian orange exports revealed that the Russian Federation, the Netherlands, Saudi Arabia and the UAE are the main importing markets for Egyptian orange. Egypt's exports of orange to these markets reached 461.7 thousand tons, representing about 53.5% of the average quantity of Egyptian orange exports during the period (2013-2017), Egypt's exports of orange to these markets amounted to about 254.4 million dollars, representing about 51.6% of the average value of Egyptian orange exports during the period studied. A study of the demand for Egyptian oranges for the most important import markets showed that the price elasticity of the Dutch market was high Which means that demand for oranges in the Netherlands market is elastic Compared to the Russian market, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, where demand for Egyptian oranges Inelastic request, Therefore, the price of export of Egyptian oranges to the Netherlands should not be maintained To maintain Egypt's market share in this market.

ANALYSIS OF THE EXTERNAL DEMAND FOR EGYPTIAN ORANGE EXPORTS USING ALMOST IDEAL DEMAND SYSTEM

he agricultural foreign trade sector is one of the most important sectors that have a direct impact on the economic development programs. Oranges occupy the first place among Egyptian citrus varieties, with Egyptian production of about 3.014 million tons representing about 70.4% of the total citrus production of 4.3 million tons (2012-2016). Its productive area reached 294.5 thousand feddans representing about 68% of the total area of citrus fruits, which amounted to about 433 thousand feddans during the same period. The problem of the study is the volatility of the quantity of Egyptian exports of oranges during the period of study (2000-2017), which made the Egyptian exports of oranges face great competition from many countries in foreign markets, which may lose them in their foreign markets and allow the competition to win these markets, The available statistics indicate that the average production of Egyptian oranges was about 2.6 million tons as an average for the period 2005-2017. However, the quantity of exports is only 23.5% of this production. The objective of the research is to analyze the structure of the demand for Egyptian exports of oranges by achieving two main objectives: The first aims to study the development of Egyptian exports of oranges and the main importing countries. The second deals with estimating the price and cross price elasticities through the almost ideal demand system for Egyptian orange. The research was based on the use of descriptive statistical analysis in the presentation and characterization of export prices of Egyptian orange, and the variables of quantities and prices of the most competitive countries in each of the studied markets, The econometric analysis was used to estimate the market model of the demand for Egyptian oranges in each of the markets studied using the Linear Almost Ideal Demand System (LAIDS) model. The research was based on UN.org data. Comtrade http: //, Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (2005-2017), as well as some scientific references related to the subject.

A Simultaneous Equations Model for the Egyptian Orange Market نموذج قیاسى آنى لسوق البرتقال المصرى

يعتبرتنمية الانتاج و الصادرات الزراعية من أهم المحاور الرئيسية في التنمية الزراعية خاصة في إطار مايجري على الساحة الإقليمية والدولية من تغيرات ومستجدات فنية واقتصادية وتجارية ، وانه بالرغم من أهمية محصول البرتقال المصرى بالاسواق الخارجية والمحلية ، الا ان معظم الدراسات التى تناولت دراسة البرتقال ، قد رکزت على أحد جوانبة دون الاخر سواءا انتاجيا أو تصديريا أو استهلاکيا أو غيره . الأمر الذى يتطلب دراسة کافة جوانب العرض والطلب ،وذلک للتعرف على سوق البرتقال فى السوق المحلى المصرى، واهم العوامل المحددة للطلب وعرض محصول البرتقال والتنبؤ به فى المستقبل القريب . وکانت أهم نتائج البحث : باستخراج تقديرات التنبؤ من النموذج الانى حتى عام 2025 تبين أنه من المتوقع أن يتزايد حجم الإنتاج الکلي من البرتقال من حوالي 3949 الف طن عام 2020 الى نحو 4664.2 الف طن عام 2025 بمعدل نمو بلغ نحو 18,1% ، اما متوسط نصيب الفرد من الکمية المستهلکة من البرتقال فمن المتوقع تزايده من حوالى 34 کيلوجرام عام 2020 إلى نحو 40.1 کيلوجرام عام 2025 بمعدل زيادة 18% ,فى حين يتزايد الاستهلاک القومى من3466 مليون طن عام 2020 الى نحو 4434,9 مليون طن عام2025 بمعدل زيادة بلغ نحو 28% ،أما حجم الصادرات من البرتقال فمن المتوقع زيادته من حوالى 1345,8 الف طن عام 2020 إلى نحو 1687 الف طن عام 2025 بزيادة تقدر بحوالي 25,3%،أما عن حجم الفجوة من البرتقال بالسوق المحلى تبين انه من المتوقع تزايدها بنحو 3462,1 مليون طن عجز عام2020 ثم تأخذ فى الزيادة لتصل نحو 4430,3 مليون طن عجز عام 2025 ، کما توضح النتائج انه من المتوقع أن تتناقص نسبة الاکتفاء الذاتى من حوالى 0,11 % عام 2020 إلى نحو 0,10% عام 2025 بمعدل تناقص بلغ نحو 9,1%. التوصيات من نتاشج تقديرات التنبؤ بالنموذج يوصى البحث بالتالى : 1- لابد من وضع سياسات تسعيرية مناسبة من شانها المساهمة فى زيادات معدلات إنتاج البرتقال .2- وضع سياسات تجارية مناسبة من شأنها رفع معدلات تصدير البرتقال للاسواق الخارجية حيث انه من المحاصيل الواعدة جدا .3- تشجيع منتجى ومصدرى البرتقال وإعطاء تحفيز لهم حتى نغزو الاسواق الخارجية .4- دراسة متطلبات الاسواق الخارجية حتى يتسنى لنا الانتاج عند مواصفات ومعايير الجودة المطلوبة.

دراسة تحلیلیة للقدرة التنافسیة السعریة لصادرات البرتقال المصری فی أهم الأسواق

A Linear Approximation Almost Ideal Demand System was used to provide more reliable and detailed information about competitive ability of the Egyptian oranges export in major markets: Russia, Saudi Arabia, Netherlands and United Kingdom. The model is estimated by iterated seemingly unrelated regression (ItSUR) estimators with adding up, homogeneity, and Slutsky symmetry conditions imposed. Significance level of estimated marginal shares, expenditure elasticities, signs of own price Slutsky parameters, and Cournot own price elasticities indicated that the model fit the data reasonably well. At the level of the average annual increase rate of the Egyptian orange exports to the studied four markets, the Egyptian orange exports have a distinguish place in all these markets, especially in the Russian and Saudi markets. Between 200-2016, this rate increased by 15.7, 8.4, 3.8 and 3.9 thousand tons in the Russian, Saudi, Netherlands and UK markets, respectively. The results of the research indicate that in case of increasing the total expenditure of oranges in the mentioned markets, the development of the marginal shares of the major four exporting sources is clearly in favor of the Egyptian exports in the Russian and Saudi markets. The high estimated expenditure elasticities of the imported oranges, 1.67 in Russia, 1.13 in Saudi Arabia, 1.08 in Netherlands and 0.71 in the UK, show that the Egyptian oranges are preferred by the customers of these four markets. The results indicate that increasing Orange expenditure by 10% will increase the demand for imports of Egyptian oranges by 10.7%, 11.3%, 11.8% and 7.1% in the studied markets, respectively. The results illustrate that the cournot own price elasticity of the imported Egyptian oranges in the Russian market is relatively high (-1.14), which means that the orange export to the Russian market is very sensitive to the price changes of its own. Other own price elasticities -0.69, -0.37 and -0.39 in the Saudi, Netherlands and UK markets, respectively, are moderate, indicating that there are other factors beside price influencing the preference of the customers of these three markets. The cross price elasticities in all four markets show that the Egyptian orange export are affected by price changes of other sources, however the major impact is due to the price changes of the South African Exports, the main competitor of the Egyptian orange export, especially in the Netherland market.

Preparation, characterization and application of polymethacrylate-based monolithic columns for fast and efficient separation of alkanes, alcohols, alkylbenzenes and isomeric mixtures by gas chromatography

Application of monolithic columns in gas chromatography is still considered very limited. In this work, several polymethacrylate-based monolithic capillary columns were fabricated, characterized and used in gas chromatography. The five monomers used were: methyl methacrylate, (MMA), hexyl methacrylate (HMA), glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), 2-butoxyethyl methacrylate (BEMA) and isobornyl methacrylate (IBMA), while ethylene dimethacrylate was the crosslinker. The monoliths were synthesized in 30 cm length capillaries possessing inner diameters (i.d.) of 0.25 mm. The prepared monolithic columns were applied for separation of 3 series of homologous alkanes, alcohols and alkylbenzenes, as well as some isomeric mixtures. Van Deemter plots were used to optimize and compare the columns performance. The smaller methacrylates (MMA and GMA) exhibited higher porosity and permeability with low column backpressure values and poorer efficiency than the larger methacrylate monomers (HMA and BEMA). The columns prepared from IBMA monomer showed the highest pressure and the least separation efficiency. The fastest full separation of alkanes was achieved on HMA-co-EDMA column in about 3.0 min with resolution better than 2.73, while the fastest full separation of alcohols and alkylbenzenes was carried out using BEMA-co-EDMA column in less than 0.8 and 1.75 min with chromatographic resolution better than 1.27 and 1.85, respectively. Again, BEMA-co-EDMA column gave the best performance with the fastest and complete separation of all studied isomeric mixtures. For all tested series of solutes, the better separation efficiency was reached with tridecane, which gave 25,200 plates/m on the HMA-co-EDMA column. Another application was carried out using HMA-co-EDMA column for determination of myrcene and limonene, two monoterpenic isomers, in some fruit peels. Under the optimum GC conditions, a rapid separation of myrcene and limonene was achieved in less than 1.0 min with chromatographic resolution of 2.56. The highest contents of myrcene (0.131 mg/g) and limonene (1.225 mg/g) were measured in the hexane extracts of grapefruit and Egyptian orange, respectively. Finally, a comparison between the prepared columns and a commercial capillary column was performed. Based on the measured run time and HETP values, HMA-co-EDMA and BEMA-co-EDMA monolithic columns exhibited faster separation and higher efficiency for n-alkanes and alkylbenzenes than the TR-5 open tubular column, although they are 100 times shorter.

Market Share Analysis of the Egyptian Orange Exports to Nile Basin Countries

Market Share Analysis of the Egyptian Orange Exports to Nile Basin Countries

AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF EGYPTIAN ORANGE EXPORTS MARKETS FROM THE GROUP OF BRICS COUNTRIES

the problem of the research is that, while the Egyptian orange exports occupy a special position in some countries in the group BRICS countries markets, but to maintain these markets or try to increase orange exports to them may face numerous obstacles or difficulties, especially in light of the signing and activating the setting up of the agreement BRICS, especially since some of the COMESA countries are producing countries and a major exporter of oranges, and then this paper aims to examine the competitive conditions for exports of Egyptian oranges markets group BRICS countries so that some of the proposals that help to maintain the presence of Egyptian oranges develop and raise the competitiveness of the stability and increase Egyptian exports of oranges to those markets. In light of the findings of the research, it can be recommended as follows: Work on maintaining the current markets and the study of the causes of the nonexistence of Egyptian oranges in the rest of the assembly markets and how to overcome obstacles to the entry and the presence of Egyptian oranges in light of the increasing growth in demand for oranges in these markets and, through: -  the ability to raise Alantajph Exporters orange and the preservation of the status and the presence of Egyptian oranges in the Russian market and applying appropriate marketing strategy in light of the significant decline in the imports of the market during the last period.  concern for the signing of a joint agreement between the Development Association and the development of horticultural crops and Export Council for Agricultural Crops with CAWA Chinese Foundation exports, which includes more than 300 importers and trader specialized Chinese sentence in agricultural crops and account for 80% of the agricultural products market in China, which promotes the export volumes large orange in all its forms to the Chinese market.  To work on activating agreement Mercosur signed between Egypt and Brazil as an important tool to activate bilateral trade movement and increase the force of Egyptian goods and products to the markets of the Latin American continent rate instruments, with the need to improve the transportation system logistics between the two countries would contribute to strengthening trade relations between the two countries, and through the launch of regular lines for maritime transport between the two sides, with due attention to studying the possibilities of Egyptian oranges registered with the Ministry of Agriculture, Brazil Ki Egypt can export markets for the Brazilian.

Evaluation of Some Pesticide Residues in Fruits import by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Pesticide residues have been found in various fruits and vegetables. This study collected 24 samples and reported a method based on High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). For determination of pesticide residues used in Some fruits which were collected from different markets of Baghdad city to make) 24) samples from (peel , core, mixture) for each type of fruits markets as: Oranges( Egypt , Africa), Pomegranate ( Egypt), Mango ( Kenya ), Pears (China), Plum fruits ( Africa ) , Kiwi (Turkey ) .That detective of ( 5 ) different pesticides (diazinon, malathion, chlorpyrifos ,parathion and cypermethrin). The results were detected of multi-residues of pesticides on the fruit in ( peel , core , mixture ) may be in the limit of Maximum residue limits(MRL) or higher of it . The pesticides detected that exceeding the limits are: cypermethrin in Kiwi (peel, core and mixture)at(0.204,0.038, 0.537), in pomegranate detected in (peel and mixture) at (0.509,0.189) mg/kg , Diazinon detccted in Egyptian orange in (peel ,core and mixture) at (0.031,0.207, 0.099) mg/kg . Malathion and Parathion was not detected at any type of fruits and that results was compared with codex of FAO/WHO(2013). That data is important to monitor residues in food and to fill gaps in current knowledge would be helpful in assessing human exposure risks from ingestion of contaminated Fruits Imported to our country.

Evaluation of Some Pesticide Residues in Fruits import by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Pesticide residues have been found in various fruits and vegetables. This studycollected 24 samples and reported a method based on High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). For determination of pesticide residues used in Some fruits which were collected from different markets of Baghdad city to make) 24) samples from (peel , core, mixture) for each type of fruits markets as: Oranges( Egypt , Africa), Pomegranate ( Egypt), Mango ( Kenya ), Pears (China), Plum fruits ( Africa ) , Kiwi (Turkey ) .That detective of ( 5 ) different pesticides (diazinon, malathion, chlorpyrifos ,parathion and cypermethrin). The results were detected of multi-residues of pesticides on the fruit in ( peel , core , mixture ) may be in the limit of Maximum residue limits(MRL) or higher of it . The pesticides detected that exceeding the limits are: cypermethrin in Kiwi (peel, core and mixture)at(0.204,0.038, 0.537), in pomegranate detected in (peel and mixture) at (0.509,0.189) mg/kg , Diazinondetccted in Egyptian orange in (peel ,core and mixture) at (0.031,0.207, 0.099) mg/kg . Malathion and Parathion was not detected at any type of fruits and that results was compared with codex of FAO/WHO(2013). That data is important to monitor residues in food and to fill gaps in current knowledge would be helpful in assessing human exposure risks from ingestion of contaminated Fruits Imported to our country.

Demand relationships in orange exports to Russia: a differential demand system approach focusing on Egypt

Recent years have witnessed closer diplomatic relations between Egypt and Russia, which have led to significant growth in the countries’ bilateral agricultural trade. As a world-leading producer and exporter of oranges, these developments represent an opportunity for Egypt to promote its orange exports to Russia. Another emerging opportunity for Egypt to increase its share in the Russian market for imported oranges has been provided by import embargos imposed by Russia in recent years on agricultural and food commodities from several countries, creating a supply gap of around 25 % in the Russian orange market. To assess the competitiveness of Egyptian oranges and explore the potential export opportunities presented by the Russian market, this paper uses a Rotterdam import allocation model to analyse demand relationships among major orange suppliers to Russia during the period 1996–2014. The results show that in comparison with other orange suppliers, Egypt enjoys a strong comparative advantage in the export of oranges to Russia. The econometric results suggest that both Morocco and Egypt would benefit the most if Russia were to allocate a larger budget to the import of oranges. The expenditure elasticity estimates indicate that an increase in Russia’s demand for imported oranges would lead to increases in the quantity of Egypt’s orange exports, as well as in its share of the Russian orange market. Furthermore, cross-price elasticity estimates reveal that Egyptian oranges are substitutes for Turkish and South African oranges, implying that Russia has a tendency to switch to these two suppliers when Egyptian oranges become relatively expensive. In light of these results, the adoption of strategies to produce oranges sustainably and cost-effectively, upgrade the orange value chain, acquire processing technologies and enhance the technical and organisational capacity of farmers and exporters could be useful means for promoting exports and boosting the competitiveness of Egyptian oranges on the Russian market.

Heavy metal, nutrient and antioxidant status of selected fruit samples sold in Enugu, Nigeria

Heavy metals, which constitute a major public health concern, are known to accumulate in food and fruits during plants growth. Fruits which are readily consumed because of their characteristic sweet taste and potential health benefits stand a major risk of heavy metal intoxication. Hence, this study assessed some fruits commonly sold in Enugu, Nigeria for their nutrients, antioxidant potential and possible contamination with lead, cadmium and Nickel. All the ten fruits of five species (apple, pineapple, orange, watermelon and banana) analysed contained glucose, sucrose and phosphates. The fruits were generally acidic with pH ranging from 3.34 to 5.07. South African water melon had the highest pH of 5.07 while the lowest was Nigerian pineapple (3.34). The acidity was generally low, with the highest acid concentration recorded in Nigerian pineapple (0.54 %) while American apple had the lowest acid concentration of 0.07 %. Ascorbic acid was present in all the fruit samples and was highest in oranges and pineapples. All the fruit samples possessed antioxidant activity to scavenge H2O2 but did not correlated (p = 0.973) with the ascorbic acid level. Cadmium and lead were non detectable in all the fruit samples but nickel was detectable in seven samples between 0.03 and 0.09 mg/L. The Nickel level of Egyptian orange, Nigerian orange, Nigerian banana and South African water melon were slightly above the 0.07 mg/L maximum contaminant level of United State Environmental Protection Agency and World Health Organisation. The fruits are safe for consumption and do not constitute a risk of heavy metal intoxication to warrant public health concern.

Economic Analysis for Marketing Efficiency and Competitive Advantage for Egyptian Orange Exports

Economic Analysis for Marketing Efficiency and Competitive Advantage for Egyptian Orange Exports

THE REGIONAL THE IMPACT OF CHANGES ON THE COMPETITIVENESS OF THE EGYPTIAN ORANGE IN THE MOST IMPORTANT FOREIGN MARKETS

Egyptian Orange is considered one of the most important Agricultural crop either for local consumption or Exporting, The Exports value of orange represent 45.6% from the total fruit exports during the period (2012-2014). The Egyptian Orange Exports in the main foreign markets Saudia Arabia, Russia and Ukraine reached about 21%,19.2%,10.3% and 8.3% respectively during the same period. The object of the study is to recognize the competitiveness of Egyptian Orange in some foreign markets. It was obvious that Egypt has relative price (RP) advantage in Saudia market which it reached about 1, 0.78, 0.91, 0.66 for Egypt, Spain, United states and Chili respectively during the period (2005-2009), Market penetration ratio (MPR) reached about 0.60,0.28, 0.10 for Egypt, South Africa and Lebanon during the period (2005-2009). In Russian market the relative production for China, Spain and Egypt reached about 0.90, 0.43, 0.38 respectively, Further, Egypt has an advantage in Ukrainian market which reached about 16.84, 2.96 and 2.09 for Egypt, Greece and Argentina during the same period Seasonal window has been studied, the seasonal index for Saudi Arabian and Russian markets reached about 155,154 in February during (2012-2014). The research ended to some recommendations such as: It is necessary to study the markets of importing Countries and must make Agricultural contracts with Orange producers.

Extraction of Pectin from Egyptian Orange Peel. Factors Affecting the Extraction

Abstract Orange peel, which constitutes approximately 45% of the total bulk of the processed citrus fruit (Kesterson & Braddok, 1975) is a good source for the extraction of pectin. It contains, on a dry matter basis, about 30% pectin (Bravemann, 1949; Rouse & Crandall, 1976). In the present work the factors affecting the extraction of pectin from orange peel were investigated. The purpose of the work was to obtain the optimum conditions for the extraction such that the pectin produced was a compromise between maximum yield and minimum of degradation and hydrolysis.